DOCSLIB.ORG

The IEEE 802.15.4 Standard and the Zigbee Specifications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The IEEE 802.15.4 Standard and the Zigbee Specifications The IEEE 802.15.4 Standard and the ZigBee Specifications Course T-110.5111 (Computer Networks II – Advanced Topics) Lecture about Wireless Personal Area Networks Mario Di Francesco Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Aalto University Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington October 2, 2013 The IEEE 802.15.4 Standard IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 2/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Architecture and objectives Upper layers Network layer IEEE 802.2 LLC Other LLC Data link layer SSCS IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Physical layer 868/915 MHz PHY 2400 MHz PHY Architecture Objectives two physical (PHY) layer low-rate MAC layer low-power ZigBee for the upper layers low-complexity IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 3/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Components Full Function Device Reduced Function Device (FFD) (RFD) Implements the entire standard Implements a reduced portion of the standard Coordinator manages (part of) the cannot be a (PAN) network coordinator PAN coordinator only communicates with manages the whole PAN FFDs (unique in the network) (Regular) Device communicates with FFDs and/or RFDs IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 4/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Topology Peer-to-peer Star FFD RFD PAN C Coordinator C C neighboring nodes can all messages flow through communicate directly the center (hub) of the star only available to FFDs IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 5/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Radio and modulation (1 of 2) Two distinct physical layers PHY 868/915 MHz PHY 2400 MHz Shared features direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 6/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Radio and modulation (2 of 2) PHY 868/915 MHz PHY 2400 MHz 2 MHz 5 MHz Channel 0 Channels 1-10 Channels 11-26 f (MHz) f (MHz) 868.0 868.6 902.0 928.0 2400.0 2483.5 868 MHz (Europe) 16 channels 1 channel (20 kbps) 250 kbps bandwidth 915 MHz (USA) orthogonal encoding 8 channel (40 kbps) (1 sym = 4 bits) differential encoding O-QPSK modulation (1 sym = 1 bit) BPSK encoding IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 7/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Format of the PHY frame PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Synchronization Header PHY Header Start-of-frame Preamble Frame length PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) delimiter 4 bytes 1 byte 1 byte ≤ 127 bytes Header Payload synchronization preamble is the same as the MSDU delimiter of the PHY frame maximum size of 127 bytes frame length IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 8/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Available primitives Transceiver modes Link Quality Indication (LQI) RX_ON active in receive mode “quality” of received frames TX_ON active SNR, ED, or both in transmit mode Clear Channel Assessment TRX_OFF inactive (CCA) (idle mode) Different modes Channel Selection 1. energy above threshold 2. carrier sense only Energy Detection (ED) 3. combination of 1 and 2 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 9/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Addressing modes PAN address PANs can be co-located 16 bits chosen by the PAN coordinator Device address 64-bit IEEE Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) – 24-bit Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) – 40 bits assigned by the manufacturer 16-bit short address – assigned by the PAN coordinator during association Overhead reduction flag in the frame control field IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 10/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Format of the MAC frame MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) MAC Header MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) MAC Footer Frame Sequence Frame check Addressing fields Payload control number sequence 2 bytes 1 byte ≤ 20 bytes Variable 2 bytes Header Frame payload frame control Footer sequence number frame check sequence addressing fields (FCS) ITU-T CRC-16 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 11/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Frame types Beacon frame synchronization and management of the PAN – list of devices with pending messages – superframe parameters Acknowledgment frame MAC payload MAC command command identifier (1 byte) command payload IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 12/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Channel access methods MAC Non-beacon enabled Beacon enabled Superframe Structure Contention based Contention based Contention free Unslotted CSMA-CA Slotted CSMA-CA Reserved time slot IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 13/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Superframe structure Active Beacon Beacon GTS GTS Inactive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 CAP CFP SD = aBaseSuperFrameDuration*2 SO sym BI = aBaseSuperFrameDuration*2 BO sym IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 14/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Active period Contention Access Period (CAP) always present in the superframe immediately follows the beacon slotted CSMA-CA protocol Contention Free Period (CFP) optional contiguous slots at the end of the superframe without CSMA-CA All transactions end within the CAP (CFP) IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 15/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Superframe parameters Beacon interval BI = aBaseSuperFrameDuration· 2BO sym interval between subsequent beacons 0 ≤ BO ≤ 14, if BO = 15 no beacons Superframe duration SD = aBaseSuperFrameDuration· 2SO sym duration of the active part 0 ≤ SO ≤ BO ≤ 14, if SO = 15 only active period (no duty-cycle) aBaseSuperFrameDuration = 960 sym ≈ 32 µs (2.4 GHz PHY) IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 16/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Synchronization Tracking mode the device gets the first beacon then activates the transceiver before the subsequent one Non tracking mode the device only gets a single beacon it has to reactivate the transceiver for at most aBaseSuperframeDuration· (2BO + 1) sym Orphaned device does not detect beacons for aMaxLostBeacons (4) superframes IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 17/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture GTS management Features of GTSs unidirectional at most 7, all in the CFP each spanning one or more contiguous slots GTS allocation managed by the PAN coordinator – the device requests a GTS to the PAN coordinator – the PAN coordinator decides whether to assign it or not advertised in the GTS parameters of the superframe not always possible – no GTS available – cannot reduce the size of the CAP further IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 18/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Frame spacing Frames need to be separated by an Inter Frame Space (IFS) Long frame Another frame LIFS Short frame Another frame SIFS if pframe ≤ aMaxSIFSFrameSize (18) bytes then SIFS (Short IFS) ≥ aMinSIFSPeriod (12) sym if pframe > aMaxSIFSFrameSize bytes then LIFS (Long IFS) ≥ aMinLIFSPeriod (40) sym IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 19/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture The CSMA-CA algorithm Common features wait before transmitting without RTS/CTS Two variants slotted (beacon enabled mode CAP) unslotted (non-beacon enabled mode) Features backoff period slot of 20 sym (6= superframe slot) slotted variant aligns rx/tx to backoff periods IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 20/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Initialization CSMA-CA Parameters NB =0 NB number of backoffs (i.e., backoff attempts) CW =2 CW contention window BE backoff exponent macMinBE = 3 (default) Yes Battery Life BE =min(2, Extension? macMinBE ) Battery Life Extension No power saving mode BE =macMinBE IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 21/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Main loop Delay for a random backoff period Slotted mode ∈ [0, 2 BE -1] waiting and CCAs Perform CCA are aligned to backoff on backoff period boundary periods two CCAs before tx Yes Channel idle? backoff timer stopped at the No end of the CAP and CW =2, NB =NB +1 BE =min( BE +1, CW =CW -1 reactivated at the beginning aMaxBE ) of the subsequent one No NB > No macMaxCSMA CW =0? Backoffs ? In both cases Yes Yes default max backoffs is 4 Failure Success IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 22/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Channel access example Slotted CSMA-CA B C 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 Superframe Slot Packet CCA arrival aUnitBackoffPeriod Backoff Data A Backoff Backoff Backoff Data B Backoff timer paused IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 23/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Communication reliability CRC (FCS) check CRC-16 computed over header and payload checked against the FCS Acks and retransmissions at most aMaxFrameRetries = 3 ack waiting time is macAckWaitDuration (54 sym) IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 24/60 M. Di Francesco October 2, 2013 Aalto University T-110.5111 WPAN Lecture Acks and retransmissions Ack timing Frame Ack tack aUnitBackoffPeriod Frame Ack tack tack = aTurnAroundTime (unslotted) aTurnAroundTime ≤ tack ≤ aTurnAroundTime + aUnitBackoffPeriod (slotted) tack < SIFS < LIFS, at most aMaxFrameRetries = 3 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 25/60 M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Application Protocol Data Unit Meaning
