International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119 (www.rdmodernresearch.com) Volume II, Issue II, 2016 USES OF NON EDIBLE JATROPHA SEEDS – REVIEW M. Vivek*, Dr. P. K. Srividhya** & Dr. K. Sujtha*** * Research Scholar, Periyar Maniammai University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu ** Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Periyar Maniammai University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu *** Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr.M.G.R University, Chennai, Tamilnadu Abstract: For the most part creating nation are confronted such a variety of issues, for example, Transport, Energy, Food, Cloth, Employment, Education and so forth., now a day's the greater part of the vehicle are worked with diesel or petrol. The accessibility of these fluid powers is decreased because of the gigantic utilization of transportation. Normally the accessibility of energizes shifted depending up on surface of the earth. Couple of nations are holding enormous limit of oils. The remaining is buy from those nations. The expense of the fuel is additionally fluctuated depending up on the accessibility; henceforth the world exchanges can't ready to foresee the expense of the oil and to minimize the fuel utilization. From this basic circumstance compelled to locate another fuel which is utilized to infer the source as much as long. It starts to deliver oils from non palatable seed cakes. Jatropha curcas plant is one of the oil plants. The Jatropha seed cakes are utilized to deliver oils. The oil was mixed with Diesel and infers the vehicle. It gives closest proficiency when contrasted and immaculate diesel. At that point the administration starts to plant Jatropha curcas trees and deliver oil from itself. The discharged oil can be mixed with diesel and used however the seed cakes were all the while remaining. This paper centered the survey of different uses of Non palatable seeds/cakes. Uses of Non Edible Jatropha Seeds: Potential accessibility of Jatropha seed cakes: India, the sixth biggest buyer of vitality would spend US$ 19.4 billion (@ US$ 100/barrel) on bringing in gas by 2020, if reasonable renewable wellsprings of vitality are not created [1].Liquid Fuels is one of the key sources with us. The previous decade’s transportations made through by walk or with the assistance of vehicles pulled by creatures. After discover the fluid fuel the transportation will made simple way. The enormous utilization of the fluid powers the development of the accessibility is diminished. The non palatable oils mixed with these fluids it can be lessened the utilization of fluid powers. world wind there are more than 300 types of oil bearing tree species are known and a preparatory assessment of a few chain of importance/plant oilseed crops for their development, efficiency and versatility demonstrates that plant species, for example, Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata, Azadirachta indica, Simarouba glauca, Calophyllum inophyllum, Mesua ferrea, Aphanamyxis polystachya, and so on., are promising for thought as potential fuel crops. A Model was created and executed in the condition of Karnataka, India with interest of cultivating group composed on the lines of the milk union existing in the state is exhibited [2]. The oil seeds have utilized for various reasons, for example, business, pharmaceutical procedure. Late advancements have made biodiesel research potential and enhance ecological execution, alongside occupation and strengthening of provincial economy [3]. In India the accessibility of non eatable seeds are high. It found the creation of Jatropha oil seeds are great quality when contrast with different states for biodiesel generation [4]. it made different tests relying on the outcome the

