Characterization of Obsidian Sources in Pantelleria, Italy

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Characterization Of Obsidian Sources In Pantelleria, Italy

Barbara A. Vargo University of South Florida

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This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Characterization Of Obsidian Sources In Pantelleria, Italy

Barbara A. Vargo

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida

Major Professor: Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. Brent R. Weisman, Ph.D. Jeffrey Ryan, Ph.D.

Date of Approval: November 21, 2003

Keywords: Obsidian, Western Mediterranean, Neolithic, Trade, Lithic Technology

Dedication

To Josephine Tutlewski, my grandmother, who took me to the Field

Museum in Chicago when I was nine years old and sat and read books while I roamed among the archaeological displays. Her love of travel and history provided the spark that ignited a passion in me for archaeology that has never dimmed.

To my family whose love and support has sustained me throughout this project, especially my husband Dale who never doubted that I would achieve my goal.

Acknowledgments

In grateful appreciation to:

Robert H. Tykot, Brent Weisman, and Jeffrey Ryan who provided invaluable theoretical and methodological assistance; The National Science

Foundation for providing financial support for this research; Maurizio Tosi,

Valentina Colella, (University of Bologna, Italy) and Rosario di Fresco (The

Archeoclub of Pantelleria) for their assistance during the collection of geological samples on Pantelleria; Sebastiano Tusa (Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali e

Ambientali della Provincia di Trapani, Italy) for granting permission for this research; Michael D. Glascock, and Jeffrey Speakman for their assistance with the INAA, ICP-MS, XRF analysis; to J. D. Vigne for permitting access to the

Tunisian artifacts; and to Terry Setzer, Lisa Beyer, Julie Bliss and all the archaeology students who worked on sample preparation and density measurements in the Laboratory for Archaeological Science at the University of

South Florida.

Table of Contents

List of Tables iv

List of Charts v

List of Figures vi

Abstract x

Chapter One: Introduction 1 Characterization of Obsidian Sources 1 The Study of Prehistoric Trade/Exchange Systems 3

Chapter Two: Obsidian 7 Definition and Description of Obsidian 7 Identification of Primary Sources of Obsidian 8 Attributes of Western Mediterranean Obsidian 8 Obsidian Sources 9

Chapter Three: Prehistoric Settlement of the Western Mediterranean 14 Early Settlement Theories 14 Colonization of the Western Mediterranean 15 New Perspectives on Island Settlement 16 The Neolithic Period in Europe and the Western Mediterranean 20 Family Group 21 Local Group 22 Regional Group 22 Neolithic Society 25 Islands in the Western Mediterranean 26 Sicily 26 Malta 30 Other Islands 33 Lithic Technology in the Western Mediterranean 34 Transportation 36 The Italian Neolithic 37

i Chapter Four: The Island of Pantelleria 39 Geologic History 40 Peralkaline Obsidian 43 The Archaeological History of Pantelleria 44 Pantellerian Obsidian in Sicily, Malta and North Africa 47

Chapter Five: Survey and Sampling at Primary and Secondary Sources 49 Location of Primary and Secondary Obsidian Deposits 54 Sampling Strategy 57 Survey Locations and Collection Points 60 Punta Spadillo 60 Gelkhamer 61 Bagno dell’Acqua 62 Balata dei Turchi 65 Salto la Vecchia 69

Chapter Six: Density Measurements of Geological Samples and Artifacts 74 Procedure 74 Results 76 Density Results by Location 77 Bagno dell’Acqua 77 Balata dei Turchi 79 Salto la Vecchia 82 Offshore Collection 83

Chapter Seven: Analysis of Geological Samples and Artifacts 86 Sample Preparation 86 Obsidian Provenance Research 87 Analytical Methods 87 Neutron Activation Analysis 88 X-ray Fluorescence 90 Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry 91 Analysis of Pantelleria Source Materials and Artifacts 93 Trace Element Analysis of Geologic Samples 94 INAA 94 XRF 96 LA-ICP-MS 97

