DOCSLIB.ORG

Information to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi'om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be fi’om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely aSect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing fi'om left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE OTHER NAMES I HAVE BEEN CALLED; POLITICAL RESURGENCE AMONG VIRGINIA INDIANS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Danielle Moretti-Langholtz Norman, Oklahoma 1998 DMI Number: 9839798 Copyright 199 8 by Moretti-Langholtz, Danielle All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9839798 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 © Copyright by Danielle Moretti-Langholtz 1998 All Rights Reserved. OTHER NAMES I HAVE BEEN CALLED: POLITICAL RESURGENCE AMONG VIRGINIA INDIANS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY /A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The puqjose of this dissertation is to explore the much-ignored “story” of the Indians of Virginia. When Virginia Indians are remembered, it is in the context of American colonial history. Typically, Virginia Indians serve as an exotic backdrop to the portrayal of the heroic efforts of the English settlers along the James River. Most Americans can name only two Virginia Indians—Pocahontas and Powhatan— but generally fall short when it comes to describing the lifeways and traditional culture of these people. The absence of general knowledge about contemporary Virginia Indians is even more glaring since few Virginians can recite the names of Virginia’s state-recognized tribes or describe the current status of Virginia’s indigenous people. The issues of the formation and presentation of Indian identity are central to a people who were by law denied the right to acknowledge their Indian ancestry between 1924 and 1968. It was during my examination of Virginia’s legislative history, centering on racial classification, that I began to uncover the poignant story of the struggle of Virginia’s Indians to control their own history and identity. I never expected to find such as sad chronicle when I began this research. It is my hope that this dissertation will provide information about the nature and far-reaching consequences of this rarely discussed racial history and be of help to Virginia Indians as they take a more active role in recreating their forgotten legacy. Ultimately, this dissertation is for them. As with any major undertaking the help of many people along the way was necessary to complete the task. First and foremost, I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee, Betty J. Harris, Joseph W. Whitecotton, Stephen I. Thompson, iv Richard A. Pailes, and Philip Lujan, My committee chair, Betty J. Harris, was always available to me, even while she was on leave in South Africa. This dissertation would never have been completed without Betty’s constant encouragement. Additionally, each committee member provided valuable suggestions for improving my dissertation. More fundamentally, they have guided my development as a cultural anthropologist both in an out of the classroom. Thanks also to Helen C. Rountree for encouraging me to work with Virginia Indians and for helping to smooth the way for my fieldwork. Staff at the Aldermaim Library at the University of Virginia, the Library of Virginia in Richmond, and Swem Library and the Marshall-Wythe Law Library at the College of William & Mary, provided an enormous amount of help with historical and legal documents. Within the Virginia Indian community, special thanks goes to Chairwoman Thomasina Jordan of the Virginia Council on Indians, Chief Barry Bass of the Nansemond Tribe, Chief Oliver Perry of the Nansemond Tribe, and Ms. Jamie Ware of the Powhatan Society. Special thanks also to Robert Jondreau and Michael Butler for friendship and advice. Many others will not be named here but will be thanked by me personally. The Department of Anthropology at the College of William & Mary has been supportive of my research and generous with teaching opportunities. Tomoko Hamada, Ted Reinhart, Mary Voigt and Barbara King were always enthusiastic about my research topic and were generous with their time and advice. Most of all, friends and family have made my graduate work and dissertation possible by their loving kindness and endless patience. In Norman, Oklahoma, acknowledgment for things too numerous to mention goes to Lesley Rankin-Hill, Stephanie Bums, Wanda Downs, Vicki Torsch and Emily McEwen. My husband, Harvey Langholtz, more than anyone got me through this process. Thanks also to my children Matthew, Gabrieile and Jacqueline. It was Jacqueline who helped me think about the Pocahontas story in a new way, bringing a child-like freshness to the well-worn tale. Lastly, this dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Esperanza Valdes, an exemplary teacher and an enthusiast of all things beautiful, who so much wanted me to finish my doctorate. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract: vii Chapter I: Introduction........................................................................................... 1 Chapter II : Historical Overview of the Powhatan Indians of Virginia.................. 26 Chapter HI: The Eugenics Movement in Virginia................................................ 74 Chapter IV: State Recognition and the Establishment of the Virginia Council on Indians ............................................................................................................ 150 Chapter V: Thoughts on Pocahontas: The Bridge Between Peoples.................. 290 Chapter VI: Concluding Thoughts........................................................................305 Appendix: The Racial Integrity Act of 1924....................................................... 314 References Cited: ............................................................................................... 316 List of Tables Table 1: U.S. and Virginia 1790 Census D ata ....................................... 