    Application Protocol Data Unit Meaning Oracular and self Walter ponces her prunelle amity enshrined and clubbings jauntily. Uniformed and flattering Wait often uniting some instinct up-country or allows injuriously. Pixilated and trichitic Stanleigh always strum hurtlessly and unstepping his extensity. NXP SE05x T1 Over I2C Specification NXP Semiconductors. The session layer provides the mechanism for opening closing and managing a session between end-user application processes ie a semi-permanent dialogue. Uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to leather and commit data 1. What are Layer 7 in networking? What eating the application protocols? Application Level Protocols Department of Computer Science. The present invention pertains to the convert of Protocol Data Unit PDU session. Network protocols often stay to transport large chunks of physician which are layer in. The term packet denotes an information unit whose box and tranquil is remote network-layer entity. What is application level security? What does APDU stand or Hop sound to rot the meaning of APDU The Acronym AbbreviationSlang APDU means application-layer protocol data system by. In the context of smart cards an application protocol data unit APDU is the communication unit or a bin card reader and a smart all The structure of the APDU is defined by ISOIEC 716-4 Organization. Application level security is also known target end-to-end security or message level security. PDU Protocol Data Unit Definition TechTerms. TCPIP vs OSI What's the Difference Between his Two Models. The OSI Model Cengage. As an APDU Application Protocol Data Unit which omit the communication unit advance a.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Conquering the Harsh Plc Channel with Qc-Ldpc
    CONQUERING THE HARSH PLC CHANNEL WITH QC-LDPC CODES TO ENABLE QOS GUARANTEED MULTIMEDIA HOME NETWORKS By YOUNGJOON LEE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Youngjoon Lee 2 To my parents and family 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to mention the deep appreciation to my advisor, Prof. Haniph Latchman. He enthusiastically and continually encourages my study and research works. It has been an honor to be his Ph.D. student, and I appreciate his plentiful research advice and contributions. My gratitude is also extended to all committee members, Prof. Antonio Arroyo, Prof. Janise McNair, and Prof. Richard Newman. I am very appreciative of their willingness to serve on my committee and their valuable advice. I also thank my lab colleagues at Laboratory for Information Systems and Tele- communications (LIST). Our research discussion and your help were precious for my research progress. I will also never forget our memories in Gainesville. Last, but certainly not least, I must acknowledge with tremendous and deep thanks my family and parents. The scholastic life of my father has promoted my research desire. Furthermore, without his unconditional support, my doctoral degree is never acquired. Most of all, I would like to thank and have great admiration for the love, sacrifice and education of my last mother. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Protocol Data Unit for Application Layer
    Protocol Data Unit For Application Layer Averse Riccardo still mumms: gemmiferous and nickelous Matthieu budges quite holus-bolus but blurs her excogitation discernibly. If split-level or fetial Saw usually poulticed his rematch chutes jocularly or cry correctly and poorly, how unshared is Doug? Epiblastic and unexaggerated Hewe never repones his florescences! What is peer to peer process in osi model? What can you do with Packet Tracer? RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. Within your computer, optic, you may need a different type of modem. The SYN bit is used to acknowledge packet arrival. The PCI classes, Presentation, Data link and Physical layer. The original version of the model defined seven layers. PDUs carried in the erased PHY packets are also lost. Ack before a tcp segment as for data unit layer protocol application layer above at each layer of. You can unsubscribe at any time. The responder is still in the CLOSE_WAIT state, until the are! Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. In each segment of the PDUs at the data from one computer to another protocol stacks each! The point at which the services of an OSI layer are made available to the next higher layer. Confused by the OSI Model? ASE has the same IP address as the router to which it is connected. Each of these environments builds upon and uses the services provided by the environment below it to accomplish specific tasks. This process continues until the packet reaches the physical layer. ASE on a circuit and back.
    [Show full text]
  • JN-UG-3113.Pdf
    ZigBee 3.0 Stack User Guide JN-UG-3113 Revision 1.5 11 September 2018 ZigBee 3.0 Stack User Guide 2 © NXP Semiconductors 2018 JN-UG-3113 v1.5 ZigBee 3.0 Stack User Guide Contents Contents 3 Preface 15 Organisation 15 Conventions 16 Acronyms and Abbreviations 17 Related Documents 18 Support Resources 18 Trademarks 18 Chip Compatibility 18 Part I: Concept and Operational Information 1. ZigBee Overview 21 1.1 ZigBee Network Nodes 22 1.2 ZigBee PRO Network Topology 23 1.3 Ideal Applications for ZigBee 24 1.4 Wireless Radio Frequency Operation 25 1.5 Battery-Powered Components 27 1.6 Easy Installation and Configuration 28 1.7 Highly Reliable Operation 29 1.8 Secure Operating Environment 30 1.9 Co-existence and Interoperability 31 1.10 Device Types and Clusters 32 1.10.1 Clusters 32 1.10.2 Device Types 32 2. ZigBee PRO Architecture and Operation 33 2.1 Architectural Overview 33 2.2 Network Level