DOCSLIB.ORG

Trustory Mont Blanc En:Layout 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trustory Mont Blanc En:Layout 1 Leica Geosystems TruStory Measuring Mont Blanc: a human and technical adventure Challenge - Working with GNSS in difficult conditions - Transportation of the equipment to the summit without any assistance - Calculation of a baseline with a delta height of 4’000m Timeframe September 2009 Objectives Determination of the elevation of Mont Blanc using all methods (RTK, NRTK, post-processing for at least 1 hour) Location Mont Blanc, France Every two years, the chartered Manager at Leica Geosystems land surveyors of the French France, it is possible to deter- Départment of Haute-Savoie mine the elevation and to create and Leica Geosystems measure a 3D model of the ice sheet. the elevation of Mont Blanc, The 5th measurement expedition the roof of Europe, the famous to this superb experimentation mountain straddling the site confirmed the reliability and Franco-Italian border. robustness of the Leica SmartRover real time GPS, which The aims of these technical and provided measurements to with- human expeditions are to provide in one centimeter under unusu- the general public with an unus- ally difficult circumstances (alti- ual insight into the profession of tude, cold, precise calculation the chartered land surveyor, to with a large altitude difference, test the reliability and precision etc). The team was hardly sur- of Leica Geosystems GPS equip- prised, since this was the 4th ment in difficult conditions, and Leica Geosystems instrument to two cameramen. Leica Geosys- to contribute to helping the sci- be subjected to such extreme tems France was represented by entific community provide ans- conditions, following in the foot- the Product Manager Farouk wers to questions concerning steps of the Leica GPS500 in Kadded and the After-Sales variations in climate. Measuring 2001 and 2003, the Leica Technician Olivier Mauger. the summit of Mont Blanc on a GPS1200 in 2005, and the Leica Bernhard Richter, Director of regular basis provides glaciolo- SmartStation in 2007. GPS/GNSS, and Leica System gists, geographers, nivologists 1200 Product Manager Alastair (snow experts) and meteorolo- Farouk Kadded’s log book Green, travelled from the Leica gists with data on the variations The team consisted of seven Geosystems head office in Heer- of a glacier at its source. chartered land surveyors, repre- brugg to join the team. With GPS measurements taken sentatives of their professional at the summit under the super- organization; three elected rep- Saturday 12th September 2009 vision of Farouk Kadded, Product resentatives of the region; and Everybody made the climb by the usual route except my colleagues 2 for the Goûter team). tacting the helicopter pilot so from Heerbrugg and myself. We 06:45 – The first roped parties that he can fly over the summit made for the summit via the of the Goûter team arrive at the and take some aerial views of Aiguille du midi and the Refuge summit. the measurement operation. des Cosmiques before crossing 07:25 – It’s our turn to arrive! the three Mont Blancs (Mont The route via the Cosmiques re- 09:10 – Everything is finished, Blanc du Tacul, Mont Maudit, fuge is longer and more calleng- we start our descent. and Mont Blanc itself). ing which makes it more inter- Two hours later, we all arrive at So on Saturday, the rest of the esting. Moreover, as we will be the Goûter refuge 1000m down group climbed to the Goûter re- going down via the Goûter re- the mountain, having climbed fuge while we went via the fuge, we will have crossed Mont down the famous L’arrête des Cosmiques refuge, followed by Blanc in its entirety, making a Bosses. After a further two the ascent to the summit of little dream come true for my hours, we arrive at the Tête Mont Blanc du Tacul (4248m). Swiss colleagues. Rousse refuge following the I will use the “Goûter team” to At the top, the temperature is a descent of the infamous Couloir refer to the team members who bone-chilling -20°C and with the du Goûter before continuing for