120 Table 2: 1830 Virginia Census D ata ...................................................... 121 Table 3: Census Data For King Wm & Amherst Counties 1820-1860 . 124 Table 4: Indian Residence Locations, 1860 ............................................ 125 Table 5: Virginia’s Population by Racial Classification 1860-1990 . 134 List of Figures Figure 1: Virginia Indian Population 1860-1990 ................................... 135 Figure 2: Indian Demographic Collapse................................................ 138 vu ABSTRACT Historically, Virginia’s indigenous Indian tribes have been subsumed under non- Indian racial categories. Typically, Virginia Indians were classified as “fi’ee persons of color,” somewhat in midpoint on the bi-racial continuum. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Commonwealth of Virginia redefined its racial categories and enacted legislation which forced persons into an even more rigid black/white racial dichotomy, making it increasingly diflRcult for individuals to identify themselves as Virginia Indians. With the passage of the Racial Integrity Act in 1924, Virginia Indians were prohibited by law from identifying themselves as “Indians.” The Racial Integrity Act, sponsored by activist members of the Eugenics Movement, remained in effect until a United States Supreme Court ruling in 1968 declared it unconstitutional. This dissertation explores the political and racial landscape of Virginia between the seventeenth century and the twentieth century ,as it pertains to Virginia’s Indian population. The papers of Walter Flecker, head of the Bureau of Vital Statistics during the period of the enforcement o f the Racial Integrity Act, are discussed, revealing the links between Flecker and the Eugenics Movement. In 1983 the Commonwealth of Virginia granted state recognition to six Indian tribes, thus beginning the public process of reconstructing an Indian identity and the re-establishing of political power for Virginia’s tribes and persons of Indian descent living within the Commonwealth. Two additional tribes have received state recognition in 1985 and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download (2399Kb)
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/ 84893 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Culture is a Weapon: Popular Music, Protest and Opposition to Apartheid in Britain David Toulson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of Warwick Department of History January 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………...iv Declaration………………………………………………………………………….v Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….vi Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 ‘A rock concert with a cause’……………………………………………………….1 Come Together……………………………………………………………………...7 Methodology………………………………………………………………………13 Research Questions and Structure…………………………………………………22 1)“Culture is a weapon that we can use against the apartheid regime”……...25 The Cultural Boycott and the Anti-Apartheid Movement…………………………25 ‘The Times They Are A Changing’………………………………………………..34 ‘Culture is a weapon of struggle’………………………………………………….47 Rock Against Racism……………………………………………………………...54 ‘We need less airy fairy freedom music and more action.’………………………..72 2) ‘The Myth
    [Show full text]
  • X001132127.Pdf
    ' ' ., ,�- NONIMPORTATION AND THE SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IN VIRGINIA, 1765-1775 BRUCE ALLAN RAGSDALE Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., University of Virginia, 1974 M.A., University of Virginia, 1980 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia May 1985 © Copyright by Bruce Allan Ragsdale All Rights Reserved May 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Trade and Economic Development in Virginia, 1730-1775 13 Chapter 2: The Dilemma of the Great Planters 55 Chapter 3: An Imperial Crisis and the Origins of Commercial Resistance in Virginia 84 Chapter 4: The Nonimportation Association of 1769 and 1770 117 Chapter 5: The Slave Trade and Economic Reform 180 Chapter 6: Commercial Development and the Credit Crisis of 1772 218 Chapter 7: The Revival Of Commercial Resistance 275 Chapter 8: The Continental Association in Virginia 340 Bibliography: 397 Key to Abbreviations used in Endnotes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being� Collection of all the Laws Qf Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the year 1619, 13 vols. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Rev. Va. Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, 7 vols. LC Library of Congress PRO Public Record Office, London co Colonial Office UVA Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia VHS Virginia Historical Society VSL Virginia State Library Introduction Three times in the decade before the Revolution. Vir­ ginians organized nonimportation associations as a protest against specific legislation from the British Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds
    Defining the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for The Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds Prepared By: Scott M. Strickland Virginia R. Busby Julia A. King With Contributions From: Francis Gray • Diana Harley • Mervin Savoy • Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland Mark Tayac • Piscataway Indian Nation Joan Watson • Piscataway Conoy Confederacy and Subtribes Rico Newman • Barry Wilson • Choptico Band of Piscataway Indians Hope Butler • Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians Prepared For: The National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Annapolis, Maryland St. Mary’s College of Maryland St. Mary’s City, Maryland November 2015 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this project was to identify and represent the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for the Nanjemoy and Mattawoman creek watersheds on the north shore of the Potomac River in Charles and Prince George’s counties, Maryland. The project was undertaken as an initiative of the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay office, which supports and manages the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail. One of the goals of the Captain John Smith Trail is to interpret Native life in the Middle Atlantic in the early years of colonization by Europeans. The Indigenous Cultural Landscape (ICL) concept, developed as an important tool for identifying Native landscapes, has been incorporated into the Smith Trail’s Comprehensive Management Plan in an effort to identify Native communities along the trail as they existed in the early17th century and as they exist today. Identifying ICLs along the Smith Trail serves land and cultural conservation, education, historic preservation, and economic development goals. Identifying ICLs empowers descendant indigenous communities to participate fully in achieving these goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamestown Timeline
