,iii;1i;[ri; ,' ,, , ,r i-*. ,1{:ifl$f-u*;,i'*", , HEfIffir' Ph5ffiiffi '; Atffir*f"'s#'i** =''. Molecular Spectroscop

lr lsin 0 ^i

PrdmSffi l.treutmSuns

VARDHAMAN MAHAVEER OPEN UNIVERSITY

www.vmou.ac.in ..1& ./ b-

MPH-08

Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota

Nuclear Physics , Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy )!,

Course Development Committee Chair Prrson Prof. Ashok Shar ma Prof. L.R. Gurjar Vice-Chancellor Director Academic Vardhman Mah; veer Open University, Kota \/ardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota

Convener and Members

Con-v'encr Susliil Rajpurohit Assistant Professor of Physics Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota h{ernbers

i. Prof. J.A. Sheikh 2. Prof. (Retd.) N.S. Saxena Deptt. of Physics & Dean Research Deptt. of Physics University of Kashmir,Srinagar University of ,

3, Prof. (Retd.) K.P. lllaheshrvari 4. Prof. N.K. Jaiman Formerly H.O.D., Deptt. of Physics Department of Pule and Applied Physics Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore University of Kota

5" Dr. P. Arumugam, 6. Dr. B.S. Sharma Associate Professor of Physics Sr. Lecturer & H.O.D., Deptt. of Physics Deptt. of the Physics, llT Roorkee R.R. Govt. College,

?. Dr. Ghanshyam Sharma 8. Dr. Kamlesh Yadav Associate Professor of Physics, Assistant Professor of Physics Deptt. of Pure and Applied Physics Central University of Punjab, Bathinda University of Kota

$. Dr. S.K. Sharnta 10. Dr. Arvind Pareek Assistant Professor of Physics Director (Re gional Centre)Bharatpur Deptt. of Physics, HBTI, Kanpur Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota

tl. Dr. Anuradha Dubey Deputy Director School of Science &Technology Valdhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Editor & Unit Writers MPH-08:Nuclear Physics, Atomic and Molecular spectroscopy

E&or Ilr. Brij Kumar Yogi ILO.D., Deptt. of Physics, Govt. P.G. College Kota

Ihit Writers Units

Ilr. Brij Kumar Yogi 10,11 fLO.D., Deptt. of Physics, Govt. P.G. College Kota Ilr. Desh Raj Sharma 19-23 [LO.D., Deptt. of Physics & Electronics, I^achoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Itr. Mamraj Singh (M.Tech. IITD, PhD. ItTB) 12,14,16-lg Assistant Professor of Physics, Universiry of Rajasthan, Jaipur Dr. Neha Gupta ,_o (Ph.D.IIT Roorkee)

Ilr. Pranav Saxena 13,15 Associate Professor of Physics, JECRC University, Jaipur

Srshil Rajpurohit 1 Assistant Professor of Physics, vardhman Mahaveer open University, Kota

Academic and Administrative Management Prof. Ashok Sharma Prof. L.R. Gurjar . .;e-Chancellor Director (Acadeniic) Iardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Prof. Karan Singh Dr. Subodh Kumar Director (MP&D) Additional Director (MP&D) Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota

Frint: Octob er 2016 !SE N: gTfi-S I -8,1S6-59fi-S {li Right reserved. No part of this Book ','' ithout permissiou in writing from vardhman Mahaveer open university, Kota. ?rinted ancl Published on behalf of the Registrar, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota.