climbed via the refuge of the wind gusting up to 60km/h and another 2 hours to reach the same name and the “Cosmiques the swirling snow whipping in little rack railway. team” for those of us who took our faces, the perceived temper- A welcome committee is waiting the second route. ature is about -40°C: a friendly for us to celebrate the event. Regretfully Olivier injured his calf, greeting from the mountain. We so he stayed behind at the Tête are standing above the clouds We travel back and enjoy an Rousse refuge (below the Goûter which open up from time to time official dinner and reception. refuge). I feel sorry for him and to give a brief glimpse of the After speeches and thank you’s hope he will be able to join us in land below, but the wind-chill it’s finally time for bed. Some two years time for the 10th an- factor makes it intensely cold days it seems we life a fuller life niversary of the Mont Blanc mea- and very uncomfortable: we all than others! surement expedition. go into survival mode. One of Everyone arrived safely at the re- the surveyors suffers frostbite in fuge and 5 cm of snow fell during four fingers and is airlifted out the evening to cover our tracks by helicopter from the Goûter with a pristine blanket of white. refuge. The mountain certainly knows Our GPS systems are working how to dress for the occasion. perfectly. With only one internal GEB211 battery in the aerial and Sunday 13th September 2009 another in the RX1250 control The night was relatively short. unit, we spend 1 hour 16 min- Our Cosmiques team was up at utes standing still taking the 00:45 and on our way at 02:00 necessary measurements. while the Goûter team woke at While we are determining the 02:00 to leave at 03:30. elevation, we use another GPS With our helmet lamps lighting to measure the ice sheet over the way, we proceeded through a period of 52 minutes. the clear and frosty night carry- The 2 cameramen film their ing the three Leica SmartRover reports and interview the team GPS to the summit (1 for us and members. We succeed in con- Leica Geosystems AG Heinrich-Wild-Strasse CH-9435 Heerbrugg Switzerland Phone +41 71 727 31 31 www.leica-geosystems.com.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4000 M Peaks of the Alps Normal and Classic Routes
    rock&ice 3 4000 m Peaks of the Alps Normal and classic routes idea Montagna editoria e alpinismo Rock&Ice l 4000m Peaks of the Alps l Contents CONTENTS FIVE • • 51a Normal Route to Punta Giordani 257 WEISSHORN AND MATTERHORN ALPS 175 • 52a Normal Route to the Vincent Pyramid 259 • Preface 5 12 Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey 101 35 Dent d’Hérens 180 • 52b Punta Giordani-Vincent Pyramid 261 • Introduction 6 • 12 North Face Right 102 • 35a Normal Route 181 Traverse • Geogrpahic location 14 13 Gran Pilier d’Angle 108 • 35b Tiefmatten Ridge (West Ridge) 183 53 Schwarzhorn/Corno Nero 265 • Technical notes 16 • 13 South Face and Peuterey Ridge 109 36 Matterhorn 185 54 Ludwigshöhe 265 14 Mont Blanc de Courmayeur 114 • 36a Hörnli Ridge (Hörnligrat) 186 55 Parrotspitze 265 ONE • MASSIF DES ÉCRINS 23 • 14 Eccles Couloir and Peuterey Ridge 115 • 36b Lion Ridge 192 • 53-55 Traverse of the Three Peaks 266 1 Barre des Écrins 26 15-19 Aiguilles du Diable 117 37 Dent Blanche 198 56 Signalkuppe 269 • 1a Normal Route 27 15 L’Isolée 117 • 37 Normal Route via the Wandflue Ridge 199 57 Zumsteinspitze 269 • 1b Coolidge Couloir 30 16 Pointe Carmen 117 38 Bishorn 202 • 56-57 Normal Route to the Signalkuppe 270 2 Dôme de Neige des Écrins 32 17 Pointe Médiane 117 • 38 Normal Route 203 and the Zumsteinspitze • 2 Normal Route 32 18 Pointe Chaubert 117 39 Weisshorn 206 58 Dufourspitze 274 19 Corne du Diable 117 • 39 Normal Route 207 59 Nordend 274 TWO • GRAN PARADISO MASSIF 35 • 15-19 Aiguilles du Diable Traverse 118 40 Ober Gabelhorn 212 • 58a Normal Route to the Dufourspitze
    [Show full text]
  • Mists on Mont Blanc. by A