    A Jamestown Timeline Christopher Columbus never reached the shores of the North American Continent, but European explorers learned three things from him: there was someplace to go, there was a way to get there, and most importantly, there was a way to get back. Thus began the European exploration of what they referred to as the “New World”. The following timeline details important events in the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in America – Jamestown, Virginia. Preliminary Events 1570s Spanish Jesuits set up an Indian mission on the York River in Virginia. They were killed by the Indians, and the mission was abandoned. Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan) inherited a chiefdom of six tribes on the upper James and middle York Rivers. By 1607, he had conquered about 25 other tribes. 1585-1590 Three separate voyages sent English settlers to Roanoke, Virginia (now North Carolina). On the last voyage, John White could not locate the “lost” settlers. 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold explored New England, naming some areas near and including Martha’s Vineyard. 1603 Queen Elizabeth I died; James VI of Scotland became James I of England. Early Settlement Years 1606, April James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish colonies in Virginia. The charter named two branches of the Company, the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth. 1606, December 20 Three ships – Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery - left London with 105 men and boys to establish a colony in Virginia between 34 and 41 degrees latitude. 1607, April 26 The three ships sighted the land of Virginia, landed at Cape Henry (present day Virginia Beach) and were attacked by Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneer's Big Lie
    COMMENTARIES PIONEER'S BIG LIE Paul A. Lombardo* In this they proceeded on the sound principle that the magnitude of a lie always contains a certain factor of credibility, since the great masses of the people in the very bottom of their hearts tend to be corrupted rather than consciously and purposely evil, and that, therefore, in view of the primitive simplicity of their minds, they more easily fall a victim to a big lie than to a little one, since they themselves lie in little things, but would be ashamed of lies that were too big. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf' In the spring of 2002, I published an article entitled "The American Breed" Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund as part of a symposium edition of the Albany Law Review.2 My objective was to present "a detailed analysis of the.., origins of the Pioneer Fund"3 and to show the connections between Nazi eugenics and one branch of the American eugenics movement that I described as purveying "a malevolent brand of biological determinism."4 I collected published evidence on the Pioneer Fund's history and supplemented it with material from several archival collections-focusing particularly on letters and other documents that explained the relationship between Pioneer's first President, 'Paul A. Lombardo, Ph.D., J.D., Director, Program in Law and Medicine, University of Virginia Center for Bioethics. I ADOLF HITLER, MEIN KAMPF 231 (Ralph Manheim trans., Houghton Mifflin Co. 1971) (1925). 2 Paul A. Lombardo, "The American Breed" Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund, 65 ALB.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Mixed-Race Women in the United States During the Early Twentieth Century
    Of Double-Blooded Birth: A History of Mixed-Race Women in the United States during the Early Twentieth Century Jemma Grace Carter Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in American Studies at the University of East Anglia, School of Arts, Media, and American Studies January 2020 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived therefrom must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract Often homogenised into broader narratives of African-American history, the historical experience of mixed-race women of black-white descent forms the central research focus of this thesis. Examining the lives of such women offers a valuable insight into how notions of race, class, gender and physical aesthetics were understood, articulated and negotiated throughout the United States during the early-twentieth century. Through an analysis of wide-ranging primary source material, from letters, diaries and autobiographies to advertisements, artwork and unpublished poetry, this thesis provides an interdisciplinary contribution to the field of Critical Mixed Race Studies, and African- American history. It builds on existing interpretations of the Harlem Renaissance by considering the significance of mixed-racial heritage on the formation of literature produced by key individuals over the period. Moreover, this research reveals that many of the visual and literary sources typically studied in isolation in fact informed one another, and had a profound impact on how factors such as beauty, citizenship, and respectability intersected, and specifically influenced the lives of mixed-race women.