Chapter Eight: Pantelleria Obsidian and Neolithic Trade Networks 100 Navigation and Island Colonization 100 Coastal Settlements – The Missing Evidence 104 Trade, Exchange and the Value of Obsidian 105 Colonization of the Islands 109 The Value of Pantelleria Obsidian 110

ii Chapter Nine: Conclusion 114 Final Analysis 114 Conclusion 117

References 119

Appendices 133 Appendix A: Analysis Tables 134 Appendix B: Analysis Charts 238

iii List of Tables

Table 1: Scale, size, and distance factors 5

Table 2: Balata dei Turchi Collection Frequency by Waypoint 67

Table 3: Visual Analysis of Geologic Samples from Pantelleria 135

Table 4: Density Measurements of Geologic Samples from Pantelleria 206

Table 5: Density Analysis for artifacts from Pantelleria 226

Table 6: Density Analysis for artifacts from Zembra, Tunisia 227

Table 7: INAA Test Results 232

Table 7: XRF Test Results 235

iv List of Charts

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Bagno dell’Acqua and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites 239

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Balata dei Turchi and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites 242

v List of Figures

Figure 1: Location of Western Mediterranean Islands 5

Figure 2: Location of Obsidian Sources in the Western Mediterranean 9

Figure 3: Obsidian Distribution in the Western Mediterranean 12

Figure 4: Glacial and Modern Shorelines in the Western Mediterranean 15

Figure 5: Western Mediterranean Coastlines at 18,000 BP 17

Figure 6: Western Mediterranean Coastlines at 9,000 BP 17

Figure 7: Location of Pantelleria in the Western Mediterranean 39

Figure 8: Example of Volcanic Deposition on Pantelleria 41

Figure 9: Geologic Map of Pantelleria 42

Figure 10: Geologic Sample from Balata dei Turchi 43

Figure 11: Geologic Samples from Salto la Vecchia 44

Figure 12: Geologic Sample from Salto la Vecchia 44

Figure 13: Location of Archaeological Sites on Pantelleria 46

Figure 14: Lithologic Map of Pantelleria 50

Figure 15: Green Tuff Exposure at Salto la Vecchia 51

Figure 16: B. Vargo, R. Tykot and C. Ruppe collecting primary source material below the Green Tuff Deposit at Salto la Vecchia 52

Figure 17: T. Setzer collecting primary source material at Salto la Vecchia below the Green Tuff deposit 52

Figure 18: Geological Stratigraphy Just West of Balata dei Turchi 53

Figure 19: Balata dei Turchi Pumice Flow 53

Figure 20: Balata dei Turchi West of Pumice Exposure 54

Figure 21: Location of Obsidian and Green Pantellerite 56

Figure 22: Location of Northern Sample Collection Points 60

Figure 23: Pantellerite Deposits and WWII Bombing Sites at Punta Spadillo 60

Figure 24: In-situ Pantellerite From the Northeastern Slope of Mt. Gelkhamer 61

Figure 25: In-situ Pantellerite From the Eastern Slope of Mt. Gelkhamer 61

Figure 26: Bagno dell’Acqua 62

Figure 27: Secondary Obsidian Deposits in Pumice/Ash Wall at Bagno dell’Acqua 63

Figure 28: Bagno dell’Acqua – Costa Zenti Formation 64

Figure 29: Location of Southern Collection Points 65

Figure 30: Location of Discrete Geologic Layers at Balata dei Turchi 66

Figure 31: In-situ Obsidian at BT3 68

Figure 32: Obsidian debitage collected from Balata dei Turchi 68

Figure 33: Salto la Vecchia Collection Points With Proximity to Balata dei Turchi 69

Figure 34: Salto la Vecchia Escarpment Looking East Toward Balata dei Turchi 69

Figure 35: R. Tykot and V. Colella Collecting Secondary Source Obsidian Samples on the Salto la Vecchia Slope 70

vii Figure 36: R. Tykot Collecting Secondary Samples at the Salto la Vecchia Shoreline 71

Figure 37: Balata dei Turchi Shoreline and Slope 72

Figure 38: Balata dei Turchi Looking Southeast from BT1 72

Figure 39: B. Vargo, T. Setzer and C. Ruppe Collecting Obsidian at Salto la Vecchia 73