    MlSTS ON MONT BLANC • • MISTS ON MONT BLANC. BY A. D. M. COX -,HE English July of I955, a month of cloudless skies and baro­ meter set fair, had made it difficult to believe the unfavourable reports about conditions in the Alps. Wilfrid Noyce and I, going on ead of the others, left London airport on July 29 in hot sunshine, to land at Geneva in a downpour which confined passengers to the plane until an issue· of red umbrellas enabled them to make exit two by two, as if from the ark. The speed with which the umbrellas were produced suggested that the routine was familiar. At Les Contamines, where we arrived the same evening, it was evident that there had been plenty of such weather, and storms never seemed very far away during the next two and a half weeks. But if it was a highly unsettled season, it was at least not an impossible one. like I954· Climbing of some kind was nearly always practicable, but it was never certain from day to day of what kind it would be. Changes were rapid and unforeseen. Thick cloud and depressing rain at night would suddenly give place to clear starlight. A glorious morning would turl) to snow before midday. It was an unpredictable year to have picked for a season in the neighbour­ hood of Mont Blanc. Noyce and I spent our first day on Mont Tondu and the western Aiguille des Lanchettes, returning in the evening to Les Contamines. There we were joined by John Hunt, who had.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes 1971 the Alps Colin Taytor
    Notes 1971 The Alps Colin Taytor Summary The summer season of 1971 must be one of the best on record. In the Western Alps the winter snowfall was late and less than usual, so the big classic faces came into condition early and remained in good condition for much of the season, in spite of several quite big storms in late July and August. A solo first ascent and half a dozen solo ascents of major routes were made by British climbers. British parties also made ascents of important routes such as the North-west faces of the Olan and the Ailefroide in the Dauphine, the Brouillard Pillars, the Grand Pilier d'Angle, the Central Pillar of Freney and the Droites North face in the Mont Blanc region, and of the Eiger and the Matterhorn North faces. Many other British parties made notable ascents and the notes below, while not complete, are confined mainly to their achievements. Details of ascents by continental climbers can be found in Alpine Climbing and in the continental journals, particularly La Montagne and Alpinismus. I am grateful particularly to Doug Scott, the Editor of Alpine Climbing and to Ken Wilson, the Editor of Mountain for collecting much of the information on which these notes are based, and also to many others who sent in information about their routes. DAUPHINE Probably more English parties climbed in the Dauphine in the summer of 1971 than ever before. Weather conditions were good, particularly during July, although several big storms occurred in August. As a result, many of the big routes were in condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Mer De Glace” (Mont Blanc Area, France) AD 1500–2050: an Interdisciplinary Approach Using New Historical Data and Neural Network Simulations
    Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie Herausgegeben von MICHAEL KUHN BAND 40 (2005/2006) ISSN 0044-2836 UNIVERSITÄTSVERLAG WAGNER · INNSBRUCK 1907 wurde von Eduard Brückner in Wien der erste Band der Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, für Eiszeitforschung und Geschichte des Klimas fertig gestellt. Mit dem 16. Band über- nahm 1928 Raimund von Klebelsberg in Innsbruck die Herausgabe der Zeitschrift, deren 28. Band 1942 erschien. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gab Klebelsberg die neue Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie im Universitätsverlag Wagner in Innsbruck heraus. Der erste Band erschien 1950. 