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Geology of Piemonte Region (NW Italy, Alps–Apennines Interference Zone) F

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Geology of Piemonte Region (NW Italy, Alps–Apennines Interference Zone) F JOURNAL OF MAPS, 2017 VOL. 13, NO. 2, 395–405 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1316218 SCIENCE Geology of Piemonte region (NW Italy, Alps–Apennines interference zone) F. Piana a, G. Fiorasoa, A. Iracea, P. Moscaa,A.d’Atrib, L. Baralea, P. Fallettic, G. Monegatoa, M. Morellic, S. Tallonea and G. B. Vigna d aConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG), Torino, Italy; bDipartimento di Scienze della Terra (DST), Università di Torino, Torino, Italy; cArpa Piemonte, Torino, Italy; dPolitecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture (DIATI), Torino, Italy ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The geological map of Piemonte Region (Italy) is a graphic representation of the geology of the Received 24 October 2016 region, grounded on a large geodatabase, that can be also browsed as an interactive scalable Revised 2 March 2017 map (GeoPiemonte Map) using a WebGIS application. The Map, produced at 1:250,000 scale, is Accepted 13 March 2017 ‘ ’ the first original release of the GeoPiemonte Map project. The geological data represented on KEYWORDS the map derive from a thorough revision of available geological maps and literature, integrated Geological map; geological with unpublished original data. The revision and harmonisation of existing and new data have units; lithostratigraphy; been based on explicit criteria used for the classification of geologic units and their Western Alps; northern representation on the Map. These criteria firstly aimed at providing a lithostratigraphic, Apennines; western Po plain hierarchic subdivision of Piemonte geologic units and describing them using shared concepts and vocabularies, consistent with IUGS Descriptive Standards for the Geosciences. 1. Introduction modifying the vector ‘Multiscale, Cross-borders Topo- graphic Base’ (http://webgis.arpa.piemonte.it). The geological map of Piemonte (Italy) is a graphic The Piemonte Geological Map consists of a GIS representation of the geology of the region, grounded Map and Geodatabase compiled to represent the on the contents of a large geodatabase, that can be Alps–Apennines orogenic system. The available data also browsed as an interactive scalable map, using a were, in some cases, reinterpreted in order to fit the WebGIS application. adopted classification scheme. The Map, here published at 1:250,000 scale, is the first original release of the ‘GeoPiemonte Map’ project. It includes, as a supplementary file, a graphical Map 2.1. Map database – adopted controlled Legend featuring a conceptual scheme showing the vocabulary and descriptive standards classification criteria used and a list of the consulted geological maps. The Piemonte Geological Map is semantically con- The production of the ‘GeoPiemonte Map’ was car- strained by controlled vocabularies and a dedicated ontol- ried out by a Scientific Board consisting of researchers ogy (Lombardo et al., 2016 Ontogeonous, https://www.di. of CNR-IGG Torino (http://www.igg.cnr.it/), ARPA Pie- unito.it/wikigeo/index.php?title=Pagina_principale). monte (http://www.arpa.piemonte.gov.it/), DST, Univer- The Map adopted, at least for the main subdivisions sity of Torino and DIATI, Polytechnic University, Torino. of the Legend, the IUGS GeoSciML vocabularies (http://www.geosciml.org) compliant with the INSPIRE EU Directive (Data Specification on Geology 2. Methods v.3). The GeoSciML ‘Geologic Unit’ Taxonomy was The Piemonte Geological Map is drawn at 1:250,000 chosen to establish the hierarchy of the geological sub- scale and covers an area of approximately divisions, while GeoSciML ‘Earth Material’ and ‘Rock 25,400 km2. Geological data derive from a thorough Material’ Taxonomy was used for the lithological revision of official and unofficial geological maps, description of the Mapped Features. The geological dis- which have been integrated with unpublished original continuities were classified following the GeoSciML data. Data were stored in a geographical information ‘Contact’ and ‘Geologic Structure’ Taxonomy. system (GIS) database and represented on a vector The reconstruction of the geological evolution, topographic basemap (Coordinate System WGS 1984 onto which the subdivisions of the Map Legend UTM, Zone 32N), prepared by Arpa Piemonte were grounded, led to the definition of a number of CONTACT F. Piana [email protected] Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG), via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1316218 