Figure 40: T. Setzer Climbing Obsidian To Pre-Green Tuff Obsidian Vein at Salto la Vecchia 73

Figure 41: Density Comparison of Western Mediterranean Obsidian Sources 76

Figure 42: Plot Showing Differences Between Balata dei Turchi, Salto la Vecchia, Mt. Gelkhamer and Bagno dell’Acqua 77

Figure 43: Density Range of Geologic Samples from Bagno dell’Acqua 78

Figure 44: Comparison of Bagno dell’Acqua Geologic Samples and Zembra (Tunisia) Artifacts 79

Figure 45: Four Potential Primary Source Points at Balata dei Turchi 80

Figure 46: Comparison of Zembra Artifacts With Geologic Samples from BT1, BT2, BT3, and BT4 81

Figure 47: Comparison of Geologic Samples From Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia 82

Figure 48: Comparison of Geologic Samples From Salto la Vecchia and Zembra (Tunisia) Artifacts 83

Figure 49: Density Results of Salto la Vecchia Offshore Geologic Samples 84

Figure 50: Density Results of Balata dei Turchi Offshore Geologic Samples 84

Figure 51: INNA Analysis of Geologic Material From All Collection Points 94

Figure 52: Comparison of Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia Geologic Samples 95

Figure 53: XRF Analysis of Balata dei Turchi and Bagno dell’Acqua 96

viii Figure 54: XRF Analysis of Possible Balata dei Turchi Sub-sources 97

Figure 55: ICP-MS Analysis of Geologic Samples from Bagno dell’Acqua, Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia 98

Figure 56: Comparison of Geologic Samples from Balata dei Turchi 99

Figure 57: Rough Seas Between Ponza and Palmarola 102

Figure 58: Direction of Mediterranean Sea Currents 103

Figure 59: Balata dei Turchi Shoreline 115

Figure 60: Bagno dell’Acqua 116

Figure 61: Salto la Vecchia 116

ix Characterization Of Obsidian Sources In Pantelleria, Italy

Barbara A. Vargo

Abstract

The study of prehistoric trade and exchange networks in the Western

Mediterranean is directly linked to the identification and location of commodities available to Neolithic communities in that region. One of these commodities is a volcanic glass commonly known as obsidian.

This investigation focused on the procurement, processing, and distribution of obsidian from the island of Pantelleria, situated between the southwestern coast of Sicily in the Straits of Sicily and the northeastern coast of

Africa near Cape Bon, Tunisia. Previous studies indicate that there are several chemically different source areas on the island.

Research involved the identification of primary obsidian deposits and the collection of samples from primary and/or secondary sources. The position of each collection point was recorded using GPS coordinates, photographs, and physical descriptions, including accessibility and geological matrix. Additional information regarding the size, frequency, and grade (i.e. quality for tool production) was also noted.

x Each geological specimen and artifact was visually examined for color, luster, transparency and internal structure. Geological samples and artifacts were subjected to trace element analysis, and the density weight of each piece was determined.

Multivariate analyses of these test results were used to establish the unique chemical signature of each primary source on Pantelleria and to identify the specific flows where obsidian was collected by Neolithic and Bronze Age communities on Pantelleria and Zembra.

Artifacts from Late Neolithic and Bronze Age sites on Pantelleria, and from Zembra, a Late Neolithic site located on an island situated off the northeast coast of Tunisia near Cape Bon were also included in this study.

The results of this research has proven the importance of using large geological sample populations in determining the unique geochemical signatures of obsidian flows on Italian source islands, and will enable researchers to identify with greater certainty the source of raw material used to create obsidian tools in the Western Mediterranean.

xi Chapter One

Introduction

Characterization of Obsidian Sources

The study of prehistoric trade and exchange networks in the western

Obsidian artifacts recovered from prehistoric sites in the western

Mediterranean were initially thought to be part of the domestic cultural package, but are now recognized as an indicator of some type of trade or exchange between unrelated groups. In an effort to understand the impact that obsidian had on the interaction between Early Neolithic communities in the western

Mediterranean archaeologists have endeavored to discern the nature of this trade system and to determine where obsidian sources were located.