1970 übernahmen Herfried Hoinkes und Hans Kinzl die Herausgeberschaft, von 1979 bis 2001 Gernot Patzelt und Michael Kuhn. In 1907 this Journal was founded by Eduard Brückner as Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, für Eiszeitforschung und Geschichte des Klimas. Raimund von Klebelsberg followed as editor in 1928, he started Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie anew with Vol.1 in 1950, followed by Hans Kinzl and Herfried Hoinkes in 1970 and by Gernot Patzelt and Michael Kuhn from 1979 to 2001. Herausgeber Michael Kuhn Editor Schriftleitung Angelika Neuner & Mercedes Blaas Executive editors Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Editorial advisory board Jon Ove Hagen, Oslo Ole Humlum, Longyearbyen Peter Jansson, Stockholm Georg Kaser, Innsbruck Vladimir Kotlyakov, Moskva Heinz Miller, Bremerhaven Koni Steffen, Boulder ISSN 0044-2836 Figure on front page: “Vue prise de la Voute nommée le Chapeau, du Glacier des Bois, et des Aiguilles. du Charmoz.”; signed down in the middle “fait par Jn. Ante. Linck.”; coloured contour etching; 36.2 x 48.7 cm; Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Genève, 37 M Nr. 1964/181; Photograph by H. J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ascent of the Matterhorn by Edward Whymper
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ascent of the Matterhorn by Edward Whymper This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Ascent of the Matterhorn Author: Edward Whymper Release Date: November 17, 2011 [Ebook 38044] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ASCENT OF THE MATTERHORN*** ii The Ascent of the Matterhorn iii “THEY SAW MASSES OF ROCKS, BOULDERS, AND STONES, DART ROUND THE CORNER.” THE ASCENT OF THE MATTERHORN BY EDWARD WHYMPER v vi The Ascent of the Matterhorn WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Toil and pleasure, in their natures opposite, are yet linked together in a kind of necessary connection.—LIVY. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1880 All rights are reserved [v] PREFACE. In the year 1860, shortly before leaving England for a long continental tour, the late Mr. William Longman requested me to make for him some sketches of the great Alpine peaks. At this time I had only a literary acquaintance with mountaineering, and had even not seen—much less set foot upon—a mountain. Amongst the peaks which were upon my list was Mont Pelvoux, in Dauphiné. The sketches that were required of it were to celebrate the triumph of some Englishmen who intended to make its ascent. They came—they saw—but they did not conquer. By a mere chance I fell in with a very agreeable Frenchman who accompanied this party, and was pressed by him to return to the assault.
    [Show full text]
  • Tour Du Mont Blanc Tour Du Mont Blanc
    SLOWAYS SRL - EMAIL: [email protected] - TELEPHONE +39 055 2340736 - WWW.SLOWAYS.EU WALKING type : Self-Guided level : duration : 11 days period: Jun Jul Aug Sep code: FRSW403 Tour du Mont Blanc - Italy Tour del Monte Bianco 11 days, price from € 1195 Enjoy exhilarating hikes through a magnificent nature with stunning landscapes of dramatic snowcapped peaks, picture-perfect alpine pastures and idyllic meadows. Touring the Mont Blanc, Europe’s heighest peak you walk through 3 different countries France, Italy and Switzerland each with their unique architectonic styles and cuisine, a rich variety of wildlife including marmots and chamois, and an extraordinary variety of flowers which bloom in their thousands in spring and summer. Beginning in the Chamonix valley , you walk across meadows and pass into Italy, then down to Courmayour and over peaks into Switzerland, returning to France and the upper end of the Chamonie Valley. You overnighting in beautifully located mountain huts where hearty meals provide you with energy for the breath- taking walks. The walks on well-marked trails are satisfyingly long but never exhausting. The tips of Valentina: Admire Europe’s highest mountain, with peaks capped by a blanket of snow; Enjoy the beautiful Val Veny and the Aiguille des Glaciers; Try rich and tasty mountain cuisine, including delicious cheeses, polenta, mushrooms Route Day 1 Arrive in Chamonix The trek starts in Chamonix: on your first day you can spend your day wandering through the streets of this lively city, do a little shopping in the many shops of the city centre or maybe spoil yourself with a visit to the spa.