232

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119 (www.rdmodernresearch.com) Volume II, Issue II, 2016 Compositions (g kg - 1) of Jatropha seed cake and castor seed cake were, individually, nitrogen 38.5 ± 0.4 and 29.3 ± 0.7, phosphorus 5.60 ± 0.23 and 36.81 ± 0.43, potassium 25.6 ± 0.8 and 21.0 ± 0.7. A slight distinction in the length and width and it closes castor seed cake was somewhat superior to the utilization of different composts and the Jatropha seed cakes can be utilized as manure [5]. The test study was done in Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2011 to May 2013. Higher supplements content in seed cake after extraction of oil, It could be utilized natural manure, with supplements esteem, N: 3.6%, P2O5: 1.9% and K2O: 1.5%. Furthermore the oil contains high rate of unsaturated fat (78.74%) which result the low level of free unsaturated fats which enhances storability. Also, it demonstrates the low sulfur content brings less unsafe sulfur dioxide (SO2) debilitate outflows when the oil is utilized as a fuel [6]. The physical properties of Jatropha oil and Jatropha methyl ester was found and contrasted and diesel which comes about the properties are comparative with each other then it finishes up there is not require any adjustment in the current diesel motor will be straightforwardly can be used [7], [8], [9]. The adjustment of biogas innovation over the universes was evaluated and the need of national strategy to bring this innovation at rancher's entryway step was examined [10]. It bargains the creation of biodiesel for Jatropha curcas from Nigeria and finishes up it is extremely helpful food stock in it [11]. It manages the survey of non –edible vegetable oils and their related advances and it finishes up the Jatropha seed oil is more monetary when contrast with other vegetable oils [12]. Couple of nations, for example, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Tanzania are create household biodiesel industry to minimize the financial aspects and increment the rural development, make new occupations and lessen provincial destitution as gave vitality at nearby level [13] and it gives the effects of socio – monetary by utilizing Jatropha biodiesel [14]. A Master Plan for biodiesel generation from non-palatable oil seeds in creating nations, the subject of which is "Strengthening and Self-Reliance through adjustment and dispersion of manageable and environment benevolent biomass vitality" was produced [15]. The development of Jatropha seeds contains half 60% oil which following three years of development have an oil yield of 2.5-1.2 tons for each hectare and the by-result of this biodiesel is glycerin which was utilized different applications [16]. The non eatable Jatropha seed cake power era by utilizing gasification innovation and the estimated calorific quality was 600 Kcal/m3 and the electrical yield present in the scope of 3.00 – 3.5 amps [17]. Also, the buildup of Jatropha seeds is a decent compost and it utilized for biogas creation utilizing anaerobic digester technique [18] and the study was completed at Gopal Pura, Bhindar for Green Oil Energy Sciences Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi amid the year 2010 [19]. The mix of Jatropha seed cakes and orange peel was utilized to create biogas from anaerobic digester strategy and the trial result demonstrates that the most extreme yield of gas was 1140 ml of gas generation at (1:2) proportion of Jatropha deoiled cake with orange peel waste got for a time of 17 days [20]. A few vegetable oils have been utilized as crude materials for biodiesel generation. Vegetable oils, for example, palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil and Tung oil have been utilized. Indeed, even the utilization of oils from green growth, microalgae, microscopic organisms and parasites has been explored [21- 24]. Some of these food stocks are found in plenitude in Nigeria and they could be palatable or non-eatable. The eatable oil seeds found in Nigeria are soybean, groundnut and palm portion oils, coconut oil while the non-consumable ones that are most usually found are Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) and Neem (Azadirachta indica). Points of

233

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119 (www.rdmodernresearch.com) Volume II, Issue II, 2016 interest of vegetable oils as diesel fuel contrasted with diesels from fossil fuel incorporate high warmth substance; prepared accessibility, fluid nature-versatility, lower sulfur content, lower fragrant substance, biodegradability and renewability. However the downsides of the oils incorporate higher consistency, lower unpredictability and reactivity of the unsaturated hydrocarbon chains present in the oils [25]. Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata oil seed cakes created biogas by utilizing coasting drum technique under mesospheric temperature range. Normally methane generation capability of Jatropha oil cake was seen as 0.394 m3/d/kg TS and 0.422 m3/d/kg VS over a time of 30 days of water powered maintenance time. Pongamia oil cake substrate the normal particular methane era potential was seen as 0.427 m3/d/kg TS and 0.448 m3/d/kg VS. Methane and carbon dioxide content varieties in delivered biogas shifted from 56.0 to 65.3 % and 31.7 to 38.3 % (v/v) individually [26]. The generation of biodiesel from elastic seed oil and Jatropha seed oil was used diesel motor and the test examination which gives better arrangement when contrast with different oils with diesel motor. Also, the investigation was made Ebudin town in Esan Central neighborhood government Area of Edo State, Nigeria [27]. The test investigation of Sapindus mukorossi oil and Jatropha curcas, L oil demonstrates that great potential to be utilized as feedstock for biodiesel creation [28]. This survey talks about different utilizations of oil cakes in maturation and biotechnological forms, corrective creation and broke down the synthetic and hereditary traits depicts about the diverse tree borne oilseeds in India, [29]. What's more, it was examined about different detoxification strategies received for their evacuation harmful substance and the systems [30], [31], [32], [33]. What's more, plate the appropriation, differences, science, development, tissue society and hereditary change of Jatropha seeds [34]. It examined with the oil change by utilizing transesterification strategy and checked the diesel motor execution [35]. it locate the most extreme oil extraction from Jatropha seeds by utilizing Soxhlet extraction strategy is more productive when contrast with other extraction technique with deference of cost, operability, quantitatively and subjectively [36]. Detoxifying by strong state aging for the creation of protease by utilizing Aspergillums Niger and think about the qualities. The detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake and castor oil seed cake protein was reasonable sustenance for fish, creature, biogas generation, bio oil, bio diesel generation and modern applications [37], [38], [39]. What's more, plate disks the potential vitality estimation of JCL [40]. Conclusion: After extraction oil from Jatropha seeds it can be utilized fuel as diesel motor. The writing overview infers that the Jatropha seeds most extreme used with the end goal of biodiesel creation mixed with diesel with different mixes and to deliver power era by anaerobic digester mode. Few of them just engaged the seed cakes. The use of seed cake is troublesome all the while the essential of Jatropha oil is high. The use or the lack of hydration of seed cakes then just used undeniable from the seeds. Consequently, the exploration is important to use the seed cakes. In future, the examination reaches out to concentrate how to use the seed cakes? And increase the production of electric energy. Acknowledgements: We the authors express our sincere thanks to Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India for their grant to this research work on Thermo chemical characterization of non-edible seed cake for gasification (DST/TSG/AF/2010