Pantelleria provides an excellent opportunity to address these questions by identifying the primary sources of workable obsidian on the island and determine which locations Neolithic groups exploited for raw materials.

The chemical composition and physical attributes of obsidian is defined in

Chapter Two. This chapter also includes a review of previous characterization

1 and provenance studies of western Mediterranean obsidian sources.

Early settlement theories of the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in the

western Mediterranean are examined in Chapter Three. This examination

focuses on the environmental changes that may have affected the migration patterns of prehistoric people moving from the East into southern Europe and the western Mediterranean. Socio-economic theories and possible subsistence strategies are also explored and the archaeological history of the islands of Malta and Sicily are discussed.

The geologic history of Pantelleria and the research of Mahood and

Hildreth (1986), Francaviglia (1986,1988) and Civetta et al. (1988, 1998) are reviewed in Chapter Four.

The survey and sampling strategy of possible primary and secondary obsidian sources on Pantelleria is provided in Chapter Five. Each location is discussed in detail, and the geologic samples collected from all areas are described using the attributes of color, luster, transparency and internal structure.

The methodology used for measuring density and the results of the comparative study of the geologic obsidian samples with the artifacts from

Zembra, Tunisia and six archaeological sites on Pantelleria is presented in

Chapter Six.

The geochemical testing procedures used in this study and the results of the analyses that established unique chemical signatures for each primary source on Pantelleria are described in Chapter Seven. Included in this chapter is a discussion of these data which support the hypothesis that a large geological

2 sample base does provide the means to identify specific flows where obsidian was collected by Neolithic and Bronze Age communities on Pantelleria and

Zembra.

Current theories on Neolithic trade networks, prehistoric navigation and transportation, and Pantelleria’s role in the Neolithic trade system are explored in

Chapter Eight.

Synopses of the results of this study are presented in Chapter Nine.

Included in this chapter is an exploration of the impact that these data will have on future research of prehistoric trade and socio-economic/political systems in the western Mediterranean and substantiates the need for a reevaluation of the technical and social structure of the Neolithic Period.

The Study of Prehistoric Trade/Exchange Systems

Bloedow (1987) states that because of the scarcity of evidence in the study of ancient trade, the most that researchers can hope to do is form an intelligent guess. These ‘guesses’ are often based on tenuous evidence, such as one or two artifacts, or by comparing modern trading cultures to prehistoric ones without concrete evidence that there are sufficient similarities to warrant such a comparison.

In contrast, Renfrew et al.’s (1966, 1968) definition of prehistoric trade in the western Mediterranean was based on a simple set of criteria, which he believes were in place during the Early Neolithic. Trade, according to Renfrew,

3 consisted of simple reciprocal exchange mechanisms with the movement of

materials through peaceful human interaction (Renfrew et al. 1968).

It is now understood that Early Neolithic groups impacted their

environment in a profound way and interacted with outside communities in what

are now believed to be complex social and political networks. Simple reciprocity

cannot explain how pottery styles spread across the Western Mediterranean or

why obsidian was selected as the primary material in the manufacture of

expedient tools. Nor does it define the impact of prehistoric trade on political and

cultural expansion in the western Mediterranean during the Neolithic and Early

Bronze Age (~6500 to 2000 BC) and the role of islands within this regional economy.

Malone’s (1997-1998) study of colonization in the Western Mediterranean suggests that although the distances between islands were long, they were not impossible to navigate (see Figure 1 and Table 1). This presents the possibility that exploration of islands in the western Mediterranean could have begun during the Mesolithic when groups were probably exploiting their environment. This also suggests that early explorers had extensive knowledge of the islands in the region and were aware of the best navigational routes to use during different seasons long before any immigrating populations arrived in the area.

It is also possible that this ‘institutional’ memory of navigational routes and island locations was passed on to successive generations thereby establishing the location of these islands within the framework of the cultural heritage of these early communities. This information may have created the map that allowed

4 prehistoric explorers to move about the western Mediterranean and helped establish lines of communication between settlements.