    [Show full text]
  • No, Mont Blanc Ascent Is Not Easy ! 4810,44 M*
    No, Mont Blanc ascent is not easy ! 4810,44 m* TOP OF EUROPE, the Mont Blanc catalysis the desires of unattainable and the threshold of attendance is reached today, with all the associated excess (risks, pollu- tion, misinformation about the difficulty of the ascent…). It is imperative to restore the true alpine value of the Mont Blanc ascent. Candidates must be aware of the physical and moral test that it represents, of the risks involved and to the respect of the place (magical and magnificent) that implies. THE MONT BLANC, CONSUMER OBJECT? Considered like a « doable feat » to have on his personal resume, the Mont Blanc is quiet often presented like an idyllic adventure. Wrongly. Even if it seems so close from the valley. THE MONT BLANC, AN ALPINIST REWARD! One does not start his alpine career with the Mont Blanc! Learning mountaineering skills and gaining experience begins elsewhere with progressive routes which may be as remarkable. Then the Mont Blanc becomes a consecration and not a feat marked with disrespect. SOME REVEALING FIGURES • Overcrowding 350 to 400 departures every summer day through the different routes. Cabins overwhelmed and up to 70 tents reported on Col du Midi even if camping is not allowed. NON ! NO ! NEIN ! NEM ! NEE ! NE ! NIE ! Huge amount of waste abandoned on a Classified Site. • Risks 80 to 100 rescue interventions every year (sometimes several per day!) included 80 % because of exhaustion due to poor physical preparation and/or lack of acclima- tization. Natural hazards (avalanches, falling seracs, rockfalls, storms, poor visibility, etc.) are very important especially on the classics itineraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Mont Blanc in British Literary Culture 1786 – 1826
    Mont Blanc in British Literary Culture 1786 – 1826 Carl Alexander McKeating Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Leeds School of English May 2020 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Carl Alexander McKeating to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Carl Alexander McKeating in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Frank Parkinson, without whose scholarship in support of Yorkshire-born students I could not have undertaken this study. The Frank Parkinson Scholarship stipulates that parents of the scholar must also be Yorkshire-born. I cannot help thinking that what Parkinson had in mind was the type of social mobility embodied by the journey from my Bradford-born mother, Marie McKeating, who ‘passed the Eleven-Plus’ but was denied entry into a grammar school because she was ‘from a children’s home and likely a trouble- maker’, to her second child in whom she instilled a love of books, debate and analysis. The existence of this thesis is testament to both my mother’s and Frank Parkinson’s generosity and vision. Thank you to David Higgins and Jeremy Davies for their guidance and support. I give considerable thanks to Fiona Beckett and John Whale for their encouragement and expert interventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Avoiding the Chamonix Trade Routes 37
    ANDY MACNAE Avoiding the Chamonix Thade Routes This article is a sequel to a talk I gave at the Alpine Club Symposium 'Return to the Alps' held at Plas y Brenin in November 1992. My topic then, as now, was crowd avoidance in the Mont Blanc massif and the pur­ suit of mountaineering routes of high quality and accessible grade. Here I am going to take a potter about the range, restricting myself to the major peaks and pointing out some little gems of strangely low popularity. I'll start on Mont Blanc - where else? The Miage face, huge and lonely, gives a number of good, but serious, routes and is bounded by one classic, the Tournette Spur (PD) which leads directly to Mont Blanc's summit. It's 1000m long and, with some danger both from stone and serac fall, not to be underestimated in spite of its lowly grade. You will almost certainly have this beautiful route all to yourself. Moving round, we come to the Freney and Brouillard faces which to many epitomise remoteness and commitment. Only on the Central Pillar of Freney and perhaps on the Innominata are you likely to see other parties. For the full experience, approach via the Eccles hut which can be reached in 7-9 hours from the Val Veni. Having walked up from the valley (over­ night is best) one has the great satisfaction of crossing the range under one's own power. From the Eccles hut, the Brouillard is the more accessible of these two faces. An early start is essential, since stonefall often rakes the base of the pillars.