    [Show full text]
  • A Jamestown Timeline
    A Jamestown Timeline Christopher Columbus never reached the shores of the North American Continent, but European explorers learned three things from him: there was someplace to go, there was a way to get there, and most importantly, there was a way to get back. Thus began the European exploration of what they referred to as the “New World”. The following timeline details important events in the establishment of the fi rst permanent English settlement in America – Jamestown, Virginia. PRELIMINARY EVENTS 1570s Spanish Jesuits set up an Indian mission on the York River in Virginia. They were killed by the Indians, and the mission was abandoned. Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan) inherited a chiefdom of six tribes on the upper James and middle York Rivers. By 1607, he had conquered about 25 other tribes. 1585-1590 Three separate voyages sent English settlers to Roanoke, Virginia (now North Carolina). On the last voyage, John White could not locate the “lost” settlers. 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold explored New England, naming some areas near and including Martha’s Vineyard. 1603 Queen Elizabeth I died; James VI of Scotland became James I of England. EARLY SETTLEMENT YEARS 1606, April James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish colonies in Virginia. The charter named two branches of the Company, the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth. 1606, December 20 Three ships – Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery – left London with 105 men and boys to establish a colony in Virginia between 34 and 41 degrees latitude. 1607, April 26 The three ships sighted the land of Virginia, landed at Cape Henry (present day Virginia Beach) and were attacked by Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Smithfield Review
    The Smithfield Review Studies in the history o/the region west o/the Blue Ridge Volume 16,2012 A Note from the Editors ........................................................................ v A Future French King Visits the Virginia Backcountry in 1797 Sharon B. Watkins .......................................................................... 1 A Floyd County Family in Wartime Edited by James Robertson ........................................................... 27 The Phoenix Privateering Syndicate and Marine Captain John Floyd David L. Mordy and James C. Mordy ... ........................................ 45 Spring's Green Peas, Noctournal Thieves, and Other Family Lore about Susanna Smith Preston Jennie Hodge ................................................................................ 69 I I I Southwest Virginia: A Thoroughfare of Nation-Building II Jim Glanville .... .... .......................................................................... 77 Index to Volume 16 Susan B. Felker. ........................................................................... 125 Published by the Smithfield Preston Foundation in cooperation with the Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia Southwest Virginia: A Thoroughfare of Nation-Building1 Jim Glanville * ©2012 Introduction This article tells the story ofthe part ofAmerica's westward expansion that funneled through Southwest Virginia. The expansion symbolically began in 1716 when a party of Virginia aristocrats, much later labeled the
    [Show full text]
  • What Happened Till the First Supply
    W H A T H A P P E N E D T I L L T H E F I R S T S U P P L Y from T H E G E N E R A L H I S T O R Y O F V I R G I N I A 1 6 0 7 – 1 6 1 4 ––––––––––––––––––––––––– John Smith –––––––––––––––––––––––– In May 1607, three boatloads of English settlers sponsored by the Virginia Company of London anchored near the swampy shores of Chesapeake Bay. Among these 104 men and boys were aristocrats and craftspeople, but few farmers or others with skills crucial to survive in the wilderness. Captain John Smith, a leader among these earliest Jamestown settlers, held an interest in the London Company. Smith was an aggressive self-promoter who wrote and published a history of the Virginia colony in 1624. T H I N K T H R O U G H H I S T O R Y : Distinguishing Fact from Opinion At what points does Smith rely on facts, and at what points does he appear to offer more opinion than fact? Does this evaluation affect the value of this text as a historical document? Why or why not? –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– [June 1607–January 1608] Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within ten days scarce ten amongst us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and sickness oppressed us. And thereat none need marvel, if they consider the cause and reason, which was this. Whilst the trading ships stayed, our allowance was somewhat bettered by a daily proportion of biscuit, which the sailors would pilfer to sell, give, or exchange with us for money, sassafras, furs, or love.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Dissertation Draft Revised Final.