Figure 1: Location of western Mediterranean Islands

Size of Distance in km to nearest Island island 2 island or mainland (km )

Sicily 25,708 3 from Italian mainland

95 from Sicily Pantelleria 82 72 from North Africa

210 from Sicily Lampedusa 21 140 from North Africa

27 from Sicily Lipari 37 170 from North Africa

205 from Italian mainland Sardinia 24,089 13 from Corsica

87 from Italian mainland Corsica 8722 13 from Sardinia

Pontine Islands (Palmarola) 32 12 from Italian mainland

85 from Sicily

250 from Italian mainland Malta 246 6 from Gozo 161 from Pantelleria

80 from Sicily 245 from Italian mainland Gozo 67 120 from Linosa 6 from Malta

Table 1: Scale, size, and distance factors affecting early

5 One of the key elements of this early interaction found in the archaeological record is obsidian. In an effort to understand how trade networks operated in the western Mediterranean and an attempt to define the importance of obsidian in the Neolithic ‘trade package’ it is essential to determine not only the visual and chemical attributes of primary obsidian sources, but also specific data regarding the association between raw material sources and finished products.

This study provided an opportunity to ask questions about the value of obsidian and its distribution. Understanding how this process operated required a more in-depth examination of the geological history of a source area, a detailed study of potential collection sites and a more open view of the capabilities of

Early Neolithic explorers. This was accomplished by collecting a large number of samples from potential primary source sites and the examination of a significant number of artifacts. The investigation of how and where Neolithic and Bronze

Age communities collected obsidian went beyond general island identification and focused on the precise location of raw material extraction.

Secondly, the significance of these findings presents strong evidence that a variety of non-destructive testing methods may be used to determine the differentiation of raw materials within a single island source. This study proves that visual and chemical analysis can be used to determine the location of individual source flows on Pantelleria, and secondly, that this identification can be used to associate artifacts created from Pantellerian obsidian to specific primary source locations on the island.

6 Chapter Two

Obsidian

Definition and description of obsidian

Obsidian is a natural glass of volcanic origin formed by the rapid cooling of viscous lava. It is extremely rich in silica (65 to 80 percent), is low in water generally containing less than one percent water by weight, and has a chemical composition similar to rhyolite.

Rhyolitic lavas often contain up to 10 percent water, which helps keep the material viscous even at lower temperatures. When this material erupts on a surface from a vent or dike, the rapid escape of water increases the viscosity of the melted rock, preventing crystallization and allowing the lava to solidify into a glass.

Most obsidian has a glassy luster and is slightly harder than window glass.

Colors range from jet black to smoky gray, but also include (depending on the chemical composition of the parent source) green, red and brown varieties

(indicating the presence of hematite [iron oxide]) types.

Another characteristic of obsidian is the formation of dark bands of gray mottling that consists of alternating layers of crystals and crystalline bodies or are

composed of lines of bubble-free glass overlain by vesicular glass. These bands

and mottling are believed to have been formed by the layering of viscous lava.

7 Some obsidians display a pearl-like sheen, which may indicate the

presence of tiny gas bubbles, while other types are opaque except on thin edges

due to the closely packed crystallites. Obsidian may also contain spherical

clusters of radially arranged needle-like crystals called spherulites while other

inclusions may be expressed in the form of microlites (tiny polarizing crystals) of feldspar or phenocrysts (large, well formed crystals) of quartz.

When struck, obsidian produces conchoidal fractures (smooth, curved surfaces and sharp edges), creating some of the sharpest stone tools and weapons.

Identification of Primary Sources of Obsidian

A source is defined as the point of origin for a material type. In the case of obsidian, this means the location of a single volcanic event. These event locations may take any one or a combination of forms such as dome, flow, aerial bombs, erosional scatter or depositional layers that contain obsidian strata. This mixture of source types has led to some confusion as to how to determine the location of raw materials and has failed to address the importance of defining specific extraction points and their connection to trade and exchange.

Attributes of Western Mediterranean Obsidian

Previous studies have proven that there are only four obsidian sources in the western Mediterranean on the islands of: Lipari, located in the Aeolian

Islands northeast of the island of Sicily; Palmarola, located in the Pontine Islands

8 west of the Italian mainland; Pantelleria, located in the straits of Sicily, between

the southwestern coast of Sicily and the northeastern coast of Tunisia; and

Sardinia, located south of Corsica. Sardinia is the second largest island in the

Western Mediterranean and the most extensively studied obsidian source.

