NB-31-09-160-EN-C FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS GUIDE TO THE APPLICATION OF TREATY PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS Free movement of goods Guide to the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods ISBN 978-92-79-13478-4 European Commission Enterprise and Industry HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); • at the European Commission’s representations or delegations. You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758. Priced publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Offi cial Journal of the European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union): • via one of the sales agents of the Publications Offi ce of the European Union (http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm). Free movement of goods Guide to the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods Prepared and drafted by Directorate C, Regulatory Policy, of the Enterprise and Industry DG European Commission Enterprise and Industry Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use to which information con- tained in this publication may be put, nor for any errors which may appear despite careful preparation and checking. This publication does not necessarily refl ect the view or the position of the European Commission. Any comments or suggestions regarding this document should be sent to: Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry, Unit C.2. The Enterprise & Industry online magazine (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/e_i/index_en.htm) covers issues related to SMEs, innovation, entrepreneurship, the single market for goods, competitiveness and environmental protection, better regulation, industrial policies across a wide range of sectors, and more. The printed edition of the magazine is published three times a year. You can subscribe online (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/e_i/subscription_en.htm) to receive it — in English, French or German — free of charge by post. Europe Direct is a service to help you fi nd answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Offi ce of the European Union, 2010 ISBN 978-92-79-13478-4 doi:10.2769/24937 © European Union, 2010 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. For use/reproduction of third-party copyright material specifi ed as such permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s). Front cover image: Freight containers © Binkski #15628201— Fotolia.com Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER Preface This guide to the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods is intended to provide an insight into past developments and new challenges from a legal practitioner’s point of view in an area that is fundamental to European integration. The internal market for goods has become one of the success stories of the European project and remains a major catalyst for growth in the European Union (EU). While the guide is not the fi rst of its kind, previous editions were primarily drafted as a practical means for candidate countries and/or national authorities to familiarise themselves with the concept of Articles 28 to 30 of the EC Treaty. The present version is more detailed. It refl ects the working experience of the Commission service responsible for the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods (*) and provides a picture of the trade barriers that were and still are encountered in practice. The guide summarises the relevant case-law and supplements it with comments, although it does not claim to provide exhaustive coverage of the topic. It is intended more as a workbook highlighting questions that have emerged in the course of the practical application of these Treaty provisions and providing answers. The guide may prove useful for the national administrations of the Member States, both with respect to the existing regulatory environment and when drafting new national legislation. Legal practitioners counselling clients on internal market questions may also benefi t from some guidance in the non-harmonised area. Finally, the internal market has always generated interest from third countries that were keen to understand the legal framework of the European market and learn from the European experience in the past 50 years. This guide may provide some useful insights in this respect. The guide refl ects the law and case-law as it stood on 31 December 2009. EU legislation and judgments of the Court can be found in EUR-Lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu). Judgments issued since 17 June 1997 are also available on the webpage of the Court of Justice (http://curia.europa.eu). The guide is not a legally binding document and does not necessarily represent the offi cial position of the Commission. Following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the EC Treaty has been amended and renamed the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The provisions on the free movement of goods (ex Articles 28–30 EC) have remained unchanged, but received a new numbering as Articles 34–36 TFEU. Other articles have also had their numbering changed. The present guide will use this new numbering of the TFEU, also when referring to judgments of the Court of Justice rendered under the EC Treaty. (*) This second edition of the guide was prepared and drafted by Santiago Barón Escámez, Sylvia Ferretti, Juliana Frendo, Octavien Ginalski, Maciej Górka, Hans Ingels, Christos Kyriatzis, Florian Schmidt, Carolina Stege, Laura Stočkutė and Yiannos Tolias. Any comments or suggestions to this guide may be submitted to the Directorate- General for Enterprise and Industry, Unit C.2. Page 3 Contents Preface .................................................................................................................... 3 1. The role and importance of the free movement of goods in the internal market of the 21st century .... 8 2. The Treaty provisions .............................................................................................. 9 3. The scope of Article 34 TFEU ....................................................................................... 9 3.1. General conditions .......................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1. Non-harmonised area ............................................................................................................9 3.1.2. Meaning of ‘goods’ ...............................................................................................................9 3.1.3. Cross-border/transit trade ........................................................................................................10 3.1.4. Addressees ......................................................................................................................10 3.1.5. Active and passive measures .....................................................................................................10 3.1.6. No de minimis rule ..............................................................................................................11 3.1.7. Territorial application ............................................................................................................11 3.1.8. Quantitative restrictions .........................................................................................................11 3.1.9. Measures of equivalent eff ect .....................................................................................................11 3.1.10. Selling arrangements ............................................................................................................12 3.1.11. Restrictions on use ...............................................................................................................14 3.2. The mutual recognition principle .........................................................................................15 3.3. Typical trade barriers ......................................................................................................15 3.3.1. National provisions related to the act of import (import licences, inspections and controls) .........................................15 3.3.2. Obligations to appoint a representative or to provide storage facilities in the importing Member State ..............................16 3.3.3. National price controls and reimbursement .......................................................................................16 3.3.4. National bans on specifi c products/substances ...................................................................................17 3.3.5. Type-approval ...................................................................................................................18 3.3.6. Authorisation procedure .........................................................................................................18 3.3.7. Technical regulations containing requirements as to the presentation of goods (weight,