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School ICT AND STEM EDUCATION AT THE COLONIAL BORDER: A POSTCOLONIAL COMPUTING PERSPECTIVE OF INDIGENOUS CULTURAL INTEGRATION INTO ICT AND STEM OUTREACH IN BRITISH COLUMBIA A Dissertation in Information Sciences and Technology by Richard Canevez © 2020 Richard Canevez Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2020 ii The dissertation of Richard Canevez was reviewed and approved by the following: Carleen Maitland Associate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Daniel Susser Assistant Professor of Information Sciences and Technology and Philosophy Lynette (Kvasny) Yarger Associate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology Craig Campbell Assistant Teaching Professor of Education (Lifelong Learning and Adult Education) Mary Beth Rosson Professor of Information Sciences and Technology Director of Graduate Programs iii ABSTRACT Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have achieved a global reach, particularly in social groups within the ‘Global North,’ such as those within the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. It has produced the need for a computing workforce, and increasingly, diversity is becoming an integral aspect of that workforce. Today, educational outreach programs with ICT components that are extending education to Indigenous communities in BC are charting a new direction in crossing the cultural barrier in education by tailoring their curricula to distinct Indigenous cultures, commonly within broader science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) initiatives. These efforts require examination, as they integrate Indigenous cultural material and guidance into what has been a largely Euro-Western-centric domain of education. Postcolonial computing theory provides a lens through which this integration can be investigated, connecting technological development and education disciplines within the parallel goals of cross-cultural, cross-colonial humanitarian development.
    [Show full text]
  • American Indians of the Chesapeake Bay: an Introduction
    AMERICAN INDIANS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: AN INTRODUCTION hen Captain John Smith sailed up the Chesapeake Bay in 1608, American Indians had W already lived in the area for thousands of years. The people lived off the land by harvesting the natural resources the Bay had to offer. In the spring, thousands of shad, herring and rockfish were netted as they entered the Chesapeake’s rivers and streams to spawn. Summer months were spent tending gardens that produced corn, beans and squash. In the fall, nuts such as acorns, chestnuts and walnuts were gathered from the forest floor. Oysters and clams provided another source of food and were easily gathered from the water at low tide. Hunting parties were sent overland in search of deer, bear, wild turkey and other land animals. Nearby marshes provided wild rice and tuckahoe (arrow arum), which produced a potato-like root. With so much food available, the American Indians of the Chesapeake region were able to thrive. Indian towns were found close to the water’s edge near freshwater springs or streams. Homes were made out of bent saplings (young, Captain John Smith and his exploring party encounter two Indian men green trees) that were tied into a spearing fish in the shallows on the lower Eastern Shore. The Indians framework and covered with woven later led Smith to the village of Accomack, where he met with the chief. mats, tree bark, or animal skins. Villages often had many homes clustered together, and some were built within a palisade, a tall wall built with sturdy sticks and covered with bark, for defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Kara Harpham HIST 105.01 12/18/2015 Engineering Amherst: Eugenics at Sweet Briar College Eugenics Was a Social Philosophy That E
    Kara Harpham HIST 105.01 12/18/2015 Engineering Amherst: Eugenics at Sweet Briar College Eugenics was a social philosophy that encouraged selective breeding among human populations in an attempt to create a better, more homogenous society in which to live. Eugenics encouraged reproduction in the desired population, and strove to or prohibit reproduction in the undesired population, such as those with physical or mental defects, criminals and deviants, and minorities, through laws and forced sterilization. The modern eugenics movement began in late 19th century in Britain and quickly spread to the United States. In many colleges and universities it was taught in the Biological and Social Sciences. Sweet Briar College incorporated eugenics into its academic program in 1918. In the following year, students were conducting eugenics fieldwork in Amherst County.1 The research done by these students impacted not only the residents of the local community, but the national trend in eugenics as well. The effects of the Progressive Era saw Southern women’s colleges add the study of Sociology to their curriculum.2 Sweet Briar College was no exception. Clark University alum, Dr. Ivan E. McDougle was hired by Sweet Briar to teach Sociology in 1919.3 With the addition of McDougle to the faculty, General Sociology was offered in the course catalog for the first time.4 By 1925, the Sociology Department listed more than five courses. Among these was “Population and Social Biology” which studied “the influences of heredity and environment; the production of great men and of defectives” and “eugenics.” Also offered was a course entitled 1 Segregation’s Science: Eugenics and Society in Virginia, Gregory Michael Dorr.
    [Show full text]