.): nted by : I- MPH-08

Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota

Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Nuclear Physics , . Cofients",.,', Unit No. Unit Pages Unit-l Basic Properties af Nucleus: t-27 Basic properties of nucleus : size ,shape and charge distribution ,spin and parity, magnetic moment, binding energy, Semi-empirical mass formula' Lrnit-2 Ttvo Nucleon System snd Forces: 28-45 Two nucieon system and forces ;general natute of the force between nucleons ,saturation ofnuclear forces ,charge independence and spin dependence , general form of ttvo nucleon interaction ,central , noncentral and velocity dependent potentials. Unit-3 The Deuteron: 46-63 Analysis of the grouncl state (3S1) of deuteron using a square well potential , range-depth relationship, excited states of deuteron, quantitative discussion of the ground state of deuteron under non-central force, calculation of the eiectric quadrupole and magnetic dipole moments and the D-state admixture. tlnit-4 Nucleon-Nucleon Scatterirug and Potentiuls: Part-I 64-83 Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering and Potentials: Partiai wave analysis of the neutron- proton scattering at low energy assuming central potential with square well shape, concept of the scattering length, coherent scattering of neutrons by protons in ortho and Para hydrogen molecuies, conclusions of these analysis regarding scattering lengths, range and depth ofthe potential, the effective range theory and the shape independence ofnuclear potential. Unit-S Nucleon-Nttcleon Scattering and Potentials : Part-II 84-101 A qualitative discussion of proton-proton scattering at low energy: General features of trvo-body scattering at high energy Effect of exchange forces: Phenomenological Hamada- Johnston hard core potential and Reid hard core and soft core potentials, Ivlain features of the One boson Exchange Potentials (no derivation). Interactiot, of Rudiation nnd Charged Porticle n ith fuIatter: 142-t22 Interaction of radiation and charged particle with matter: Law of absorption and altenuation coefficient, Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, Energy loss of charged particles due to ionization, Bremstrahlung, energy target and projectiie dependence ofall three processes, Range-energy curves, Straggling. Detectors-I t23-142 Working ancl construction of Ionization chamber,Proportional counter, Geiger- Muller counter (dead time of G.M. counter and its determination by two source method). Scintillation counter (inorganic ,organic: Production of pulse at anode of phototube,energy resolution, discussion of a typical NaI(Tl) energy spectrum. Detectors-II r43-165 Solid state detectors(Diffused junction detector, Surface barrier detectors), Electronic circuits used with typical nuclear detectors, Muitiwire proportion chambers, Nuclear emulsions, techniques of measurement and anatrysis of tracks. --:::-9 Complex Nuclei : Shell Tlreory r66-182 Complex Nuclei: Shelt Theorythe Shetl theory potential ,effective Mass ,Allowed orbits in the Shell theory Potential ,Filling of the orbits in the Shell theory Potential ,Separation energies of Nucleons ,Energy spacing between shells ,Nonspherical Nuclei. - rir-10 Beta Decny: 183-210 Beta Decay: General characteristics of weak interaction; nuclear beta decay and lepton capture; electron energy spectmm and Fermi- Kurie plot; Fermi theory of beta decay (parity conserved selection rules Fermi and Gammow*Teler) {br allowed transitions; ft-values; General interaction Hamiltonian for beta decay with parity conserving and non conserving terms; Forbidden transitions ,Experimental verification of parity violation. L rtit-11 Gamma Ray Enission : 2ll-228" Gamma Ray Emission : Electric Multipole Radiation from Quantum systems ,Transitions between Nuclear States ,Magnetic Multipole Radiation ,Selection nrles,Angular-correltions studies,Isomerism,Internal Conversion. Lnit-12 Sommerfeld Theory of Hydrogen Atom: 229-250 Sommerfeld's Extension of Bohr's Model :sonimerfelcl's elliptic orbits, Sommerfeld's Relativistic cortection ,Shoficomings of Bohr-Sommerfeld theory ,Interpretation of quantum numbers for hydrogen atom ,electron probability density,orbital angular momentum. Unit-Ii Vector Atom Model: 25t-277 Electron spin and Vector Atom Model:Orbit dipole moment:Bohr Magneton ,Larmor Precession ,space quantization ,Electronic spin ,Vector Model of the atom :Coupling of Angular Momenta ,Spectroscopic Tenas and their Notations ,Stern Gerlach experiment. Unit-14 Spin Orbit Interaction and ldentical Particales: 278-2)6 Spin Orbit Interaction-Hydrogen Fine structure :Spin orbit Interaction ,Quantum mechanical relativistic correction ,Hydrogen fine structure ,Lamb Shift ,Identical particales-Exchange symmetry of wave frurctions ,Formulation of Pauli's Principle, Atomic orbits and the Hund's Rule. Urtit-l5 LS and jj Couplings: 297-320 LS and jj Couplings :Terminology , LS Coupling,Lande Interval Rule ,Normal and Inverted Multiplets ,Determination of spectral terms for LS coupling ,Order of terms and fine structure levels ,Selection rules for Multielectron atoms in LS

coupling , jj coupling and selection rules. Unit-l6 Spectra of Alkali andAlkaline Eafilt Elements: 32t-336 Fine structure in Alkati spectra-The spinning electron ,lntensity ratio for doublets ,Vector Model for Two valence electrons atom ,Interaction energy in LS and JJ Coupling. Unit-|7 Zeeman Effect and Paschen -Back Effect: 337-368 Zeeman effect :Normal Zeeman effect ,Anomalous Zeeman effect ,Paschen - Back effect-Transition between Weak and strong fields. Unil-L8 The Stark Elfect and Hyperjine Structure of Spectral Lines: 369-386 Stark Effect of Hydrogen atom ,Hyperfine structure of spectral lines ,Isotope effects ,Nuclear spin and Hyperfine splitting ,Intensity ratio and determination of Nuclear spin ,Back Goudsmit effect in Hyperfine structure. Unit-19 Introduction to Molecular Spectra: 387-404 Types of Molecular Energy states &Molecular spectra :Separation of Electronic and Nuclear Motion ,The Born Oppenheimer Approximation ,Types of molecular spectra ,Electronic spectra ,Vibrational -Rotational Spectra ,Pure rotational spectra ,Types of Molecular Energy states and associated spectra ,Regions of the spectrum ,Signal to Noise Ratio, Width of Spectral lines ,Intensity of spectral lines. Unit-20 Microw aue Spectrosc opy : 405-422 Pure rotational spectra :salient features of Rotational spectra ,Molecular requirement for rotational spectra ,The Moleiule as a rigid rotator-explanation of :)!'

