Les Régimes De L'open Source

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Les Régimes De L'open Source Les régimes de l’open source : solidarité, innovation et modèles d’affaires Nordine Benkeltoum To cite this version: Nordine Benkeltoum. Les régimes de l’open source : solidarité, innovation et modèles d’affaires. Ges- tion et management. École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. Français. tel-00467849 HAL Id: tel-00467849 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00467849 Submitted on 29 Mar 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N° attribué par la bibliothèque _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ecole Doctorale n°396 (Economie, Organisations & Société) THESE pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de Mines ParisTech Spécialité « Sciences de Gestion » présentée et soutenue publiquement par Nordine BENKELTOUM Le mercredi 9 décembre 2009. LES REGIMES DE L’OPEN SOURCE : SOLIDARITE, INNOVATION ET MODELES D’AFFAIRES. Directeur de thèse : Armand HATCHUEL Jury : Frank AGGERI Professeur à Mines ParisTech. Albert DAVID Rapporteur Professeur à l’Université Paris-Dauphine. Armand HATCHUEL Professeur à Mines ParisTech. Responsable du Centre de Compétences Grégory LOPEZ Open source de Thales D3S. François Xavier de VAUJANY Rapporteur Professeur à l’Université Paris-Dauphine. Travail distribué sous licence Creative Commons 2.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/fr/ 2 AVERTISSEMENT Mines ParisTech n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse. Ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à l’auteur. 3 4 REMERCIEMENTS Du point de vue académique, je tiens tout d’abord à exprimer ma reconnaissance à Armand Hatchuel qui a réellement donné le temps et l’attention nécessaires au bon déroulement de mon travail de thèse. Je suis tout particulièrement reconnaissant pour le rôle structurant de ses orientations méthodologiques et bibliographiques. J’adresse également mes chaleureux remerciements à Pascal Roos sans qui ce travail n’aurait pu voir le jour ainsi qu’à Christian Simon pour son soutien constant et inchangé au cours de ces dernières années. J’exprime ma gratitude à Jean-Claude Sardas et Olivier Favereau pour le soutien qu’ils ont apporté à mon projet de recherche. Je remercie Akin Kazakci et Blanche Segrestin pour les discussions informelles que j’ai eu le plaisir de partager avec eux. Merci également à Mathias Béjean, Sébastien Gand, Mathias Szpirglas pour leur aide, leurs pertinentes remarques au cours de mes interventions. Je remercie aussi les doctorants du CGS pour nos échanges et plus particulièrement Emmanuel Coblence, Sophie Hooge, Paris Chrysos et Cédric Dalmasso. Je tiens aussi à formuler un grand merci à l’équipe administrative du CGS : Martine Jouanon, Céline Bourdon et Christine Martinent pour leur efficacité et leur professionnalisme. Je remercie également Pascal Le Masson et Benoit Weil du CGS, Dominique Frugier et Michel Bigand de l’Ecole Centrale de Lille pour m’avoir donné la possibilité d’enseigner mes recherches sur la stratégie d’entreprise et l’innovation. J’exprime aussi mes profonds remerciements à Benjamin Grassineau pour sa précieuse aide pour la relecture des premières versions de ce manuscrit et pour nos discussions « énergiques » sur l’open source. Merci aussi à Rémi Bachelet pour son accueil à l’Ecole Centrale de Lille et nos différentes collaborations. J’adresse aussi une pensée à Vincent Meissner du secrétariat du Laboratoire de Génie Industriel de Lille pour son aide et son grand professionnalisme. Je transmets également mes remerciements à Albert David et Sébastien Damart ainsi qu’aux participants du CDEG (Cercle Doctoral Européen de Gestion) et tout particulièrement à Loïc Cadin, Gérard Charreaux, Gilles Garel et Martine Girod Seville pour leurs pertinentes remarques et suggestions lors de notre présentation à mi-parcours (Benkeltoum 2008a). Je remercie de même John Christiansen et les participants de l’atelier doctoral de la conférence IPDM (International Product Development Management) qui fut très riche en débats et en enseignements (Benkeltoum 2008b). Je tiens à remercier Donald White pour son aide en écriture scientifique anglo-saxonne et ses suggestions, Paul Duguid pour ses explications sur les communautés de pratique et Frank Piller pour ses intéressants commentaires sur nos différents travaux. 