M. E. Mitchell, Autonomy's Long Shadow
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Brooklyn, Cloudland, Melsonby (Gaarraay)
BUSH BLITZ SPECIES DISCOVERY PROGRAM Brooklyn, Cloudland, Melsonby (Gaarraay) Nature Refuges Eubenangee Swamp, Hann Tableland, Melsonby (Gaarraay) National Parks Upper Bridge Creek Queensland 29 April–27 May · 26–27 July 2010 Australian Biological Resources Study What is Contents Bush Blitz? Bush Blitz is a four-year, What is Bush Blitz? 2 multi-million dollar Abbreviations 2 partnership between the Summary 3 Australian Government, Introduction 4 BHP Billiton and Earthwatch Reserves Overview 6 Australia to document plants Methods 11 and animals in selected properties across Australia’s Results 14 National Reserve System. Discussion 17 Appendix A: Species Lists 31 Fauna 32 This innovative partnership Vertebrates 32 harnesses the expertise of many Invertebrates 50 of Australia’s top scientists from Flora 62 museums, herbaria, universities, Appendix B: Threatened Species 107 and other institutions and Fauna 108 organisations across the country. Flora 111 Appendix C: Exotic and Pest Species 113 Fauna 114 Flora 115 Glossary 119 Abbreviations ANHAT Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) NCA Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Queensland) NRS National Reserve System 2 Bush Blitz survey report Summary A Bush Blitz survey was conducted in the Cape Exotic vertebrate pests were not a focus York Peninsula, Einasleigh Uplands and Wet of this Bush Blitz, however the Cane Toad Tropics bioregions of Queensland during April, (Rhinella marina) was recorded in both Cloudland May and July 2010. Results include 1,186 species Nature Refuge and Hann Tableland National added to those known across the reserves. Of Park. Only one exotic invertebrate species was these, 36 are putative species new to science, recorded, the Spiked Awlsnail (Allopeas clavulinus) including 24 species of true bug, 9 species of in Cloudland Nature Refuge. -
Key to the Species of Agonimia (Lichenised Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae)
Österr. Z. Pilzk. 28 (2019) – Austrian J. Mycol. 28 (2019, publ. 2020) 69 Key to the species of Agonimia (lichenised Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) OTHMAR BREUSS Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Botanische Abteilung (Kryptogamenherbar) Burgring 7 1010 Wien, Österreich E-Mail: [email protected] Accepted 29. September 2020. © Austrian Mycological Society, published online 25. October 2020 BREUSS, O., 2020: Key to the species of Agonimia (lichenised Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae). – Österr. Z. Pilzk. 28: 69–74. Key words: Pyrenocarpous lichens, Verrucariales, Agonimia, Agonimiella, Flakea. – Taxonomy, key. Abstract: A key to the 24 Agonimia species presently known is provided. A short survey of relevant literature on the genus and its affinities is added. Zusammenfassung: Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel zu den 24 bisher bekannten Agonimia-Arten wird vor- gelegt. Eine kurze Übersicht über relevante Literatur zur Gattung und ihrer Verwandtschaft ist beigefügt. Agonimia ZAHLBR. was introduced by ZAHLBRUCKNER (1909) for Agonimia tristicula (NYL.) ZAHLBR. and his newly described A. latzelii ZAHLBR. (now included within A. tristicula). It was not earlier than 1978 that another species was added to the genus: A. octospora (COPPINS & JAMES 1978). Later a handful of species previously treated in other genera (Polyblastia MASSAL., Physcia (SCHREB.) MICHX., Omphalina QUÉL.) have been transferred to Agonimia (COPPINS & al. 1992, VĚZDA 1997, SÉRUSIAUX & al. 1999, LÜCKING & MONCADA 2017, NIMIS & al. 2018). A couple of additional species have been described as new quite recently (SÉRUSIAUX & al. 1999; CZARNOTA & COP- PINS 2000; KASHIWADANI 2008; DYMYTROVA & al. 2011; GUZOW-KRZEMIŃSKA & al. 2012; APTROOT & CÁCERES 2013; HARADA 2013; KONDRATYUK 2015; KONDRATYUK & al. 2015, 2016, 2018; MCCARTHY & ELIX 2018). The circumscription of Agonimia is not fully clear. -
Cuivre Bryophytes
