DIPARTIMENTO DI GIURISPRUDENZA Dottorato Di

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DIPARTIMENTO DI GIURISPRUDENZA Dottorato Di UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI FEDERICO II DIPARTIMENTO DI GIURISPRUDENZA Dottorato di ricerca in Sistema Penale Integrato e Processo XXVI ciclo Tesi di Dottorato I riflessi penalistici della “questione multiculturale”: le implicazioni dogmatiche e i problemi di politica criminale Relatore Dottoranda Ch. mo Prof. Antonio Cavaliere Claudia Santoro Coordinatore del corso di dottorato Ch. mo Prof. Sergio Moccia anno accademico 2013-2014 Candidata: Claudia Santoro I riflessi penalistici della “questione multiculturale”: le implicazioni dogmatiche e i problemi di politica criminale Relatore Ch. mo Prof. Antonio Cavaliere Coordinatore del corso di dottorato Ch. mo Prof. Sergio Moccia Indice CAPITOLO PRIMO MULTICULTURALISMO E DEMOCRAZIA 1. La questione multiculturale: le origini.................................................................................. 5 2. Teorie multiculturali e definizione del concetto di “cultura”. ............................................ 11 2.1. Il concetto di cultura nella sua accezione antropologica. Dalla definizione di Edward Taylor alle “rivoluzioni” di Clifford Greetz e James Clifford. ........................................ 13 2.2. “Diritti collettivi”, “diritti culturali”, “diritti di gruppo”: precisazioni terminologiche. .............................................................................................................................. 16 2.3. La politica del riconoscimento e il caso del Québec. La cultura come “autenticità”. .................................................................................................................................. 17 2.4. La democrazia procedurale di Jürgen Habermas. La cultura come “creolizzazione”............................................................................................................................. 25 2.5. Diritti differenziati in funzione dell’appartenenza di gruppo: l’impostazione di Will Kymlicka. Il concetto di cultura nella sua accezione etnica. ................................................ 29 3. Liberalismo vs comunitarismo: rilievi critici...................................................................... 37 4. La nozione penalmente rilevante di cultura e la definizione di reato culturalmente motivato. ................................................................................................................. 40 5. Multiculturalismo e pluralismo nella Costituzione italiana. ............................................... 43 5.1. Il diritto all’identità culturale e gli altri diritti fondamentali. ............................................. 46 6. Società multiculturali e modelli penali. .............................................................................. 52 6.1. L’irrilevanza penale del fattore culturale secondo il modello assimilazionista di stampo francese. ............................................................................................................................ 54 6.2. Il modello multiculturale di matrice anglosassone. Cenni intorno alle cultural defenses. ......................................................................................................................................... 57 6.3. L’Italia: in bilico tra discriminazione e accettazione delle differenze culturali. ................ 60 7. I possibili risvolti negativi delle politiche multiculturaliste. .............................................. 65 7.1. Il multiculturalismo danneggia le donne? .......................................................................... 68 8. Gli inconvenienti dell’assimilazionismo. ........................................................................... 73 8.1. Il temperamento in sede giurisprudenziale delle politiche assimilazioniste. ..................... 75 2 CAPITOLO SECONDO IL SISTEMA PENALE ITALIANO DAVANTI ALLA SFIDA DEL MULTICULTURALISMO: TRA LEGISLAZIONE E GIURISPRUDENZA 1. Il “localismo” e la “non-neutralità culturale”del diritto penale. ......................................... 78 2. L’omogeneità culturale del codice Rocco. ......................................................................... 82 3. Le mutilazioni genitali femminili: origini e motivi delle pratiche. .................................... 84 3.1. Il contrasto del fenomeno delle mutilazioni. Dichiarazioni internazionali, provvedimenti europei e divieti nazionali. .................................................................................... 87 3.2. La normativa italiana. Incongruenze dommatiche e carenze politico-criminali. ............... 89 3.2.1. Prospettive de iure condito e de iure condendo. ................................................................ 98 4. Il fenomeno della mendicità infantile. Le comunità rom tra storia, cultura e criminalità. ................................................................................................................................... 100 4.1. L’impiego di minori nell’accattonaggio: da contravvenzione a delitto. ........................... 105 4.1.1. I profili problematici dell’intervento legislativo. ............................................................ 111 4.1.2. Art. 600-octies c.p. e scriminante dell’esercizio di un diritto. ........................................... 117 5. La proposta di un’aggravante per i reati culturalmente motivati...................................... 118 6. Reati culturalmente motivati e orientamenti della giurisprudenza. .................................. 123 6.1. Gli honour killings. ........................................................................................................... 124 6.1.1. L’omicidio premeditato di Hina Saleem. .......................................................................... 127 6.1.2. Aggravante dei motivi abietti o futili, cause d’onore e principi costituzionali. ............... 131 6.2. I delitti contro la famiglia e la libertà sessuale. I maltrattamenti e la violenza sessuale intra-coniugale. .............................................................................................................. 136 6.3. Maltrattamenti in famiglia, abuso dei mezzi di correzione e ius corrigendi. ................... 142 7. Un bilancio provvisorio sugli attuali orientamenti legislativi e giurisprudenziali in materia di reati culturalmente motivati.................................................................................... 150 3 CAPITOLO TERZO MOTIVO CULTURALE E STRUTTURA DEL REATO. PROSPETTIVE DE LEGE LATA E DE LEGE FERENDA 1. Premessa. .......................................................................................................................... 153 2. Motivo culturale e tipicità. Il problema delle deroghe al principio di territorialità della legge penale. ....................................................................................................................... 156 2.1. L’appartenenza religiosa come “giustificato motivo” che esclude la tipicità. .................... 161 2.2. Dolo e coscienza dell’offesa. Reati naturali vs reati artificiali. ........................................... 167 3. Motivi culturali ed antigiuridicità. La rilevanza del consenso dell’avente diritto e le situazioni c.d. quasi-scriminanti. ............................................................................................. 173 3.2. L’operatività della scriminante dell’esercizio di un diritto. ................................................ 181 4. L’incidenza del motivo culturale sulla colpevolezza/responsabilità. L’ignoranza inevitabile della legge penale. ..................................................................................................... 182 4.1. Il ricorso alla categoria dell’inesigibilità. ............................................................................. 183 4.2. L’inesigibilità come criterio di “graduazione”della colpevolezza/responsabilità. Le situazioni c.d. quasi-scusanti e il riconoscimento del fattore culturale nella determinazione della risposta sanzionatoria. ............................................................................... 189 5. La rilevanza del ‘motivo culturale’ a livello di punibilità. .................................................. 193 6. Considerazioni conclusive. Il dialogo politico come principale soluzione dei conflitti interculturali. .................................................................................................................. 195 BIBLIOGRAFIA ......................................................................................................................... 196 4 CAPITOLO PRIMO MULTICULTURALISMO E DEMOCRAZIA 1. La questione multiculturale: le origini. «Multiculturale» e «multiculturalismo» sono termini che insieme a «globale» e «globalizzazione» occupano il centro della riflessione del pensiero politico attuale. Generalmente il primo termine viene impiegato per fotografare una situazione di fatto, ovvero il pluralismo culturale che caratterizza le democrazie contemporanee; il secondo per designare una delle possibili risposte politico-normative a tale dato della realtà1, al problema, cioè, della presenza di culture diverse all’interno delle omogeneità nazionali di tradizione occidentale. Qualcuno ha definito il multiculturalismo come un “modo per desiderare le cose2”: esso rappresenterebbe un ideale di convivenza delle società pluraliste alternativo al melting pot, ideale nel senso che “promuove il sogno di una convivenza segnata e arricchita dalle differenze di ciascun gruppo”3. Se il termine «multiculturalismo» segnala indubbiamente un’accresciuta sensibilità
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