234

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119 (www.rdmodernresearch.com) Volume II, Issue II, 2016 /01). We extend our thanks to Periyar Maniammai University for their constant support for the fulfillment of this research work. References: 1. Sangeeta Sinha,Seiichi Suzuki, Toshinori Kojima,” Life Cycle Analysis and Modelling (LCAM) of Jatropha as Biofuel in Dynamic Economic Environment of Newly Emerging Economies”, Review of Asian and Pacific Studies No.38,2003. 2. Balakrishna Gowda, Prasanna K T and Navin Sharma,” Tree borne oil seed crops – a step towards building energy security in rural India”, World Congress on Agro forestry, New Delhi, 10-14 February 2014. 3. K. V. Raju, Biofuels in South Asia: An Overview (Editorial Introduction), Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2006, 1 – 9. 4. Pranab K. Barua,” Biodiesel from Seeds of Jatropha Found in Assam, India”, International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 1, February 2011. 5. Roberto A. Ribeiro, Maria Flávia R. Starling and Luiza A. R. Rossi-Barbosa”, Jatropha cake as a fertilizer for the growth of Blc. Amy Wakasugi ‘Yamanashi’ orchid”, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.12 (3&4): 3 7 1 - 3 7 4. 2014. 6. Kamrun Nahar, Sanwar Azam Sunny, ”Jatropha curcas L: A sustainable feedstock for the production of bioenergy and by products”, Journal of Energy and Natural Resources, ISSN: 2330-7366 (Print); ISSN: 2330-7404 (Online), 2014; 3(4): 51- 57 7. S. Antony Raja, D. S. Robinson smart, and C. Lindon Robert Lee,” Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil and its characterization”, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences Vol. 1 (1) April (2011). 8. R. K. Khotoliya, ”Bio diesel production from Jatropha”, kurukshetra, vol -55, no - 4,feb-2007. 9. Marcello Basili, Fulvio Fontini,” Biofuel from Jatropha Curcas: environmental sustainability and option value”, www.google.com, dated on 6-9-2016. 10. Dhameliya Prathmika, Nimisha Patel,” Biogas Production from Different Waste Matireals in India”, The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X), Vol 2 Issue 6 June, 2014 11. Elizabeth Funmilayo Aransiola, Michael Olawale Daramola,” Nigerian Jatropha Curcas Oil Seeds: Prospect for Biodiesel Production in Nigeria”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.2, No.2, 2012. 12. S. K. Awasthi, L. P. Singh,” Study Of Future Scope Of Use Of Non-Edible Vegetable Oil As Bio-Diesel In Diesel Engines In India”, Proceedings of 20th IRF International Conference, 13th March, 2016, Bengaluru, India, ISBN: 978-93- 85973-69-7 13. Chew Chong Siang,”Jatropha curcus L: Development of new oil crop for bio fuel (summary)”, IEEJ, Feb 2009. 14. Krushna A. Antarkar, J. J. Salunke,” Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A review”, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 2) November 2015, pp.17-24. 15. M. Ahmad1, L. K. Teong, S. Sultanaand M. Zafar, “Biodiesel Production from Non Food Crops: A Step towards Self Reliance in Energy”, Materials and process for energy: communicating current research and technological developments, Formatex 2013.