Trip Report for: Cuivre River State Park Species Count: 335 Date: Multiple Visits Lincoln County Agency: MODNR Location: Lincoln Hills - Bryophytes Participants: Bryophytes from Natural Resource Inventory Database Bryophyte List from NRIDS and Bruce Schuette Species Name (Synonym) Common Name Family COFC COFW Acarospora unknown Identified only to Genus Acarosporaceae Lichen Acrocordia megalospora a lichen Monoblastiaceae Lichen Amandinea dakotensis a button lichen (crustose) Physiaceae Lichen Amandinea polyspora a button lichen (crustose) Physiaceae Lichen Amandinea punctata a lichen Physiaceae Lichen Amanita citrina Citron Amanita Amanitaceae Fungi Amanita fulva Tawny Gresette Amanitaceae Fungi Amanita vaginata Grisette Amanitaceae Fungi Amblystegium varium common willow moss Amblystegiaceae Moss Anisomeridium biforme a lichen Monoblastiaceae Lichen Anisomeridium polypori a crustose lichen Monoblastiaceae Lichen Anomodon attenuatus common tree apron moss Anomodontaceae Moss Anomodon minor tree apron moss Anomodontaceae Moss Anomodon rostratus velvet tree apron moss Anomodontaceae Moss Armillaria tabescens Ringless Honey Mushroom Tricholomataceae Fungi Arthonia caesia a lichen Arthoniaceae Lichen Arthonia punctiformis a lichen Arthoniaceae Lichen Arthonia rubella a lichen Arthoniaceae Lichen Arthothelium spectabile a lichen Uncertain Lichen Arthothelium taediosum a lichen Uncertain Lichen Aspicilia caesiocinerea a lichen Hymeneliaceae Lichen Aspicilia cinerea a lichen Hymeneliaceae Lichen Aspicilia contorta a lichen Hymeneliaceae Lichen -
Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry. -
Aportes Al Conocimiento De La Biota Liquénica Del Oasis De Neblina De Alto Patache, Desierto De Atacama1
Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, 68: 49-64 (2017) Artículos Aportes al conocimiento de la biota liquénica del oasis de neblina de Alto Patache, Desierto de Atacama1 Reinaldo Vargas Castillo2, Daniel Stanton3 y Peter R. Nelson4 RESUMEN Los denominados oasis de neblina son áreas en las zonas costeras del Desierto de Ataca- ma donde el ingreso habitual de niebla permite el establecimiento y desarrollo de diver- sas poblaciones de plantas vasculares, generando verdaderos hotspots de diversidad. En estas áreas, la biota liquenológica ha sido poco explorada y representa uno de los ele- mentos perennes más importantes que conforman la comunidad. En un estudio previo de la biota del oasis de neblina de Alto Patache se reportaron siete especies. Con el fin de mejorar este conocimiento, se analizó la riqueza de especies presentes en el oasis si- guiendo dos transectos altitudinales en diferentes orientaciones del farellón. Aquí repor- tamos preliminarmente 77 especies de líquenes para el oasis de neblina de Alto Patache. De estas, 61 especies corresponden a nuevos registros para la región de Tarapacá, en tanto que las especies Amandinea eff lorescens, Diploicia canescens, Myriospora smarag- dula y Rhizocarpon simillimum corresponden a nuevos registros para el país. Asimismo, se destaca a Alto Patache como la única localidad conocida para Santessonia cervicornis, una especie endémica y en Peligro Crítico. Palabras clave: Oasis de neblina, Desierto de Atacama, líquenes. ABSTRACT Fog oases are zones along the Atacama Desert where the regular input of fog favors the development of rich communities of vascular plants, becoming biodiversity hotspots. In these areas, the lichen biota has been poorly explored and represents one of the most conspicuous elements among the perennials organisms that form the community. -
Pannariaceae Generic Taxonomy LL Ver. 27.9.2013.Docx
http://www.diva-portal.org Preprint This is the submitted version of a paper published in The Lichenologist. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Ekman, S. (2014) Extended phylogeny and a revised generic classification of the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales, Ascomycota). The Lichenologist, 46: 627-656 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002428291400019X Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-943 Extended phylogeny and a revised generic classification of the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) Stefan EKMAN, Mats WEDIN, Louise LINDBLOM & Per M. JØRGENSEN S. Ekman (corresponding author): Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE –75236 Uppsala, Sweden. Email: [email protected] M. Wedin: Dept. of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE –10405 Stockholm, Sweden. L. Lindblom and P. M. Jørgensen: Dept. of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Box 7800, NO –5020 Bergen, Norway. Abstract: We estimated phylogeny in the lichen-forming ascomycete family Pannariaceae. We specifically modelled spatial (across-site) heterogeneity in nucleotide frequencies, as models not incorporating this heterogeneity were found to be inadequate for our data. Model adequacy was measured here as the ability of the model to reconstruct nucleotide diversity per site in the original sequence data. A potential non-orthologue in the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of Degelia plumbea was observed. We propose a revised generic classification for the Pannariaceae, accepting 30 genera, based on our phylogeny, previously published phylogenies, as well as morphological and chemical data available. -
