Time trends among adolescents in , and their situation in 2015

Young in Oslo 1996-2015

NordAN-conference Oslo 16th of October 2016

Patrick Lie Andersen – researcher at NOVA (Norwegian Social Research) – Oslo and University College [email protected] Presentation outline

• How has the situation among youth in Oslo changed from 1996 to 2015?

• How is the situation among youth in Oslo in 2015?

• What can we learn about adolescents’ alcohol consumption from the Young in Oslo-survey ? The Young in Oslo-surveys

• Adolescents - 14-17 years (2015:12-19) • App 11-12000 (2015: 24000) • Anonymous questionaires • Many topics: • well-being • social relations (family, friends), • education • leisure time • health • tobacco, alcohol, drugs, • delinquency/misbehaviour

• Founded by the Municipality of Oslo • Designed by NOVA – many established survey questions

• Data collection period: January/february How has the situation among youth in Oslo changed from 1996 to 2015? In the 1990’ties

• Many worries among politicians, commentators, researches and parents • Alcohol • Drugs • Violence • Crime (gangs)

• A situation that potentially could get out of control • Increasing immigration – a potential problem? Oslo over time: 1996 – 2015 Violence: victimization

• Decrease in youth that have been subject to violence 25

Alle 16

14

18

Jenter 13 2006 11 2012 2015

32

Gutter 20

18

0 50 100 Oslo over time: 1996 – 2015 Alcohol: Been drunk last 12 months

• Decrease in youth that have been 45 subject to violence 39 Alle • Decrease in youth that have been 29 drunk 26

46 40 Jenter 1996 31 28 2006 2012 2015 44 37 Gutter 27 25

0 50 100 Oslo over time: 1996 – 2015 Well-being in school

• Decrease in youth that have been subject to violence 83 90 • Decrease in youth that have been drunk Alle 93 • Increase in youths’ well-being in schools 94

84 91 Jenter 94 94

82 89 Gutter 93 94

0 50 100

1996 2006 2012 2015 Oslo over time: 1996 – 2015 Tobacco: Daily smokers

• Decrease in youth that have been subject to violence 19,3 • Decrease in youth that have been drunk 8,0 • Increase in youths’ well-being in schools Alle 3,1 • Fewer daily smokers 1,9

20,5 8,5 Jenter 2,9 1996 1,5 2006 2012 2015

18,2 7,5 Gutter 3,4 2,3

0 20 40 Leisure time: Homebound Oslo over time: 1996 – 2015 (two whole evenings)

• Decrease in youth that have been subject to 59 violence 62 Alle • Decrease in youth that have been drunk 68 • Increase in youths’ well-beeing in schools 72 • Fewer daily smokers • Increase in number of homebound adolescents 62 66 Jenter 71 75

56 58 Gutter 64 69

0 50 100

1996 2006 2012 2015 Share who spend more than Oslo over time : 1996 – 2015 one hour a day on homework

• Decrease in youth that have been subject to 36 violence Alle • Decrease in youth that have been drunk 45 • Increase in youths’ well-beeing in schools 53 • Fewer daily smokers • Increase in number of homebound adolescents 43 • More adolescents spend much time on Jenter 51 homework 63

28 Gutter 38 44

0 50 100

1996 2006 2012 2015 Changes over time

• Contrary to the worries from the late 80-ties and the 90-ties – Adolescents in Oslo have become more well-adjusted and «straight» (Øia 2007, 2012, Andersen & Bakken 2015)

• This development is similar to the development in in general – Young in Norway and UNGDATA

• This generation of adolescents have good relations to their parents, they are not in conflict or see themselves in opposition towards their parents (Øia & Vestel 2014)

PAGE 13 • How is the situation among youth in Oslo in 2015?

• What can we learn about adolescents’ alcohol consumption from the last Young in Oslo-survey ? No need to worry in 2015? Share with depressive symptoms

• In 2015 – 6 percent report being bullied - -> this represents about 2200 adolescents – Even low shares represent large numers

– and often, serious problems for those affected 15 17 Jenter 23 26 • In addition, increase in depressive symptoms among girls 9 11 • The share has almost doubled from 1996 to 2015 Gutter 1996 12 2006 11 2012 2015 • And, many problems, as low educational 12 14 achievements, health problems and drug/alcohol Alle 18 abuse – are unevenly distributed 19

0 20 40

PAGE 15 The situation in 2015 - nuances

We see large differences (on many indicators) after: 80

• Age 60 • Gender • Immigrant origin

40

• Social origin: Share drunk last year

(Socioeconomic 20

resourses among 4 3 11 10 23 26 40 46 53 55 72 67

parents) 0 LS 8 LS 9 LS 10 HS 1 HS 2 HS 3 Boys Girls • Geography in Oslo: east-west The situation in 2015 - nuances

We see large differences

(on many indicators) after: 80

• Age

60 • Gender • Immigrant origin

40

• Social origin Share drunk last year

(Socioeconomic 20 resourses among 4 3 13 5 30 11 56 17 69 25 85 34 parents)