Palmarola

Lipari

Pantelleria Malta

Figure 2: Location of obsidian sources in the western Mediterranean

Obsidian Sources

In some cases, obsidian can be distinguished visually at the macroscopic

level through the identification of specific attributes unique to each island source.

The physical properties used in visual identification are categorized as color,

luster, transparency, conchoidal fracturing, refractive index, density, and

geological type (Cann et al. 1969; Cann and Renfrew 1964; Renfrew et al. 1968).

9 Lipari obsidian is black in color, very shiny and often perlitic. Palmarola

obsidian is black in color, glassy with a low luster and is usually semi-opaque.

Pantelleria obsidian is grey green in color, often contains microliths, is moderately shiny and transparent only on the thinnest edge.

Sardinia obsidian is categorized by five chemically distinct types (Tykot

1997). Sardinian A is very glassy, black in color and highly translucent.

Individual microlite crystals are visible in transmitted light, often with some flow orientation. Sardinian B1 is less glassy, black in color and usually opaque.

Sardinian B2 is very glassy with varieties ranging from transparent to nearly opaque. This type occasionally contains phenocrysts up to 2 mm in diameter

and rarely contains microliths in the transparent variety. Sardinian C1 is less

glassy but frequently contains well-defined external grey bands. This type is

totally opaque and rare pieces have red streaks. Sardinian C2 is visually

indistinguishable from Sardinian C1, and can only be differentiated through trace

element analysis.

However, visual identification cannot determine specific source locations

on an island where the obsidian is visually homogenous, as is the case on

Pantelleria. Trace element analysis, which can identify the obsidian ‘signature’ of

each island source, and has proved to be the most successful sourcing method

(Ammerman et al. 1987; Dixon 1976; Francaviglia 1986,1988; Tykot 1996, 1997;

Tykot and Ammerman 1997; Tykot 2002), can potentially be used to define the

different primary source areas within each island.

10 The identification of obsidian sources through visual and chemical analysis has been addressed in numerous studies especially since 1976 when R.

E. Taylor published the first comprehensive edited volume on archaeological obsidian. In most early studies, obsidian from Lipari, Sardinia, Palmarola and

Pantelleria was often treated as if each island source was homogeneous, when in fact this is not the case. The quality (e.g. workability), accessibility (e.g. location), and value of each location must have mattered when raw material was collected from primary source locations (Ammerman et al. 1993a, 1993b).

Cann and Renfrew (1964; Renfrew et al. 1968) first explored the connection between source material and finished products, and Bigazzi et al.

(1984, 1991, 1996) attempted to determine obsidian sources by identifying the trace element signatures of artifacts and geological samples. Hallam et al.'s

(1976) early sourcing studies using neutron activation analysis also helped to define the chemical signatures of obsidian in the western Mediterranean. The results of these analyses indicate that when the artifact and geological data are compared it is possible to reliably associate artifacts with island sources.

An earlier attempt at sourcing through the measurement of refraction index and specific weight by Bigazzi et al. (1971) also provided evidence that each island in the western Mediterranean has a unique geochemical signature, but these results were based on small sample numbers from only one location on each island. Durrani et al. (1971) and Francaviglia (1986) endeavored to differentiate between western Mediterranean source flows and secondary

11 deposits within a primary source location through fission track dating, but the

sample numbers were too small to provide conclusive evidence.

Francaviglia (1988) and Acquafredda et al. (1999) were among the first to

focus on identifying specific sources on Pantelleria. However, Acquafredda et al.

only tested two samples from Bagno dell’Acqua and four from the Balta dei

Turchi/Salto la Vecchia area. These small numbers do not provide enough information to determine the range of variability within each potential source location.

Other studies (Ammerman et al.

1988; Cann 1983; Dixon 1976; Dixon and

Renfrew 1973; Francaviglia 1988; Tykot

1996, 1997; Tykot and Ammerman 1997;

Tykot et al. 1998) also successfully established categories based on geochemical signatures whereby researchers could compare obsidian Figure 3: Obsidian Distribution in the artifacts with source materials thereby western Mediterranean. (from Williams- Thorpe et al. 1985) determining provenance.