Plant Life MagillS Encyclopedia of Science
MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D. -
An Evolving Phylogenetically Based Taxonomy of Lichens and Allied Fungi
Opuscula Philolichenum, 11: 4-10. 2012. *pdf available online 3January2012 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/) An evolving phylogenetically based taxonomy of lichens and allied fungi 1 BRENDAN P. HODKINSON ABSTRACT. – A taxonomic scheme for lichens and allied fungi that synthesizes scientific knowledge from a variety of sources is presented. The system put forth here is intended both (1) to provide a skeletal outline of the lichens and allied fungi that can be used as a provisional filing and databasing scheme by lichen herbarium/data managers and (2) to announce the online presence of an official taxonomy that will define the scope of the newly formed International Committee for the Nomenclature of Lichens and Allied Fungi (ICNLAF). The online version of the taxonomy presented here will continue to evolve along with our understanding of the organisms. Additionally, the subfamily Fissurinoideae Rivas Plata, Lücking and Lumbsch is elevated to the rank of family as Fissurinaceae. KEYWORDS. – higher-level taxonomy, lichen-forming fungi, lichenized fungi, phylogeny INTRODUCTION Traditionally, lichen herbaria have been arranged alphabetically, a scheme that stands in stark contrast to the phylogenetic scheme used by nearly all vascular plant herbaria. The justification typically given for this practice is that lichen taxonomy is too unstable to establish a reasonable system of classification. However, recent leaps forward in our understanding of the higher-level classification of fungi, driven primarily by the NSF-funded Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFToL) project (Lutzoni et al. 2004), have caused the taxonomy of lichen-forming and allied fungi to increase significantly in stability. This is especially true within the class Lecanoromycetes, the main group of lichen-forming fungi (Miadlikowska et al. -
Moorhead Ph 1 Final Report
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Ecological Assessment of a Wetlands Mitigation Bank August 2001 (Phase I: Baseline Ecological Conditions and Initial Restoration Efforts) 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Kevin K. Moorhead, Irene M. Rossell, C. Reed Rossell, Jr., and James W. Petranka 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Departments of Environmental Studies and Biology University of North Carolina at Asheville Asheville, NC 28804 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Research and Special Programs Administration May 1, 1994 – September 30, 2001 400 7th Street, SW Washington, DC 20590-0001 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation and the North Carolina Department of Transportation, through the Center for Transportation and the Environment, NC State University. 16. Abstract The Tulula Wetlands Mitigation Bank, the first wetlands mitigation bank in the Blue Ridge Province of North Carolina, was created to compensate for losses resulting from highway projects in western North Carolina. The overall objective for the Tulula Wetlands Mitigation Bank has been to restore the functional and structural characteristics of the wetlands. Specific ecological restoration objectives of this Phase I study included: 1) reestablishing site hydrology by realigning the stream channel and filling drainage ditches; 2) recontouring the floodplain by removing spoil that resulted from creation of the golf ponds and dredging of the creek; 3) improving breeding habitat for amphibians by constructing vernal ponds; and 4) reestablishing floodplain and fen plant communities. -
One Hundred New Species of Lichenized Fungi: a Signature of Undiscovered Global Diversity
Phytotaxa 18: 1–127 (2011) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Monograph PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2011 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) PHYTOTAXA 18 One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity H. THORSTEN LUMBSCH1*, TEUVO AHTI2, SUSANNE ALTERMANN3, GUILLERMO AMO DE PAZ4, ANDRÉ APTROOT5, ULF ARUP6, ALEJANDRINA BÁRCENAS PEÑA7, PAULINA A. BAWINGAN8, MICHEL N. BENATTI9, LUISA BETANCOURT10, CURTIS R. BJÖRK11, KANSRI BOONPRAGOB12, MAARTEN BRAND13, FRANK BUNGARTZ14, MARCELA E. S. CÁCERES15, MEHTMET CANDAN16, JOSÉ LUIS CHAVES17, PHILIPPE CLERC18, RALPH COMMON19, BRIAN J. COPPINS20, ANA CRESPO4, MANUELA DAL-FORNO21, PRADEEP K. DIVAKAR4, MELIZAR V. DUYA22, JOHN A. ELIX23, ARVE ELVEBAKK24, JOHNATHON