rotational spectra using diatomic molecule ,Intensities of spectral lines ,Isotope effect ,The Non Rigid Rotator ,Symmetric Top molecule' (Init-2l Infra-red Spectroscopy:Part-I 423-440 Vibrational-Rotational Spectra :Salient features of Vibrational-Rotational spectra ,Molecule as a Harmonic Oscillator ,Molecule as Anharmonic Oscillator ,Vibrational frequency and force constant for Anharmonic Oscillator, Isotope effect on vibrational levels ,The diatomic vibrating rotator ,Breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation :The interaction of rotations and vibrations. Ilnit-22 Infra-red Spectroscopy:Part-Il 441-459 Thermal distribution of vibrational and rotational levels ,Vibrations of polyatomic molecules :Fundamental vibrational and their symmetry, Introduction to skeletal vibrations &Group frequencies,Fourier Transforrn spectroscop;. Ilnit-23 Raman Spectra, The Frunck-Condon Principle: 460-476 Raman Spectra :Raman effect ,classical theory of Raman effect :Molecular polarizability ,Quantum theory of Raman effect :Pure Rotational Raman effect The ,Vibrational Raman spectra ,Rule of Mutual Exclusion ,Raman spectrometer, Franck-Condon PrinciPle. Preface

Spectroscopy" has been The present book entitled 'Nuclear Physics , Atomic and Molecular course for M.Sc. Physics (Final) designed so as to cover the unit-wise syllabus of MPH-08 students of Vardhman Mahaveer Open UniversiSr, Kota' Nuclear Physics and remaining 12 units cover Unit 1 to 11 are dedicated to the description of the atomic models & spectra' units the Atomic and Molecular spectroscopy. Unit 12 to 18 deal with 19 to 23 discuss the Molecular Spectroscopy' together with illustrative and Each unit begins with objectives , inffoduction and principles and amplify the-theory, other descriptive material .The illustrative examples serve to illustrate and derivations of the bring into focus on important concepts .Numerous proofs of the theorems by various experts in the field' We fundamental results are included . The units have been written is in a logical sequence and believe that this book is well suited to self learning. The text written the book makes it easier to learn' is beneficial for students. The concise and sequential nature of may remain in the text' Although we have made all efforts to make the text error free, yet emors point these out to us' Any further We shall be thankful to the students and teachers alike if they and will be most gratefully comments and suggestions for future improvement are welcome acknowledged. ';{,

Regional Centres of VMOU, Kota

. Director Regional Centre, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Director 1938, Lohagal Road, Regional Centre, -305001 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Email:- [email protected]. in 21272-273, Kudi bhaktasani, R.H.B., Mob. No. +9194'1 402482a, +919414024953 Jodhpur-342001 Director Email:- [email protected]. in Regional Centre, Mob. No. +919414024834, +919414024956 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, 9/4-5 Mukta Prasad Nagar, Director Pugal Road, Opp. Sabji Mandi, Regional Centre, -334001 Vardhman Mahaveer Open UniversityCampus, Email:- [email protected]. in Rawatbhata Road, Mob. No. +919414024969, +919460060191 Kota-324O21 Director Email:- [email protected]. Regional Centre, in Mob. No. +919414024972, +919414024929 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Commerce College Campus, JLN Marg Director Jaipur-302004 Regional Centre, Email:- [email protected]. in Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Mob. No. +919414024934, +Stg414g2€,rw Old RTO Building , Near Surajpote Director - 313001 Regional Centre, Email:- [email protected]. in Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Mob. No. +91941402491 S, +919414024836 MSJ College Campus Bharatpur- 321OO1 Email:- [email protected]. in Mob. No. +919414024829, +91 5644 2340656

www.vmou.ac.in TOLL FREE : 1800-{80-G1OG

VARDHAMAN MAHAVEER OPEN UNIVERSITY Rawatbhata Road, Kota - gZ40Z1