235

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119 (www.rdmodernresearch.com) Volume II, Issue II, 2016 16. Satyendra Pratap Singh, Rishi Kumar Anand, Vibhanshu Vinay, Prof. Debojyoti Sen, ”Jatropha Curcas: A Renewable Biodiesel Plant”, International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN (Online) 2393- 8021, ISSN (Print) 2394-1588, Vol. 2, Issue 1, April 2015. 17. M Vivek , P K Srividhya, K Sujatha,” Portable Biomass Gasifier Power Generation Using Non Edible Seed Cake”, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, ISSN: 2089-3191, Vol. 4, No. 4, December 2015, pp. 274~279. 18. Jatropha Handbook, First draft March 2006, Fact Foundation. 19. S. N. Chougule, H. B. Gavit, A. K. Kurchania,”Design and development of Jatropha oil cake based flexible balloon stirring digester biogas plant”, IJTA, Vol. 33, No. 2, April-June 2015 463 20. Periyasamy Elaiyaraju, Nagarajan Partha, ”Biogas production from co-digestion of orange peel waste and Jatropha de-oiled cake in an anaerobic batch reactor”, African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(14), pp. 3339-3345, 16 February, 2012, ISSN 1684–5315. 21. S. Amin, “Review on biofuel oil and gas production processes from microalgae,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 50, (no. 7), pp. 1834-1840, 2009. 22. A. Demirbas “Production of biodiesel from algae oils,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 31, (no. 2), pp. 163-168, 2009. 23. G. Huang, F. Chen, D. Wei, X. Zhang, and G. Chen, “Biodiesel production by microalgae biotechnology,” Applied Energy, vol. 87, (no. 1), pp. 38-46, 2010. 24. E.G. Shay, “Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: status and opportunities,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 4, (no. 4), pp. 227-242, 1993. 25. A. Demirbas, “Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 44, (no. 13), pp. 2093-2109, 2003. 26. V.K. Vijay, R. Chandra, P.M.V. Subbarao,” Production of Methane through Anaerobic Digestion of Jatropha and Pongamia Oil Seed Cakes”, The Second International Energy 2030 Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., November 4-5, 2008. 27. Imaekhai Lawrence, Okhinoghor I Jim and Airaodion Justice Uwaifo,” Production of biodiesel from (RSO) rubber seed oil and Jatropha curcas seed oil (JCSO)”, Standard Journal of Petroleum and Gas Exploration Vol1 (1): 001-004, July2014 28. Arjun B. Chhetri, Martin S. Tango, Suzanne M. Budge,” Non-Edible Plant Oils as New Sources for Biodiesel Production”, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2008, 9, 169-180.ISSN 1422-0067 29. Brajesh Kumar Mishra, Rajat Kumar,” The Production of Biodegradable Fuel From Nonedible Oilseed in India: A Review”, IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSRJAC) ISSN: 2278-5736 Volume 1, Issue 1 (May-June 2012), PP 43-46. 30. Sumitra Ramachandran a,b, Sudheer Kumar Singh,” Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications – A review”, Bioresource Technology, Elsvier, 98 (2007) 2000–2009. 31. Runumi gogoi, Utpal kumar niyogi,” Methods of Detoxification of Jatropha curcus L seed cake for its use as protein supplement in animal feed – an overview”, Indian journal of Natural products and resources, vol 6(3), sep -2015. 32. Warra, A. A, ”Cosmetic potentials of physic nut (Jatropha curcas Linn.) seed oil: A review”, American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Issn: 2153-649x, 2012.

236

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119 (www.rdmodernresearch.com) Volume II, Issue II, 2016 33. Saroj K. Padhi, R. K. Singh,” Non-edible oils as the potential source for the production of biodiesel in India: A review”, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2011, 3(2):39-49. 34. Meena Misra, Amarendra N. Misra” Jatropha: The Biodiesel Plant Biology, Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation – A Review”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology, ISSN 2229 – 6107, 1(1) (2010), pp. 11-24. 35. Kazi Mostafijur Rahman, Mohammad Mashud, Md. Roknuzzaman and Asadullah Al Galib,” Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil as an Alternative Fuel for DieselEngine”, International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering ijmme-ijens Vol: 10 No:03. 36. Shalini A/P Mani, “Extraction and Characterization of Jatropha Curcas Linnaues Seed Oil through Soxhlet Method”, February 2013, www.gogle.com, dated on 6-9- 2016. 37. Kshitij Bhardwaj, RK Trivedi, Prerna Singh, Saumya Mishra, Shipra Bhardwaj ,”Characterization Of Functional Properties Of Protein Isolates And Protease Enzyme From Non Edible Oilseeds Cake Under Solid State Fermentation”, World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 05, 763- 777,ISSN 2278 – 4357. 38. Kamrun Nahar,Monica Ozores-Hampton,” Jatropha: An Alternative Substitute to Fossil Fuel”,IFS Extenstion, University of Florida, www.google.com, dated on 6-9- 2016 39. Prerna Singh Chauhan,Harish Chandra Joshi,V.K.Chhibber,” Multiple utilization of non-edible seeds for production of eco-friendly products”, International Journal of Chemistry and Applications.ISSN 0974-3111 Volume 4, Number 4 (2012), pp. 319-331 40. Raphael M. Jingura, Downmore Musademba, Rutendo Matengaifa, “An evaluation of utility of Jatropha curcas L. as a source of multiple energy carriers” International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 7, 2010, pp. 115-122

237