Preservation Technologies for European Broadcast Archives IST-1999-20013
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PRESTO – Preservation Technologies for European Broadcast Archives IST-1999-20013 EXISTING AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES DOCUMENT IDENTIFIER: PRESTO-WP3-INA-001218 DATE: 3/05/2001 ABSTRACT - This document is a survey and a state of the art of existing and emerging preservation technologies: - Old technology, current status of old analogue media and their associated playback devices - Current and emerging digital techniques that can be used for preservation - Examples of current processes using these techniques - Elements of costs AUTHORS: ACS: Stefano Grego, Massimo Sarachino e-vod: David Clemenceau, Patrice Fournier INA: Frederic Dumas, Denis Frambourt, Jean-Noel Gouyet, Alain Perrier, Jean Varra ITC/IRST: Roberto Brunelli, Mauro Cettolo JRS: Kurt Majcen NTEC: Robert Noll RAI: Daniele Airola, Salvatore Cangialosi, Gorgio Dimino VectraCom: Gerard Letienne EDITORS: Jean-Noel Gouyet, Jean Varra (INA) PUBLISHING: Marie-Therese Debray (INA) WORKPACKAGE / WP3 TASK: STATUS: Final DISTRIBUTION: Public CONTENTS List of Figures 4 1 Introduction 6 2 Managing Old Film Media 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 List and status of old film media 7 2.3 Major problems related to film 8 2.4 Preservation of original films 9 3 Technologies for film archives preservation 14 3.1 Introduction 14 3.2 State of the art about TELECINE and scanners 16 3.3 Specific playback problems of film archives 16 3.4 New media for film preservation 17 4 Management of film archives preservation 19 4.1 Processes for film archive preservation 19 4.2 Comparison of costs of different processes 20 4.3 NTEC-Media Digital Film Archiving system 22 5 Managing old audio media 32 5.1 Introduction 32 5.2 List and status of old audio media 32 5.3 Major problems related to old audio recordings 32 5.4 Preservation of original audiotapes 35 6 Technologies for audio archives preservation 37 6.1 Introduction 37 6.2 State of the art about analogue audio players 37 6.3 Playback problems of audio archives 39 6.4 Audio digitisation 42 6.5 New media for audio preservation 49 7 Management of audio archives preservation 59 7.1 A cost-effective approach 59 7.2 Quality control over the audio preservation process 60 7.3 Survey of existing technologies and systems 61 7.4 Elements of costs. Elettra transcription system 67 8 Managing old video media 69 8.1 Introduction 69 8.2 List and status of old video media 69 8.3 Major problems related to video tape 71 8.4 Preservation of original video tapes 72 9 Technologies for video archives preservation 73 9.1 Introduction 73 9.2 State of the art about analogue video tape players 73 9.3 Video digitisation 74 9.4 Internet video streaming tools 83 9.5 New media for video protection 92 10 Management of video archives preservation 111 10.1 INA preservation process 111 10.2 e-vod automatic digitisation and multilevel encoding system for broadcast tapes 118 10.3 Quality control over video preservation process 125 11 Metadata & Public Access 132 11.1 Current situation in archives 133 11.2 Standards and initiatives 134 11.3 Storage and Servers 140 11.4 Exchange formats 144 11.5 Automatic capture of metadata 144 12 References 147 12.1 Preservation management 147 12.2 Storage Technologies 147 12.3 Metadata 149 12.4 Digitisation & Compression 149 13 Abbreviations and Acronyms 150 List of Figures Figure 3.1 Film definition and data rate ................................................................................... 14 Figure 3.2 Digitised film file size (noncompressed)................................................................. 15 Figure 3.3 High-Definition digital video recording.................................................................... 18 Figure 4.1 Film-to-film transfer processes ............................................................................... 20 Figure 4.2 Film-to-Digital video transfer processes ................................................................ 20 Figure 4.3 Film-to-film transfer processes via data or HD video ............................................. 20 Figure 4.4 Costs comparison of 35-mm film transfer processes ............................................ 21 Figure 4.5 NTEC-Media processing chain............................................................................... 24 Figure 4.6 NTEC-Media system architecture .......................................................................... 26 Figure 4.7 Multilevel quality picture encoding.......................................................................... 28 Figure 4.8 Progressive wavelet coding / decoding.................................................................. 