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La Preservación Audiovisual En La Era De Los Pixeles

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La Preservación Audiovisual En La Era De Los Pixeles LA PRESERVACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL EN LA ERA DE LOS PIXELES Jorge Mario Vera LA PRESERVACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL EN LA ERA DE LOS PIXELES Jorge Mario Vera 1a edición: octubre 2018 FUNDACIÓN PATRIMONIO MINISTERIO DE CULTURA FÍLMICO COLOMBIANO © Jorge Mario Vera, 2018 © Fundación Patrimonio Fílmico Colombiano, 2018 ALEXANDRA FALLA ZERRATE CARMEN INÉS VÁSQUEZ CAMACHO Directora Ministra de Cultura Cuidado editorial del texto Jenny A. Rodríguez-Peña RITO ALBERTO TORRES MOYA DAVID MELO TORRES Diseño y diagramación Subdirector técnico Viceministro de Cultura Hache Holguín RICARDO CUESTA GARNICA CLAUDIA ISABEL VictORIA El autor agradece especialmente a: Subdirector administrativo NIÑO IZQUIERDO Slendy Forero Vargas Secretaria General Marina Arango Valencia y Buenaventura JORGE MARIO VERA © Salón Internacional de la Luz® Fotografías JULIÁN DAVID CORREA RESTREPO Director de Cinematografía Laboratorio de la Luz® In Light Magazine® Cra 45 #26-49, Bogotá D.C. (Colombia) MARINA ARANGO Zer01Digital Media Lab www.patrimoniofilmico.org.co VALENCIA Y BUENAVENTURA Coordinadora del Grupo de Memoria, DC Video, Burbank, California, USA Circulación e Investigación L’Immagine Ritrovata - Film restoration laboratory, Bolognia, Italia. Todos los derechos reservados. Bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático. LA PRESERVACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL EN LA ERA DE LOS PIXELES Jorge Mario Vera CONTENIDO 14 Introducción .....................................................................14 Texto Ministerio de Cultura ............................................................ 17 Los retos de la preservación ........................................................... 21 Una memoria inestable: panorama, perspectivas y conclusiones ........................................................... 25 30 Capítulo 1. La conservación: cuestión de física-química .................30 Formatos de registro electrónico de imagen ................................ 35 La estructura física del soporte magnético ................................... 36 Grabación de datos en soportes magnéticos ................................ 39 Problemas frecuentes en la conservación de los soportes magnéticos ................................................................. 40 La vulnerabilidad de las cintas magnéticas ...........................................40 Las condiciones de almacenamiento y los deshumidificadores ...........42 Espacios para conservación de soportes ...................................... 45 Control de luz, humedad relativa y temperatura ..................................45 Espacios ideales para los soportes audiovisuales ................................47 Cuidado, ubicación y limpieza de los soportes en las estanterías y de los espacios de conservación ................................48 Control contra-incendios y otras emergencias .....................................51 58 Anexo 1. Los formatos físicos (soportes analógicos y digitales) .........................................................................58 Formatos electrónicos analógicos profesionales ......................... 62 Quádruplex (cinta de carrete abierto de 2 pulgadas) ............................62 Cinta de carrete abierto de 1 pulgada ...................................................64 U-Matic (¾ de pulgada) .........................................................................66 Cinta de carrete abierto de ½ pulgada ..................................................69 Betacam y Betacam SP T3 .....................................................................71 Formatos electrónicos analógicos semiprofesionales o domésticos ................................................................................... 74 Betamax .................................................................................................74 VHS, VHS-C, S-VHS y S-VHS-C .............................................................76 Video8 / Hi8 ..........................................................................................79 Formatos electrónicos digitales en cinta magnética ................... 82 D1 ...........................................................................................................82 D2 ...........................................................................................................84 D3 ...........................................................................................................87 D5 ...........................................................................................................88 D-6 .........................................................................................................90 Betacam Digital .....................................................................................91 DV y DVC ................................................................................................97 DVD ........................................................................................................104 Discos duros externos o portátiles ................................................ 108 Disco magnético ....................................................................................108 Disco estado sólido (SSD, Solid State Drive) .........................................109 Tarjetas SD .............................................................................................113 Almacenamiento masivo (preservación digital) ........................... 115 LTO .........................................................................................................115 Otros formatos para almacenamiento de datos ....................................118 Estructuras de almacenamiento para la preservación digital y la gestión de archivos audiovisuales ............................................. 120 MAM y DAM ...........................................................................................120 Cloud Computing y Fog Computing ......................................................124 Soportes y formatos curiosos ......................................................... 124 EIAJ-2 ......................................................................................................124 SuperBeta ...............................................................................................124 Akai Cinta de video de carrete abierto de ¼ de pulgada .......................125 Advanced Digital Recording ADR ...........................................................126 Digital Linear Tape DLT ...........................................................................126 Digital Data Storage DDS ........................................................................127 Sony Ruvi (Recording Unit by Video) ......................................................127 Digital Tape Format DTF .........................................................................127 Advanced Intelligent Tape AIT ...............................................................128 Extended Definition Beta ........................................................................128 MicroMV .................................................................................................128 Video 2000/ Compact Video Cassette ..................................................129 DAT 160/320 ...........................................................................................129 Disco Láser .............................................................................................129 Super Advanced Intelligent Tape SAIT ...................................................129 V-Cord ....................................................................................................130 Sony-EV-1 pulgada .................................................................................130 StorageTek 9840 .....................................................................................130 Super Video Recording SVR ...................................................................130 EIAJ – cinta de carrete abierto de ½ pulgada ........................................132 Video High Density VHD .........................................................................132 Television Electronic Disc TED ...............................................................132 Video Cassette Recording VCR ..............................................................133 VX ...........................................................................................................133 Capítulo 2. 136 Conservación: acción-reacción .......................................136 Verificación y diagnóstico ............................................................... 142 Climatización, estabilización y traslado ......................................... 143 Protocolo mínimo de protección .................................................... 144 Limpieza externa y pruebas de contaminación .....................................144 Numeración y etiquetado .......................................................................145 Procesos de limpieza interna .................................................................146 Digitalización ................................................................................... 148 Digitalización de la señal de video .........................................................149 Selección de códec y contenedor .........................................................155
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