Indian Records of Eclipses: Their Historical Matrix B.V. Subbarayappa (Former President, IUHPS (DHS); e-mail:
[email protected] ) (Paper presented at the International Workshop on Eclipse Records: Tokyo; Nov. 2014) In India, mathematical or computational astronomy had its beginning around the fourth century CE. The first authentic and concise text, called the Āryabhaṭīyam of Āryabhaṭa I (b.476 A.D.) appeared towards the close of the fifth century. Ever since, an appreciably large number of texts, some of them being voluminous, came out from time to time till the middle of the nineteenth century over a span of nearly a thousand and four hundred years. Many of them, besides other astronomical aspects, deal with eclipses, both lunar and solar, in a comprehensive manner – cause of eclipse; duration of the eclipse; half duration; first and last contact of the eclipsed one; determination of the obscured portion of any time; possibility of an eclipse; diagrammatic representation; path of the eclipsing body; parallax in longitude and its application; likewise parallax in latitude; and also the conditions for the impossibility of the occurrence of an eclipse in the context of the position of the sun and that of the node - all in a scientific manner. Calendar – making was and has been even now, an important component of the computational methods given in most of these texts. Of the three types, namely the lunar, solar and luni-solar with intercalation of an additional lunar month once in about three years, has its place, while the first two are being used largely sill in different parts of India.