29 Figure 6.1 Sampling and anti-aliasing...................................................................................... 43 Figure 6.2 Features of audio A/D - D/A converters ................................................................. 46 Figure 6.3 Audio Compression Standards .............................................................................. 48 Figure 6.4 Audio bit-rate and required storage capacity ......................................................... 49 Figure 6.5 Storage hierarchy.................................................................................................... 51 Figure 6.6 Comparison of Linear / / Helical scan tape storage ............................................... 52 Figure 6.7 Linear recording ...................................................................................................... 52 Figure 6.8 Helical scan recording and types of mistracking.................................................... 53 Figure 6.9 Features and costs (euros) of data tape storage systems .................................... 54 Figure 6.10 Costs simulation (euros) of a tape library with different media formats .............. 55 Figure 6.11 Comparison of LTO / / SDLT data tape storage .................................................. 56 Figure 6.12 Costs (ε) simulation of a tape library filling........................................................... 57 Figure 7.1 ACS Elettra system architecture ............................................................................ 65 Figure 7.2 ACS Elettra process control ................................................................................... 66 Figure 7.3 ACS Elettra transcription station............................................................................. 66 Figure 9.1 Internet distribution modes ..................................................................................... 81 Figure 9.2 Hardware compression for streaming .................................................................... 83 Figure 9.3 Software compression for streaming...................................................................... 84 Figure 9.4 Different MPEG formats targeted at different applications .................................... 85 Figure 9.5 Video bit-rate and required storage capacity ......................................................... 86 Figure 9.6 Features of video compression formats................................................................. 89 Figure 9.7 Quality level of video compression formats ........................................................... 89 Figure 9.8 Comparison of DVTR compressed formats ........................................................... 89 Figure 9.9 Digital video formats vs. applications ..................................................................... 89 Figure 9.10 Features required of the various video programme copies ................................. 94 Figure 9.11 SD digital video magnetic tape storage – Formats and Equipment (1)............... 95 Figure 9.12 SD digital video magnetic tape storage – Formats and Equipment (2)............... 96 Figure 9.13 Data storage hierarchy ......................................................................................... 97 Figure 9.14 Features of data storage technologies ................................................................. 96 Figure 9.15 Storage technologies - Formats - Media and/or equipment manufacturers........ 97 Figure 9.16 Comparison of Linear // Helical scan tape storage .............................................. 99 Figure 9.17 Features and costs of data tape storage systems............................................. 100 Figure 9.18 Data storage areal density (Mbits/in2) growth history and future projections ... 102 Figure 9.19 Data storage area density (Mbits/in2) growth vs. Tracks per inch (TPI) ........... 103 Figure 9.20 Capacity growth projections (GB) for storage media technologies ................... 103 Figure 9.21 Capacity growth projections (GB) for storage media technologies ................... 104 Figure 9.22 Data rate growth projections (MB/s) for storage media technologies................ 104 Figure 9.23 Data rate growth projections (MB/s) for storage media technologies................ 104 Figure 9.24 Cost examples (U.S. $) of data storage media and drives ................................ 105 Figure 9.25 Storage media cost (U.S. $) for 1 hour of recorded digital video....................... 106 Figure 9.26 Storage media cost (U.S. $) for 1 hour of stored digital video vs. bit-rate......... 106 Figure 9.27 Hard disk cost (U.S. $) for 1 hour of stored digital video vs. bit-rate ................. 107 Figure 9.28 Life cycle costs (U.S. $) of the helical scan data tape recorder Sony DIR-1000 ......................................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 9.29 Pros and Cons