D. FANKHAUSER25, EDIT FARKAS26, LIDIA ITATÍ FERRARO27, EBERHARD FISCHER28, DAVID J. GALLOWAY29, ESTER GAYA30, MIREIA GIRALT31, TREVOR GOWARD32, MARTIN GRUBE33, JOSEF HAFELLNER33, JESÚS E. HERNÁNDEZ M.34, MARÍA DE LOS ANGELES HERRERA CAMPOS7, KLAUS KALB35, INGVAR KÄRNEFELT6, GINTARAS KANTVILAS36, DOROTHEE KILLMANN28, PAUL KIRIKA37, KERRY KNUDSEN38, HARALD KOMPOSCH39, SERGEY KONDRATYUK40, JAMES D. LAWREY21, ARMIN MANGOLD41, MARCELO P. MARCELLI9, BRUCE MCCUNE42, MARIA INES MESSUTI43, ANDREA MICHLIG27, RICARDO MIRANDA GONZÁLEZ7, BIBIANA MONCADA10, ALIFERETI NAIKATINI44, MATTHEW P. NELSEN1, 45, DAG O. ØVSTEDAL46, ZDENEK PALICE47, KHWANRUAN PAPONG48, SITTIPORN PARNMEN12, SERGIO PÉREZ-ORTEGA4, CHRISTIAN PRINTZEN49, VÍCTOR J. RICO4, EIMY RIVAS PLATA1, 50, JAVIER ROBAYO51, DANIA ROSABAL52, ULRIKE RUPRECHT53, NORIS SALAZAR ALLEN54, LEOPOLDO SANCHO4, LUCIANA SANTOS DE JESUS15, TAMIRES SANTOS VIEIRA15, MATTHIAS SCHULTZ55, MARK R. D. SEAWARD56, EMMANUËL SÉRUSIAUX57, IMKE SCHMITT58, HARRIE J. M. SIPMAN59, MOHAMMAD SOHRABI 2, 60, ULRIK SØCHTING61, MAJBRIT ZEUTHEN SØGAARD61, LAURENS B. SPARRIUS62, ADRIANO SPIELMANN63, TOBY SPRIBILLE33, JUTARAT SUTJARITTURAKAN64, ACHRA THAMMATHAWORN65, ARNE THELL6, GÖRAN THOR66, HOLGER THÜS67, EINAR TIMDAL68, CAMILLE TRUONG18, ROMAN TÜRK69, LOENGRIN UMAÑA TENORIO17, DALIP K. -
Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
The Lichenologist (2020), 52,61–181 doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079 Standard Paper Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Toby Spribille1,2,3 , Alan M. Fryday4 , Sergio Pérez-Ortega5 , Måns Svensson6, Tor Tønsberg7, Stefan Ekman6 , Håkon Holien8,9, Philipp Resl10 , Kevin Schneider11, Edith Stabentheiner2, Holger Thüs12,13 , Jan Vondrák14,15 and Lewis Sharman16 1Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; 2Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; 3Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA; 4Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; 5Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014 Madrid, Spain; 6Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; 7Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; 8Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729 Steinkjer, Norway; 9NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; 10Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany; 11Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; 12Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; 13Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; 14Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; 15Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and 16Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O. -
New Records of One <I>Amygdalaria</I> and Three <I
ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2015. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/130.33 Volume 130, pp. 33–40 January–March 2015 New records of one Amygdalaria and three Porpidia taxa (Lecideaceae) from China Lu-Lu Zhang, Xin Zhao, & Ling Hu * Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China * Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract —Four lichen taxa of Lecideaceae, Amygdalaria consentiens var. consentiens, Porpidia carlottiana, P. lowiana, and P. tuberculosa, are reported for the first time from China. Key words —Asia, Lecideales, lichens Introduction The family Lecideaceae Chevall. contains about 23 genera and 547 species, of which the largest genus is Lecidea Ach., containing about 427 species (Kirk et al. 2008, Fryday & Hertel 2014). In China, twenty-three species of the other genera in Lecideaceae have been reported, including two each of Amygdalaria Norman, Bellemerea Hafellner & Cl. Roux, and Immersaria Rambold & Pietschm.; one each of Lecidoma Gotth. Schneid. & Hertel, Paraporpidia Rambold & Pietschm., and Stenhammarella Hertel; and 16 species of Porpidia Körb. (Hertel 1977, Wei 1991; Aptroot & Seaward 1999; Aptroot 2002; Aptroot & Sparrius 2003; Obermayer 2004; Guo 2005; Zhang et al. 2010, 2012; Wang et al. 2012; Ismayi & Abbas 2013; Hu et al. 2014). Amygdalaria and Porpidia are obviously very closely related. Both have large halonate ascospores, a high hymenium, Porpidia-type asci, and a dark pigmented hypothecium and are (with a few exceptions) restricted to lime-free, silicate rocks. However Amygdalaria can be best distinguished from Porpidia by the presence of cephalodia, the higher hymenium (over 130 µm), the larger ascospores (generally 20–35 × 10–16 µm) with conspicuous, rather compact epispores, and a tendency toward a brownish or yellowish pink thallus (Inoue 1984, Brodo & Hertel 1987, Gowan 1989, Smith et al.