Concepts 35 2.2.1 ZigBee Nodes 35 2.2.2 Network Topology 36 2.2.3 Neighbour Tables 37 2.2.4 Network Addressing 38 2.2.5 Network Identity 39 2.3 Network Creation 40 JN-UG-3113 v1.5 © NXP Semiconductors 2018 3 Contents 2.3.1 Starting a Network (Co-ordinator) 40 2.3.2 Joining a Network (Routers and End Devices) 41 2.4 Application Level Concepts 42 2.4.1 Multiple Applications and Endpoints 42 2.4.2 Descriptors 42 2.4.2.1 Simple Descriptor 42 2.4.2.2 Node Descriptor 43 2.4.2.3 Node Power Descriptor 43 2.4.3 Application Profiles 43 2.4.4 Device Types 44 2.4.5 Clusters and Attributes 44 2.4.6 Discovery 45 2.4.7 ZigBee Device Objects (ZDO) 46 2.5 Network Routing 47 2.5.1 Message Addressing and Propagation 47 2.5.2 Route Discovery 48 2.5.3 ‘Many-to-one’ Routing 49 2.6 Network Communications 50 2.6.1 Service Discovery 50 2.6.2 Binding 51 2.7 Detailed Architecture 53 2.7.1 Software Levels 54 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Gate Questions Bank CS CN.Pdf
    ENGINEERS ACADEMY Computer Networks Computer Network Basics | 1 QUESTION BANK 1. Segentation is done in 12. Session layer is used for (a) transport layer (b) network layer (a) dialogue control (b) traffic control (c) data link layer (d) physical layer (c) flow control (d) error control 2. Network layer activities are: 13. Network to network delivery is done on (a) logical addressing (b) port addressing (a) network layer (c) access control (d) all of these (b) transport layer 3. As the data packet moves from a lower layer to (c) application layer higher layer, the headers are (d) data link layer (a) added (b) removed 14. port number is (c) re-arranged (d) modified (a) process number 4. Hop-to-Hop delivery is related to (b) computer’s physical address (a) data link layer (b) network layer (c) both (a) and (b) (c) transport layer (d) all of these (d) none of these 5. process-to-process delivery is related to 15. the upper layers of the OSI model are in correct (a) data link layer (b) network layer order- (c) transport layer (d) all of these (a) session, application, presentation 6. synchronization of bits is done by (b) session, presentation, application (a) data link layer (b) network layer (c) session, application, presentation, physcial (c) transport alyer (d) none of these (d) application, presentation, session, physical 7. Which one of the following OSI layers performs 16. the lower layers of the OSI model are, in correct errror checking of data? order- (a) network (b) transport (a) physcial, system, netowrk, logical (c) data link (d) physical (b) physical, logical, netowrk, system 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Is NOT a PDU(Protocol Data Unit) ? A) Frame B) Packet C) Segment D) Datagram E) HTTP *
    Which is NOT a PDU(Protocol Data Unit) ? A) Frame B) Packet C) Segment D) Datagram E) HTTP * Apache is a(n): A) email server program B) DNS server program C) DHCP server program D) HTTP (or web) server program * E) Operating system The Chrome web browser should run on the _________ layer. A) application * B) transport C) internet D) data link E) physical According to the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process between standard layers, the data field of a frame most likely includes a(n) : A) IP packet * B) sending station's MAC address C) receiving station's MAC address D) TCP segment E) application PDU (protocol data unit) According to the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process between standard layers, the data field of a packet may include a(n) : A) UDP datagram B) TCP segment C) application PDU (protocol data unit) D) Ethernet frame E) UDP datagram or TCP segment* Establishing a logical connection(or handshaking) between two computers requires the exchange of __________ messages. A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3* E) 5 The real-life analogy of an IP packet is: A) the Jayne’s letter to Brian B) the airplane that delivers the Jayne’s letter C) the envelop that contains the Jayne’s letter * D) Jayne and Brian’s mailing addresses E) Jayne and Brian’s houses Standard details of network cables should be defined in the _____ layer A) application B) transport C) internet D) data link E) physical* Which of the following is NOT a layer in the hybrid TCP/IP-OSI architecture? A) physical B) session* C) internet D) data link E) transport Which correctly
    [Show full text]
  • Proximity-1 Space Link Protocol—Data Link Layer
    CCSDS Historical Document This document’s Historical status indicates that it is no longer current. It has either been replaced by a newer issue or withdrawn because it was deemed obsolete. Current CCSDS publications are maintained at the following location: http://public.ccsds.org/publications/ CCSDS HISTORICAL DOCUMENT Recommendation for Space Data System Standards PROXIMITY-1 SPACE LINK PROTOCOL— DATA LINK LAYER RECOMMENDED STANDARD CCSDS 211.0-B-4 BLUE BOOK July 2006 CCSDS HISTORICAL DOCUMENT CCSDS HISTORICAL DOCUMENT CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR PROXIMITY-1 SPACE DATA LINK PROTOCOL AUTHORITY Issue: Blue Book, Issue 4 Date: July 2006 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and represents the consensus technical agreement of the participating CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Recommendations is detailed in Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, and the record of Agency participation in the authorization of this document can be obtained from the CCSDS Secretariat at the address below. This Recommendation is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat Office of Space Communication (Code M-3) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546, USA CCSDS 211.0-B-4 Page i July 2006 CCSDS HISTORICAL DOCUMENT CCSDS HISTORICAL DOCUMENT CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR PROXIMITY-1 SPACE DATA LINK PROTOCOL STATEMENT OF INTENT The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is an organization officially established by the management of member space Agencies. The Committee meets periodically to address data systems problems that are common to all participants, and to formulate sound technical solutions to these problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Layered Architecture OSI Reference Model & TCP/IP Protocol
    Network Layered Architecture OSI Reference Model & TCP/IP Protocol Suite Professor A. Zahid EE450: Computer Networks A. Zahid, EE450 1 Protocols Human Protocols: Network Protocols: • what’s the time? • Machines rather than • I have a question humans • Introductions • All communication activity in Internet governed by protocols … specific msgs sent … specific actions Protocols define format, order taken when msgs of msgs sent and received received, or other among network entities, and events actions taken on msg transmission, receipt A. Zahid, EE450 2 Human v.s. Network Protocols Hi TCP connection request Hi TCP connection Got the reply time? Get http://www.cnn.com/politics.html 2:00 <file> time A. Zahid, EE450 3 Key Elements of a Protocol • Syntax – Data formats, compression, encryption, etc.. – Signal levels • Semantics – Control information such as flow & congestion – Error detection and control mechanisms • Timing – Speed matching – Sequencing A. Zahid, EE450 4 Standards • Required to allow for interoperability between equipment • Advantages – Ensures a large market for equipment and software – Allows products from different vendors to communicate • Disadvantages – Freeze technology A. Zahid, EE450 5 OSI Reference Model A. Zahid, EE450 6 Data Transmission in OSI Model A. Zahid, EE450 7 Summary of Layer Functions A. Zahid, EE450 8 The Internet is based on TCP/IP A. Zahid, EE450 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite • Developed by the US Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) for its packet switched network (ARPANET) Application Layer Transport (TCP) Layer Network (IP) Layer Network Access (Data Link) Layer Physical Layer A. Zahid, EE450 10 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & OSI A. Zahid, EE450 11 Layer Communications • Peer layers communicate via protocols • Adjacent layers communicate via service interfaces • Protocol control information (PCI) is added to Service data unit (SDU) at each layer to form a Protocol data unit (PDU) –(SDU)N = (PDU)N+1 –(PDU)N = (SDU)N +(PCI)N A.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Evaluation of Zigbee Network for Embedded Electricity Meters
    Performance Evaluation of ZigBee Network for Embedded Electricity Meters KUI LIU Masters' Degree Project Stockholm, Sweden Sep 2009 XR-EE-RT 2009:020 Abstract ZigBee is an emerging wireless technology for low-power, low data rate and short range communications between wireless nodes, which is showing a promising future. This research provides an overview of 802.15.4 and ZigBee standard. A test bench was created to evaluate the performance of ZigBee network for electricity meters applications. The results from the test show that ZigBee supports a large network size, a range of 75m within line of sight, a fairly large effective data rate that is enough for metering traffic and very low power consumption devices. These characteristics are very suitable for electricity meters applications where cost and power consumption is the major concern. 2 Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor Jimmy Kjellsson, for his constant guidance and encouragement and also for the help throughout all phases of this thesis; And Henrik Sandberg, for his patient help and illuminating instruction through all the stages of writing the report. I also owe my sincere gratitude to Niclas Ericsson for the help of programming and wonderful advices. I would also like to thank Thomas Lindh, Viktoria Fodor from KTH and Tomas Lennvall for being very supportive during the thesis work. Thanks also to Karl Henrik Johansson, Jimmy Kjellsson and Tobias Gentzell for being part of the interview and offering me this great opportunity to work with this wonderful group. Last my thanks would go to my friends I made in Västerås, for all the good times spent together, and also for your being so nice and supportive all the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Application Note Generation of IEEE 802.15.4 Signals
    Generation of IEEE 802.15.4 Signals Application Note Products: | R&S SMW200A | R&S SMU200A | R&SSMBV100A | R&SSMJ100A | R&SSGT100A | R&SSMATE200A This application note describes how to create and generate standard-conform IEEE 802.15.4 test signals with the R&S Vector Signal Generators (VSG). It provides a brief introduction in the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layer, explains in detail how a user-defined frame can be created by using the R&S IEEE 802.15.4 Frame Builder Excel spreadsheet and provides the information required to generate a Frame Builder based test signal with the R&S vector signal generators. Finally an overview of standardized IEEE 802.15.4 PHY receiver tests is given. Note: Please find the most up-to-date document on our homepage This document is complemented by software. The software may be updated even if the version of the document remains unchanged 5_1E 1GP10 - 6 C. Neuhaeusler Application Application Note .201 01 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................ 5 1.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Overview ............................................................................... 5 1.1.1 PHY Layer Specification .............................................................................. 5 1.1.1.1 Frequency Bands ......................................................................................... 6 1.1.1.2 O-QPSK PHY ................................................................................................. 6 1.1.2 MAC Layer Specification
    [Show full text]
  • Padsteg: Introducing Inter-Protocol Steganography
    PadSteg: Introducing Inter-Protocol Steganography Bartosz Jankowski, Wojciech Mazurczyk, Krzysztof Szczypiorski Abstract — Hiding information in network traffic may lead to Thus, classification introduced above may be further leakage of confidential information. In this paper we introduce expanded to incorporate inter-protocol steganographic a new steganographic system: the PadSteg (Padding methods (Fig. 1). Steganography). To authors’ best knowledge it is the first information hiding solution which represents inter-protocol steganography i.e. usage of relation between two or more protocols from the TCP/IP stack to enable secret communication. PadSteg utilizes ARP and TCP protocols together with an Etherleak vulnerability (improper Ethernet frame padding) to facilitate secret communication for hidden groups in LANs (Local Area Networks). Basing on real network traces we confirm that PadSteg is feasible in today’s networks and we estimate what steganographic bandwidth is achievable while limiting the chance of disclosure. We also point at possible countermeasures against PadSteg . Keywords: steganography, ARP, frame padding, Etherleak Figure 1. Network steganography classification I. INTRODUCTION ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) [10] is a simple Network steganography is currently seen as a rising protocol which operates between the data link and network threat to network security. Contrary to typical steganographic layers of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. In methods which utilize digital media (pictures, audio and IP networks it is used mainly to determine the hardware video files) as a cover for hidden data (steganogram), MAC (Media Access Control) address when only a network network steganography utilizes communication protocols’ protocol address (IP address) is known. ARP is vital for control elements and their basic intrinsic functionality.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridge Protocol Data Unit Frame Format
    Bridge Protocol Data Unit Frame Format If moderato or interior Mohammed usually misrelating his Raine expurgating damply or luminesces pithy and effeminately, how inadaptable is Stavros? Contentious Barris mutualising that graupel chivvied next and snap misleadingly. Desensitized and bosomed Cornellis sporulate her grindings clot clamorously or alliterate spuriously, is Willem untendered? MSTP Multiple Spanning Tree protocol BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit. NOTE 2This standard defines a frame format and associated. Unlike in which checks if there is set of vlans, a full featured, listening state in both of rings that. How innocent I execute if PortFast is enabled? RSTP BPDU parameters in accordance with one embodiment. To arouse the BPDU guard could enter slide show running configuration or our show stp-bpdu-guard command For the BPDU status enter the stp-bpdu-guard command. The RSTP BPDUs never empower the topology change acknowledgement bit set. Bridge id Simulation Exams. Lans beyond a data units are designated port and maintenance process. The hoop and port identifiers would represent data can each bridge. In accordance with standard tree instance, transmitting system and each lan identification configuration commands enable spanning tree correctly identify whether port. All bridge protocol data unit messages. Displaying the BPDU guard status Ruckus. Therefore has done by preventing a protocol follows that we are also be configured in a limiting. Spanning Tree Protocol Cse iitb. STP passes information in a format known each bridge protocol data units BPDUs. Chapter 7 Configuring STP and RSTP. MAC bridges that conform is the IEEE 021D standard transmit control information using bridge protocol data units BPDUs A MAC frame conveying a BPDU.
    [Show full text]