    [Show full text]
  • Qu'est Ce Qu'un Site Classé
    Site classé Patrimoine national Massif du Mont-Blanc Haute-Savoie Dates des actes de classement : 16 juin 1976 (décret), 5 janvier 1952 (décret), 14 juin 1951 (arrêté) Communes concernées : Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Les Contamines-Montjoie, Les Houches, Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, Vallorcine Superficie : 26 123 ha Une richesse naturelle exceptionnelle, un patrimoine géologique remarquable, des sommets mondialement célèbres, lieux d’exploits sportifs internationaux et une montagne parcourue de légendes… le massif du Mont‐ Blanc est le site des superlatifs ! Avec ses trente kilomètres de long sur quinze de large, le massif cristallin n’occupe pas une surface considérable sur la totalité de l’Arc Alpin – 400 km2 seulement. Mais il détient le titre de toit de l’Europe occidentale, avec sa vingtaine de sommets de plus de 4 000 mètres, dont le sommet éponyme atteint les 4 810 mètres. Ces hauts sommets et le démantèlement du relief en aiguilles, pointes et boucliers rocheux à dominante granitique sont caractéristiques du Mont‐ Blanc, qui renferme en outre des richesses minérales telles que des cristaux de quartz et fluorites. Si nul ne conteste plus aujourd’hui les raisons qui ont présidé à la protection du site, celles‐ ci ne s’imposaient pourtant pas en leur temps. En juin 1951 puis en janvier 1952, un arrêté puis un décret de classement sont pris : ils protègent toute la zone située au‐ dessus de la limite des deux mille mètres d’altitude, soit 20 000 hectares de sommets, de glaciers et de terrains publics. En 1976, se rajoutent les zones de moraines glaciaires de Chamonix et des Houches, pour leur intérêt pittoresque mais aussi écologique : la fragilité des langues glaciaires d’Argentière, de la Mer de Glace, des glaciers des Bossons et de Taconnaz et leur écrin de forêts est de plus en plus manifeste.
    [Show full text]
  • DR. PACCARD's DIARY. by E. H. Stevens
    • JEt a • •• Reproduction of an olrl priJJt ji·om the tollfttion q( 1( 11 . L l~ yrl. ,... THE • A L P I N E J 0 U R N A Ij . MAY 1934. (No. 248.) DR. PAccARn's DIARY. BY E. H. STEVENS. 0 more important and interesting document has come down to us from the era in which modern mountaineering began than the MS. diary of Dr. M. G. Paccard of Chamonix, who with Jacques Balmat made the first ascent of Mont Blanc in 1786. The late C. E. Mathews obtained the diary from Dr. Paccard's great-grandson, Ambroise-Adolpha Balmat. He made some use of it in his 'Annals of Mont Blanc,' and bequeathed it to the Alpine Club. It is now carefully preserved in a special morocco case as one of the chief treasures of the Club library. A transcript of the text was made by (or for) the late H. F. Montagnier quem honoris causa nomino and from this a nearly complete reprint was published, with the consent of the Committee of the Alpine Club, as an appendix to Dr. Dubi's 'Paccard wider Balmat ' (1913). This is the 'Only form in which the whole text of the diary is accessible, and unfortunately Dr. Dubi's book is long since out of print.l Some extracts, however (relating to the ascents between 1787 and 1825), were printed in Mr. Montagnier's valuable article 1 It would be a boon to many students if a reprint of the diary (and perhaps of a few other rare documents of the period) could be published at a moderate price.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TRONCHEY ARETE of the GRANDES JORASSES. R. M. Viney
    • THE TRONCHEY ARETE" OF THE GRANDES JORASSES 323 THE TRONCHEY ARETE OF THE GRANDES JORASSES BY R. M. VINEY • • Y Alpine holiday last summer was to be spent with Anthony Rawlinson. Chance and gregariousness found us, however, climbing with four other mountaineers during the five climbs that 've attempted. This looseness of the party is an excellent illustra­ tion of the nature of much of present British Alpine climbing. When Rawlinson and I went for our first season in the Alps in 1948, we met only two other English parties in a month of climbing in popular centres. For the last two years the picture has been very different. The valleys, the huts and even the mountains teem with English climbers, and those climbers are different in themselves as well as in their numbers. While their khaki shabbiness and unshaven appear­ ance still makes them easily distinguishable from the neatly dressed climbers of the Continent, the Englishmen on the whole do now seem to know what they are about. I would like to set the scene by first trying to convey something of the atmosphere in which the present younger generation climbs. I shall co.nfine myself to four points. First, vve climb guideless. The arguments on this subject are long since dead, and all understand the greater sense of achievement which this form of climbing brings. The fact that we climb guideless implies no disrespect for those who_c limb vvith guides. All of us would like to do one or two really fine climbs with one of the best professionals, but finance precludes this.
    [Show full text]