0 LS 8 LS 9 LS 10 HS 1 HS 2 HS 3 • Geography in Oslo: Norw par Fore par east-west Drunk last year – after SES & im.orig.

Among those 1 with affluent parents – higher

.8 prob. of having been drunk

.6

.4

Probdrunk lastyear

.2

0

0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 Parents socio econ stat(Min=0, Max=3)

Norw_par Foreg_par

Data: Marings, logit models. Young in Oslo 2015. Upp.Sec. N=9520 City district: shares that have been drunk

Large differences 45.7 between 45.7 western/central 40.8 Nordre Aker 39.6 districts 39.3 And St. Hanshaugen 38.7 Eastern districts Nordstrand 36.2 Grünerløkka 32.7 Østensjø 31.5 24.3 23.0 20.1 19.7 19.3 Søndre Nordstrand 19.3

0 10 20 30 40 50

Ung i Oslo 2015. Elever VGS. N=8166. Vektet. Oslo 2012 (Andersen & Ljunggren forthcoming)

• Agegroups: 13-17 • Black - 20 % highest incomes • Red - 20 % lowest incomes • High segregation level

Results from Andersen & Bakken (2015): • Immigrant origin –mainly eastern areas

In western districts we observe high levels of: • alcohol consumption • School grades/ed.ambi. • Regular exercise • Org. leisure time act. • Satisfaction with own health Neighborhood/peer effects? Norwegian-born parents Immigrant origin

Frogner 49.5 Ullern 33.7 Sagene 47.3 Nordre Aker 29.1 Ullern 46.9 Frogner 27.4 St. Hanshaugen 44.4 Sagene 22.0 Grünerløkka 42.8 Vestre Aker 21.2 Vestre Aker 42.5 St. Hanshaugen 18.2 Nordre Aker 40.3 Nordstrand 17.9 Nordstrand 38.7 Grünerløkka 17.6 Gamle Oslo 38.2 Østensjø 15.6 Østensjø 37.0 Bjerke 13.6 Stovner 32.5 Alna 13.3 Bjerke 32.0 Stovner 11.5 Alna 31.8 Grorud 11.4 Grorud 30.3 Gamle Oslo 11.1 Søndre Nordstrand 29.9 Søndre Nordstrand 10.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40

Ung i Oslo 2015. Elever VGS. N=8166. Vektet. Ung i Oslo 2015. Elever VGS. N=8166. Vektet.

Different youth cultures in west and eastern parts? Immigrants might influence non-immigrants in eastern parts And vice versa in the western parts (e.g. russetiden - the high school graduation celebration) • Another possibility: nationality among those with immigrant origin Alcohol: Other potentially important factors

(Among youth at upper secondary)

From regression analyses:

Geography (city district) Socioeconomic status Age Strongly correlated Immigrant origin Religion Less correlated with other factors – contributes to Parents’ alcohol use additional explained variance Friends’ alcohol use School orientation: homework/ambitions Physical activity (healthy living) Religion / friends’ alcohol use (upp.secondary).

80

60

40

Been drunk

20

82 56 13 79 50 12 26 15 1 35 15 4 69 53 6

0 No relig Christ. Islam Hindu. Budd Weekly Seldom Never

Regardless of city district, SES, immigrant origin, age, parents’ drining patt. AND religion - > those with friends who drink regulary, have a higher probability of having been drunk Summary

In most areas – the situation has improved among adolescents • one exception: mental health among girls • the worries from the 1990 – mainly proved wrong

A generation of well-adjusted youth: high well-being in schools, high ambitions, regular physical activity and organized leisure time activities,

But, large variations between groups of youth

Well-being, health, education, leisure time activities, and not the least alcohol consumption

• Immigrant origin and religion • Socioeconomic resources • City districts/norms/youth culture Summary

Adolescents in Oslo with Norwegian origin, non-religious, with affluent parents, and with friends that drink, have the highest alcohol consumption

These adolescents mainly live in the western areas.

Fewer adolescents in the the eastern areas, who often have immigrant orign, use alcohol

However, adolescents in the western city disticts are successful in many other areas

They also report fewer alcohol related problems, while those who drink alcohol in the eastern areas report more problems (Bakken & Pedersen 2015) Thank you for listening.

Questions? [email protected]

References: Andersen, P. L.; Bakken (2015), A.; Ung i Oslo 2015 [Young in Oslo 2015], NOVA Rapport 8/15 (ISSN 0808- 5013) Andersen, P.L., Pedersen, W. & Bakken (forthcoming). Russetid i Oslo. Hvem deltar? Hvem feirer hardest? Andersen, P.L. & Ljunggren, J.E. (forthcoming). Bostedssegregasjon i Oslo gjennom 20 år. Pedersen, W., & Bakken, A. (2016). Urban landscapes of adolescent substance use. Acta Sociologica, SSB (2013). Kriminalitetsbilde i endring Øia, T. (2007). Ung i Oslo. Levekår og sosiale forskjeller [Young in Oslo. Living conditions and social differences]. NOVA-rapport, 6(07). Øia, T. (2012). Ung i Oslo 2012–Nøkkeltall. Oslo: NOVA Notat, 7, 2012. Øia & Vestel (2014). Generasjonskløfta som forsvant. Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning