DOCSLIB.ORG

The Meaning of Mainland Portugal Beaches and Dunes’ Psammophilic Plant Communities: a Contribution to Tourism Management and Nature Conservation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Meaning of Mainland Portugal Beaches and Dunes’ Psammophilic Plant Communities: a Contribution to Tourism Management and Nature Conservation J Coast Conserv (2013) 17:279–299 DOI 10.1007/s11852-013-0232-9 The meaning of mainland Portugal beaches and dunes’ psammophilic plant communities: a contribution to tourism management and nature conservation Mónica C. Martins & Carlos S. Neto & José C. Costa Received: 7 November 2012 /Accepted: 3 January 2013 /Published online: 18 January 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Due to their position of interface between the sea study, brings together disperse information on plant com- and land, the flora and vegetation of coastal beaches and munities of the Portuguese sandy coasts (beaches and dunes, occupy ecologically extreme, sensitive, unique and dunes), by analysing floristic compositions, chorology and valuable habitats. The occurrence of a large number of ecological characteristics, and matching them with the “Na- endemic taxa and specific plant associations endowed with ture 2000” network habitats. Resilience and vulnerability key ecological services and adapted to a stressful and harsh are also studied. In a nature conservation perspective, a environmental gradient, gives them a high interest for nature positive balance (and a sustainable co-existence) between conservation and an important role in sustainable territorial the preservation of natural values and human development planning. However, such ecosystems are vulnerable to the in the Portuguese coast, will benefit with the integration of disruption caused by several anthropogenic sources. Among this knowledge in coastal planning and management other global threat factors, the inevitable sea rise caused by activities. climate change and, at a local scale, the non-negligible implications of trampling caused by disorderly coastal tour- Keywords Beaches .Dunes .Plantcommunities .Portugal . istic exploitation, growing construction pressure in the litto- Tourism . Nature conservation ral, and a seasonal population boom in late spring and in summer, plus all derivate forms of pollution, are threat factors to their integrity. Therefore, a correct planning of the touristic economic activities requires the understanding Introduction of the vegetation composition and spatial distribution pat- terns, intrinsically determined by their biogeographic con- Psammophilic communities can be grouped in two main text in the Euro-Siberian or Mediterranean Regions. This geosystem types with different morphological, lithological, comprehensive work, based on a broad phytogeographic structural and substrate characteristics, specific flora and vegetation (Neto 2002). Beaches and coastal dunes are * submitted to the direct influence of sea salt spray and M. C. Martins ( ) “ ” Climate and Environmental Changes Research Unit (CliMA), breezes. The more interior dunes arefarfromthesea Center for Geographic Studies (CEG), Institute of Geography and influence, and were not studied in the present work. Spatial Planning (IGOT), Lisbon University, Edifício da Faculdade Portuguese beaches and coastal dunes are oligotrophic de Letras, Alameda da universidade, environments, with ages inferior to 4,000 years B. P., incipient 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] pedogenetic evolution, weak water retention capacity, low pH, : and a total absence of podzolization (Moreira 1985;Netoetal. C. S. Neto J. C. Costa 2004). Biophysical characteristics are related to the distribu- Center of Botanic Applied to Agriculture (CBAA), Phytoecology tion in two major European Biogeographic Regions, Mediter- and Plant Protection Department, Agronomic Superior Institute (ISA), Lisbon Technical University, Tapada da Ajuda, ranean (South) and Euro-Siberian (North) (Honrado et al. 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal 2010), progressively varying from North to South for climatic 280 M.C. Martins et al. reasons: general reduction of precipitation rates, lower inci- anatomically, phenological and physiologically adapted to a dence of aestival fogs, and increasing temperature in the severe environmental stress, high temperatures and no avail- South. The frontier between these regions converges to the able freshwater (Tüxen 1975; García-Mora et al. 1999; Portuguese northwest coastline, where Euro-Siberian and Costa 2001). This high specialization restrains their migra- Mediterranean coastal species come across and migrate be- tion to different type of ecosystems, resulting in a large tween the two regions (Izco 1989). The geographical transi- number of restrict coastal taxa, endemic and unique plant tion is, for some communities, in Tagus River (“Rio Tejo”), a communities (Van Der Maarel 2003;Kim2004; Neto et al. natural discontinuity barrier; for others in “Ria de Aveiro” 2007), with high floristic originality and conservation value (Quiaios - Figueira da Foz) (Ribeiro 1986;Costaetal. (Acosta et al. 2009). 1998a, b). “Quiaios” beach is a noticeable transitional area, Coastal landforms experience perpetual biotic and abiotic showing stronger Euro-Siberian characteristics in its Northern changes, natural cyclic dynamics, fluctuations in the sea limits (influenced by “Serra da Boa Viagem”) and Mediterra- level, geomorphological processes, catastrophic climatic nean in the Southern ones (Cape Mondego). Although a events, sediment load budgets, accretion or erosion episodes transition range exists between the North and South, the Tagus (Tüxen 1975; Costa 2001; Soares de Carvalho et al. 2002; River demarks a dividing line in climatic and landscape char- Psuty 2004; Lomba et al. 2009). Relationships between the acteristics. Despite a generally temperate, the climatic differ- beach and the dune systems’ sediment budget over time and ences between North and South are evident. The North is space are the foundation for foredune development and mainly influenced by the Atlantic, recording higher precipita- geomorphological evolution across the beach-dune profile tion, lowest annual medium temperatures, larger temperature (Psuty and Silveira 2010). If the load capacity and resilience ranges, and a more significant occurrence of summer fogs. To are exceeded, self-regulation to degradative processes may the south of Tagus River, the Mediterranean influences are not work, resulting in sea erosion and ecosystem impover- stronger and clearly manifested by hottest and longer sum- ishment (Rust and Illenberger 1996; Ferreira 2006). The role mers, shorter winters and lower precipitation. of native vegetation in the resilience and vitality of coastal Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean plant communities are social-ecological services is recognized by Feagin et al. undoubtedly differentiated (Neto et al. 2007). In addition, as (2010). Main ecological services performed by the psam- is typical from most marine beaches and dune habitats (Barbour mophilic plants and communities, include important contri- et al. 1985), vegetation also experiences a well-marked littoral- butions to sand fixation and subsurface water retention. inland gradient. The results of Acosta et al. (2009) highlight the These communities also support important populations of importance of the coastal dune zonation (embryonic dunes, terrestrial invertebrates as other coastal habitats are being primary, semi-stabilized and stabilized dunes) for species con- lost (Howe et al. 2009), and shelter vertebrates with an servation because they harbour progressively higher species active role in the propagation of some plant species, as richness. Species distribution depends on environmental rabbits (van Til and Koojman 2007). requirements and spatial interactions among plants (Feagin et In 1994, about 75 % of European Mediterranean sand al. 2005; Feagin and Wu 2007). Relations between vegetation dunes had already been eliminated (Salman 1994) and the cover, soil and geomorphological factors are determinant in the destruction has not stopped since then. Recreational activi- environmental variation (Lee et al. 2000;KimandYu2009) ties implying dune trampling, have adverse repercussion in and in the occurrence of clearly defined ecological gradients the structure of the vegetation and in ecosystem services, (Van Der Maarel 2003; Frederiksen et al. 2006). The under- such as sand fixation and prevention of superficial erosion standing of physical gradient drivers like distance to the sea and caused by wind deflation (Araújo et al. 2002; Soares de profile length (Frederiksen et al. 2006; Honrado et al. 2010), Carvalho et al. 2002; Lomba et al. 2009). sand grain size, pH, salinity, sand stability (Neto 1993), or Facing the inevitable effects of climate change, global microclimates (Neto 1994) is important for the interpretation warming, sea level rise and the intensification of catastrophic of communities distribution patterns (Kumler 1997). events has surges and storms (IPCC 2001; Andrade et al. Psammophilic flora and fauna, including terrestrial inver- 2002; Bindoff et al. 2007), coastal areas will suffer dramatic tebrates confined to that specific type of habitat (Howe et al. transformations even in the most optimistic future scenarios 2009), have few species in common with other terrestrial (Solomon et al. 2007). The vegetation quality is extremely ecosystems (Acosta et al. 2005), being specialized in rela- important in maintaining and restoring the ecological integrity tively spatially isolated and low sized communities (Neto et of degraded dune habitats (Kim 2004), defining the extent of al. 2007). Being subjected to strict ecological conditions like the dune system, related to its state of degradation and vul- the constant influence of sea salt spray and winds, periodic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fauna and Ecology of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in the Coastal Dune Habitats …
    58 Fauna and Ecology of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in the Coastal Dune Habitats … Fauna and Ecology of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in the Coastal Dune Habitats in Ziemupe Nature Reserve, Latvia VOLDEMRS SPUIS Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia. 4 Kronvalda Blvd., LV-1586 Rga, Latvia; e-mail: [email protected] SPUIS V. 2007. FAUNA AND ECOLOGY OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA) IN THE COASTAL DUNE HABITATS IN ZIEMUPE NATURE RESERVE, LATVIA. – Latvijas entomologs, 44: 58-68. Abstract: Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) were studied in dunes of the Baltic Sea at the Latvian western coast in 2001 and 2003-2006. Direct collection and pitfall trapping of individuals were used. In total 12 species of grasshoppers were identified, seven of them can be regarded as characteristic for dunes. Number of species and population density increased significantly along white dune – grey dune – dry grassland habitat gradient. Dominating species Myrmeleotettix maculatus had maximum of population density in the typical grey dune habitat. Significant correlation among population density of grasshoppers and plant species diversity and vegetation cover was stated. These correlations can be explained both by feeding and sheltering requirements of the grasshoppers. Key words: Orthoptera, fauna, ecology, dune habitats, Latvia. Introduction study spatial distribution of species and limiting biotic factors in the model coastal territory. Grasshoppers in the coastal dunes have been investigated in Europe rather extensively Methods (Decleer, Devriese 1992, Bonte, De Knijf 1998, Folger, Handelmann 1999). Particular attention Epigeic arthropods, including was paid to habitat preference, to distribution of grasshoppers were investigated in the coastal species and to the influence of anthropogenic dune habitats in Ziemupe Nature Reserve near pressure on species diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation of Sand Dunes in the Atlantic Biogeographical Region: the Contribution of the LIFE Programme
    Herrier J.-L., J. Mees, A. Salman, J. Seys, H. Van Nieuwenhuyse and I. Dobbelaere (Eds). 2005. p. 29-44 Proceedings ‘Dunes and Estuaries 2005’ – International Conference on Nature Restoration Practices in European Coastal Habitats, Koksijde, Belgium, 19-23 September 2005 VLIZ Special Publication 19, xiv + 685 pp. The conservation of sand dunes in the Atlantic Biogeographical Region: the contribution of the LIFE programme John Houston Ecosystems Ltd Boulevard Général Wahis 21, 1030 Brussels, Belgium E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Since 1992 the EU LIFE programme has supported a series of dune conservation projects within the Atlantic Biogeographical Region. LIFE co-financing has been used to safeguard threatened sites through land purchase, to support the development of the Natura 2000 network, to undertake practical management and to interpret the functions and values of dunes to a wide audience. The additional resources from LIFE have been targeted at specific sites, at national programmes and, through wider networking initiatives, at the community of practitioners. LIFE projects have contributed to the development of European and National policies by acting as case studies and milestones. Dissemination of information is aided by practitioners networks such as the European Union for Coastal Conservation and through the series of conferences and workshops held within the framework of the projects. A further step may be to use the completion of the Natura 2000 network as a catalyst for encouraging a more coordinated approach to networking and for raising some of the key issues affecting dune systems at the European level. Keywords: Dunes; LIFE programme; Atlantic Biogeographical Region; Project results; Networking.
    [Show full text]
  • Resilience in Coastal Dune Grasslands: Ph and Soil Organic Matter Effects
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Resilience in coastal dune grasslands: pH and soil organic mattereffects on P nutriti on, plant strategies, and soil communities Kooijman, A.M.; Morriën, E.; Jagers op Akkerhuis, G.; Missong, A.; Bol, R.; Klumpp, E.; van Hall, R.; van Til, M.; Kalbitz, K.; Bloem, J. DOI 10.1002/ecs2.3112 Publication date 2020 Document Version Final published version Published in Ecosphere License CC BY Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Kooijman, A. M., Morriën, E., Jagers op Akkerhuis, G., Missong, A., Bol, R., Klumpp, E., van Hall, R., van Til, M., Kalbitz, K., & Bloem, J. (2020). Resilience in coastal dune grasslands: pH and soil organic mattereffects on P nutriti on, plant strategies, and soil communities. Ecosphere, 11(5), [e03112]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3112 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Coastal Dune Management Actions for Biodiversity Restoration and Conservation Underpinned by Internationally Published Scientific Research?
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Open Marine Archive Herrier J.-L., J. Mees, A. Salman, J. Seys, H. Van Nieuwenhuyse and I. Dobbelaere (Eds). 2005. p. 165-178 Proceedings ‘Dunes and Estuaries 2005’ – International Conference on Nature Restoration Practices in European Coastal Habitats, Koksijde, Belgium, 19-23 September 2005 VLIZ Special Publication 19, xiv + 685 pp. Are coastal dune management actions for biodiversity restoration and conservation underpinned by internationally published scientific research? Dries Bonte1 and Maurice Hoffmann1,2 1 Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium E-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Nature Conservation, Research Group Landscape Ecology and Nature Management, Kliniekstraat 25, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium Abstract Scientific research in coastal dunes, published in international journals, has mainly focussed on the understanding of processes of landscape development, vegetation succession and its interaction with animal ecology. Both fundamental and applied questions were dealt with. In theory, results of these investigations should underpin nature management practices and should give a solid foundation to monitoring. In this contribution, we review past and present, internationally published scientific research and its most important consequences for nature management and the conservation/restoration of biodiversity. Results are contrasted with contemporary management practices in order to detect management shortcomings and fields where scientific research needs to be extended and published in order to fine-tune often expensive and quite radical irreversible management practices. In general, our mini-review stresses the need for process-based research on a broad spatial scale and detailed research at a local scale for the assessment of optimal nature management actions, especially in view of potential negative feedback mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape and Vegetation of Southern Baltic Dune Systems
    Landscape and vegetation of southern Baltic dune systems: diversity, landuse changes and threats Jann Peyrat University of Kiel Cover: Dune landscape at the Nagliai Strict Nature Reserve, Curonian Spit, LT (Photo: Peyrat 2008). Aus dem Institut für Natur- und Ressourcenschutz der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Landscape and vegetation of southern Baltic dune systems: diversity, landuse changes and threats Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christain-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Dipl. Landschaftsökologe Jann Peyrat aus Wilhelmshaven Kiel, den 17. März 2011 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Karin Schwarz 1. Berichtserstatter: Prof. Dr. Hartmut Roweck 2. Berichtserstatter: PD Dr. Maike Isermann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12. Mai 2011 Die Druckreife der vorliegenden Arbeit ist vorhanden. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Plant communities of the Sundic Baltic Sand Dune ....................................... 35 Vegetation Complex on dry coastal dunes along the southern Baltic coast. Peyrat J. 2010. Botanica Lithuanica 16 (4): 149–167. Chapter 3 Neophytic Corispermum pallasii (Stev.) (Chenopodiaceae) ...................... 59 invading migrating dunes of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. Dolnik C., J. Peyrat, A. Volodina and A. Sokolov. 2011. Polish Journal of Ecology 59 (2): 17-25. Chapter 4 Plant species diversity in dry coastal dunes of the Southern .................... 73 Baltic coast. Peyrat J. and A. Fichtner. submitted. Community Ecology. Chapter 5 Vegetation dynamics on the Łeba Bar/Poland: a comparison .................. 90 of the vegetation in 1932 and 2006 with special regard to endangered habitats. Peyrat J., M. Braun, C. Dolnik, M. Isermann and H. Roweck. 2009. Journal of Coastal Conservation 13 (4): 235–246.
    [Show full text]
  • B1.4A Atlantic and Baltic Coastal Dune Grassland (Grey Dune)
    European Red List of Habitats - Coastal Habitat Group B1.4a Atlantic and Baltic coastal dune grassland (grey dune) Summary This habitat includes the grasslands that develop on the stabilised sands of older (so-called 'grey') dunes along the Atlantic (south to mid-Portugal), North Sea and Baltic coasts. The sandy substrate, thinly enriched with accumulating humus, is well drained and can dry out during summer. Typically with a more or less complete cover of (relatively low) grasses, herbs, mosses and lichens, sometimes with low shrubs, they comprise one of the most species-rich habitats on the temperate European coast. The flora can vary with the regional climate, with the character of the substrate, varying from acid to highly calcareous, and with the local dune topography. Individual dune systems can vary from narrow strips to enormous stretches, though most are not a dynamic stage in succession, but maintained in a more or less stable fixed state. Often grazed or mown in the past, which prevented development of scrub and woodland, the habitat is threatened in most countries by abandonment of traditional farming, by eutrophication through nitrogen deposition, and overuse and urbanisation, often related to tourism. Synthesis The habitat is on the Red List as Vulnerable (VU) due to large declines in area (criterion A1) and large remaining areas negatively affected in quality (criterion C/D1). The decline in area is very close to the threshold for the category Endangered (EN). Overall Category & Criteria EU 28 EU 28+ Red List Category Red List Criteria Red List Category Red List Criteria Vulnerable A1, C/D1 Vulnerable A1, C/D1 Sub-habitat types that may require further examination This is a very broadly defined habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Grey Dune Plant Communities (Koelerio-Corynephoretea) on The
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Tuexenia - Mitteilungen der Floristisch- soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Jahr/Year: 2009 Band/Volume: NS_29 Autor(en)/Author(s): Laime Brigita, Tjarve Didzis Artikel/Article: Grey dune plant communities (Koelerio-Corynephoretea) on the Baltic coast in Latvia 409-435 ©Floristisch-soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschft; www.tuexenia.de; download unter www.zobodat.at Tuexenia 29: 409-435. Göttingen 2009. Grey dune plant communities ( Koelerio-Corynephoretea ) on the Baltic coast in Latvia - Brigita Laime and Didzis Tjarve - Abstract The grey dunes along the present-day depositional coasts of Latvia are among the most diverse dune ecosystems in the Baltic Sea region. This paper focuses on the grey dune plant communities, their classi­ fication based on the Braun-Blanquet approach and their ecology and distribution in Latvia. A total of 3,430 phytosociological relevés were sampled in all coastal sections in the period from 1994 to 2008. The vegetation was classified using TWINSPAN analysis. Diagnostic species were determined for each syn taxon using statistical measures of fidelity (phi coefficient and Fishers exact test). The phytogeogra­ phy of associations and variants is described on the basis of a distribution range analysis of plant species. In total, three associations of the class Koelerio-Corynephoretea occur in the grey dunes. The Corniculario aculeatae-Corynephoretum canescentis and the Caricetum arenariae belong to the alliance Corynephorion canescentis and the order Corynephoretalia canescentis. The Festucetum polesicae belongs to the alliance Koelerion glaucae in the order Sedo acris-Festucetalia. With six variants, it is the phytosociologically most diverse association of the grey dunes: typical variant, variant of Gypsophila paniculata, variant of Koeleria glauca, variant of Thymus serpyllum, variant of Epipactis atrorubens and variant of Corynephorus canescens.
    [Show full text]
  • Grey Dunes") 2130
    Technical Report 2008 04/24 MANAGEMENT of Natura 2000 habitats * Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") 2130 Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora The European Commission (DG ENV B2) commissioned the Management of Natura 2000 habitats. 2130 *Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’) This document was completed in March 2008 by John Houston (Liverpool Hope University, UK) on behalf of Ecosystems Comments, data or general information were generously provided by: Maike Isermann, University of Bremen, Germany Sam Provoost, University of Ghent, Belgium Ola Bengtson, Pro-Natura, Sweden Paul Rooney, Liverpool Hope University, UK Sally Edmondson, Liverpool Hope University, UK Jean Favennec, ONF, France Carlos Ley, Ecologica Litoral, Spain Laurence Jones, CEH, UK Sian Musgrave, National Trust, UK Tony Swandale, Kent Wildlife Trust, UK Kevin Redgrave, National Trust, UK Alice Kimpton, Natural England, UK Hanne Jensen, Danish Forest and Nature Agency, Denmark Daniela Zaghi, Comunità Ambiente, Italy Stephano Picchi, Comunità Ambiente, Italy Concha Olmeda, ATECMA, Spain Mats Eriksson, MK-Konsult, Sweden Marc Thauront, Ecosphère, France Coordination: Concha Olmeda, ATECMA & Daniela Zaghi, Comunità Ambiente ©2008 European Communities ISBN 978-92-79-08319-8 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Houston J. 2008. Management of Natura 2000 habitats. 2130 *Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’). European Commission This document, which has been prepared in the framework of a service contract (7030302/2006/453813/MAR/B2 "Natura 2000 preparatory actions: Management Models for Natura 2000 Sites”), is not legally binding. Contract realized by: ATECMA S.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization in Roots of Sand Dune Plants in Relation to Soil Factors
    Environmental and Experimental Biology (2015) 13: 139–145 Original Paper Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in roots of sand dune plants in relation to soil factors Ligita Liepiņa, Arta Dimbiere, Brigita Laime, Didzis Tjarve, Didzis Elferts, Guntis Tabors, Guntis Brūmelis* University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Jelgavas 1, Riga, LV 1004, Latvia *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Seacoast plant communities represent primary successions characterized by a harsh environment in which mycorrhizal symbioses are known to be important for plant survival and growth. The study was carried in two grey dune areas (Užava and Pāvilosta) on the western coast of Latvia by the Baltic Sea. We examined how root colonization and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza differed along a primary dune succession from an early successional primary dune to an overgrowing grey dune, in relation to soil factors. We hypothesized that plant species growing on soil with a poorly developed soil horizon and low C, P and N concentration would have a higher extent of arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization. We also tested the relationship of soil factors and fungal abundance in roots within specific plant species. In a total of 93 plots among 5 habitats, we determined soil carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and sampled roots of dominant plants for determination of arbuscular mycorrhizal (vesicules and hyphae) frequency, abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal vesicules and hyphae, and abundance of arbuscules. The results showed that extent of mycorrhizal colonization was related to soil development, being more important in the most nutrient poor habitats, compared to grassland habitats. However, slight increases in P and N concentration were associated in increased mycorrhizal colonization in early successional stages and disturbed habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Background of the Trust
    Transylv. Rev. Syst. Ecol. Res. 17.2 (2015), "The Wetlands Diversity" 45 HABITATS WITH SEA GRAPE (EPHEDRA DISTACHYA) ON THE DUNES OF LETEA (DANUBE DELTA, ROMANIA) Erika SCHNEIDER-BINDER * and Felizia KUHLKE ** * Karlsruhe Institute for Technology – University of Land Baden-Württemberg and Research Center of the Helmholtz Society, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Department WWF-Institute for Floodplain Ecology, Josef Strasse 1, Rastatt/Germany, D-76437, [email protected] ** Landratsamt Böblingen, Wasserwirtschaft/Oberirdische Gewässer, Grundwasserschutz, Park Strasse 16, D-71034, Böblingen, [email protected] DOI: 10.1515/trser-2015-0062 KEYWORDS: grey dunes, pioneer colonisation, adaption to extreme dryness, xerothermophilous vegetation, ecological gradients, groundwater table. ABSTRACT The Danube Delta is known for its unique, biogeographical-important ecosystem complex that includes a large range of habitats from the permanently water-covered to the extremely dry area. These ecosystems are well represented in the area nearest to the Black Sea in the dune area of Letea, Caraorman and Sărăturile. Sea grape (Ephedra distachya) communities taking part of the habitat type 2130* fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes), Subtype 16.22 B Pontic fixed dunes and their classification in the European habitat system are discussed and a proposal is made for their appropriate integration in a corresponding category of habitat types in the frame of the Pontic bioregion. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Lebensräume mit Meerträubchen (Ephedra distachya) auf den Dünen von Letea (Donau-Delta, Rumänien). Das Donau-Delta ist bekannt für seinen einzigartigen Ökosystemkomplex von großer biogeographischer Bedeutung, der von ständig wasserbedeckten bis hin zu extrem trockenen Bereichen eine weite Spanne von Lebensräumen umfasst.
    [Show full text]