5 6 Du point de vue empirique, cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible sans le soutien des professionnels de l’open source. J’exprime tout d’abord mes remerciements à Grégory Lopez, Responsable du Centre de Compétences Open Source au sein de Thales D3S pour le soutien institutionnel de Thales D3S, son implication dans la mise à disposition de son réseau d’industriels, ainsi que pour sa disponibilité malgré ses responsabilités. Je remercie ensuite Serge Druais, Directeur de la Recherche et de l’Innovation de Thales D3S, pour le temps qu’il a bien voulu consacrer à notre recherche et pour ses contributions pertinentes et éclairantes à notre thèse. Je remercie également Viet Ha et Julie Marguerite, Open Source Architects de Thales D3S, pour le temps qu’ils ont bien voulu m’accorder pendant mes recherches empiriques. Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant envers Laurent Clévy, Chercheur Industriel de Bell Labs pour sa précieuse expertise de l’industrie informatique et de l’open source en particulier. Merci également à Marc-Aurèle Darche, Membre du conseil d’administration de l’AFUL pour nos différents échanges et discussions animées sur l’open source. Sans oublier également Sophie Gautier, Membre du community council d’OpenOffice.org pour le temps qu’elle a bien voulu accorder tout au long de notre recherche. Je remercie de même Eric-Marc Mahé (Sun Microsystems), Jean-Noël De Galzain (Wallix), David Ascher (Mozilla Messaging Inc.), Tristan Nitot (Mozilla Europe) Jean-Michel Delettre (Freeworks) François Bancilhon (ex-Mandriva), Pierre-Yves Gibello (Experlog) et Serge Lacourte (ScalAgent Distributed Technologies) pour le temps qu’ils ont bien voulu accorder pour m’expliquer le fonctionnement de leur organisation respective. J’exprime une profonde gratitude à l’ensemble des contributeurs à cette thèse dont les apports trouvent un remerciement symbolique à la fin de ce document où nous avons inscrit les noms reproduisant ainsi l’esprit ouvert de l’open source. Bien que ce travail ait reçu la contribution de différentes personnes, j’assume l’entière responsabilité de toutes les erreurs que ce document pourrait contenir. Nordine Benkeltoum. 7 8 Les régimes de l’open source : solidarité, management et modèles d’affaires. LES REGIMES DE L’OPEN SOURCE : SOLIDARITE, MANAGEMENT ET MODELES D’AFFAIRES. PARTIE I. L’OPEN SOURCE : DE LA MUTATION D’UNE INDUSTRIE A LA REVISION CONCEPTUELLE D’OBJETS EN SCIENCES DE GESTION. 23 CHAPITRE 1. LES REGIMES DE L ’OPEN SOURCE : UNE SYNTHESE DES ENJEUX DE LA DIFFUSION DU LOGICIEL LIBRE ......................................................................23 1. Une synthèse des enjeux organisationnels, économiques et technologiques de la diffusion du logiciel libre : apports des régimes de l’open source................................... 23 2. Les principaux résultats et méthodologies. .............................................................. 34 CHAPITRE 2. PROBLEMATIQUE ET METHODOLOGIE . ..........................................36 1. La diffusion du logiciel libre : révisions conceptuelles et questions de recherche. 36 1.1. Une nouvelle forme de solidarité. .................................................................... 36 1.2. Le nouveau rôle de la production non marchande. ......................................... 37 1.3. La mutation de l’industrie du logiciel.............................................................. 38 2. Méthodologie : le web comme instrument de recherche.......................................... 40 2.1. L’histoire au service de la recherche en gestion.............................................. 40 2.2. Les méthodes d’investigation par internet : une nouvelle forme d’immersion.43 2.3. Les études de cas : capturer la variété des formes de l’open source............... 49 CHAPITRE 3. LES DEBATS DE LA LITTERATURE SUR LES FORMES D’ORGANISATIONS DE L ’OPEN SOURCE ..............................................................52 1. Les structures des communautés de l’open source................................................... 52 1.1. Les communautés de l’open source comme modèle d’innovation distribué. ... 52 1.2. La gouvernance et la division du travail dans les communautés open source.55 2. Les firmes et l’open source. ..................................................................................... 58 2.1. Les rapports entre firme et communautés. ....................................................... 59 2.2. Les firmes comme initiateurs des communautés. ............................................. 61 PARTIE II. CARACTERISATION ET GENEALOGIE DU MODELE RACINE : LA COMBINAISON INEDITE ENTRE UN SYSTEME DE MANAGEMENT DE LA SOLIDARITE ET UN SYSTEME DE PRODUCTION DISTRIBUE. ............................................................................65 CHAPITRE 1. LES APPORTS ET LIMITES
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