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 396 F. PIANA ET AL. ‘Geologic Event’, here intended as ‘remarkable modifi- without the use of biostratigraphy (Clari, Dela Pierre, cation of a given geological context or environment & Martire, 1995). The Metasedimentary successions induced by physical (tectonic, sedimentary or petroge- have been subdivided in lithostratigraphic units netic) processes’. Many of these Geologic Events are grouped into informally defined ‘parasynthems’ represented by regional-scale unconformities preserved which can be correlated through the different tectonic in the stratigraphic record and correlatable across units of the Piemonte Western Alps on the basis of different geological domains (Figure 1). their primary lithologic or stratigraphic characters (see below for further details). The metamorphic rocks were subdivided into litho- 3. How to read the Map demic units (i.e. ‘lithostratigraphic units that lack stra- The Map consists of ‘Mapped Features’ that represent tification’ or that ‘do not conform to the Law of geologic units sensu GeoSciML (‘a body of material in Superposition’; INSPIRE, Data Specification on the Earth whose complete and precise extent is inferred Geology), that are grouped in metamorphic complexes, to exist. Spatial properties are only available through intended as geologic units consisting of lithodemes of association with a MappedFeature’), http://www.geosci more than one genetic class (North American Com- ml.org/geosciml/4.0/documentation/html/EARoot/EA1 mission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 2005). /EA3/EA1/EA123.htm. The instances of the Map The lithostratigraphic units and lithodemic units Legend correspond to lithostratigraphic units (‘a geolo- have been grouped, in many cases, into lithotectonic gic unit defined on the basis of observable and units sensu GeoSciML (‘geologic unit defined on the distinctive lithologic properties or combination of litho- basis of structural or deformation features, mutual logic properties and stratigraphic relationships’, relations, origin or historical evolution’), represented GeosciML, version 4.0), possibly grouped together in the Map Legend by tile groups separated by ‘Titles’. into a single ‘Map Instance’ through a correlation The lithotectonic units are bounded by shear displace- process. In the sedimentary successions, the lithostrati- ment structures sensu GeoSciML (‘a generalised shear graphic units are grouped into Synthems, bounded displacement structure without any commitment to by unconformities (International Stratigraphic the internal nature of the structure: anything from a Guide, http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics- simple, single “planar” brittle or ductile surface to a stratigraphicguide). The identification of unconformi- fault system … of both brittle and ductile nature’). ties is based on objective criteria (presence at the base Four hierarchy orders of lithotectonic units (Geol_U- of an angular unconformity; erosional truncation; nit1, … Geol_Unit4) exist in the Map Legend and are abrupt facies contrast or composition change, contra- represented by a non-formal conceptual scheme vening the ‘Walther rule’) that can be used in the field (reported in the Map Legend), that shows the relations Figure 1. Scheme showing the relations between the geologic features and geologic concepts used for the construction of the Map Legend. Concepts and features (represented by plain text labels) are grouped in distinct ontologies or vocabularies (represented by coloured triangles). See ‘WikiGeo’ (https://www.di.unito.it/wikigeo/index.php?title=Pagina_principale) for further details. JOURNAL OF MAPS 397 of the lithotectonic unit with the seven palaeogeo- zones: the Liguria–Piemonte Domain and the Valais graphic domains or genetic contexts (see Section 5) Domain (Bernoulli & Jenkins, 2009; Bertotti, Picotti, to which they have been referred to (relation: ‘palaeo- Bernoulli, & Castellarin, 1993; Dal Piaz, 1974; 1999; geographic pertinence’). The contacts between the Dal Piaz, Bistacchi, & Massironi, 2003; Dal Piaz, Hun- lithotectonic unit and/or geologic units are represented ziker, & Martinotti, 1972; Dewey & Bird, 1970; Dewey, by lines corresponding to stratigraphic contacts Pitman, Ryan, & Bonnin, 1973; Handy, Schmid, Bous- (unconformities, blue lines) or tectonic contacts quet, Kissling, & Bernoulli, 2010; Mohn, Manatschal, (shear displacement structure, red lines), whose origin Müntener, Beltrando, & Masini, 2010; Sturani, 1975; is related to some encoded Geological Events. Trumpy, 2001). Since the Late Cretaceous, the Euro- It must be remarked
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