All of this research revealed that in northern Italy, most archaeological obsidian was found to originate from Palmarola, Sardinia, and

Lipari. In the southern part of Italy, obsidian came primarily from Lipari with

Palmarolan obsidian poorly represented. Pantelleria obsidian is found in Sicily,

Malta and North Africa and a single piece was also recovered in the south of

12 France (Skinner et al. 1997; Cann & Renfrew 1964; Dixon 1976; Dixon et al.

1968; Renfrew et al. 1966, 1968; Tykot 1996, 1997; Williams-Thorpe et al. 1985).

Unfortunately many of these determinations were based on small numbers

of artifacts from archaeological sites, in some cases only one or two pieces.

Additionally, although geological material from source islands was also subjected

to trace element analysis, the results were based on only a few specimens from

each location.

This methodology becomes particularly troublesome when research

questions are focused on spatial distribution of artifacts in relationship to source

materials. Using only one or two artifacts and/or geologic samples limits

researchers’ ability to accurately determine what role obsidian played in the

creation of more complex trade and social networks in the Neolithic. The most that these results can offer a limited source determination identifying general island categories rather than specific extraction points.

In contrast, Tykot’s (1996, 1997, 1998) study of Sardinian obsidian sources proved that visual examination and trace element analysis of a large sampling of artifacts and source material could provide sufficient data to allow for a more precise identification of artifact provenance. His research brought to light the importance of establishing a link between finished products and specific raw material sources and provided accurate information about the unique chemical signature of each source on the island.

13 Chapter Three

Prehistoric Settlement of the Western Mediterranean

Early Settlement Theories

Studies of ancient sea levels (Schüle 2000; Basile et al. 1988; Antonioli

and Oliverio 1996) in the western Mediterranean have provided new insights into

the possible colonization patterns of migrating groups in the Late Mesolithic and

Early Neolithic. These studies indicate that some faunal and floral populations

could only have been introduced onto these islands through human intervention

(Schüle 2000).

During the Upper Pleistocene (beginning around 70,000 BP), the

shorelines of the Mediterranean were extended far beyond their current

positions. Around 18,000 BP, the southern and western shores of Sicily were

greatly enlarged putting them in closer proximity to the northern shores of Africa

(in particular Tunisia) and Pantelleria (see Figure 4). The Maltese islands were joined to Sicily during this period and became part of a large mega-island until

the waters rose to approximately their present levels (ca. 8000 BP). It also

appears that a narrow isthmus may have made travel between Sicily and the

North African coast highly likely (Leighton 1999).

14 Figure 4: Glacial and Modern Shorelines in the western Mediterranean

Colonization of the Western Mediterranean

Another point of contention between researchers is which model most clearly defines how the islands in the western Mediterranean were first colonized, when the colonization occurred, and who the early immigrants were.

Williams-Thorpe et al. (1985) contends that Early Neolithic groups were too primitive to negotiate open water crossings. Malone (1997-1998) addressed this issue and created the table shown on page five (see Table 1) to identify island size and distance from larger geological entities.

15 The actual size of an island was probably less important than the

relationship of the island to the nearest large land mass and the potential

subsistence levels that could be maintained if colonization was considered.

Cherry (1990,1992) observes that some islands, for example Cyprus and Malta,

are remote in comparison to other islands that were stepping-stones to larger

areas but, in fact, were colonized before some of the more easily accessible

islands. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that environmental factors

must have weighed heavily in the selection process and possibly were of more

importance than relative distance (Malone 1997-1998; Cherry 1990).

New Perspectives on Island Settlement

Shackleton et al. (1984) provided a thorough study of the central and western Mediterranean coastal paleogeography during the last glacial period.

The maps in Figures 4 and 5 depict the presence of large coastal plains during

extreme glacial activity ca. 18,000 BP and post-glacial warming ca. 9,000 BP that

caused a rapid rise in sea levels. The estimated sea level at 18,000 BP was

approximately 120 meters below the present coastline, with an error margin of +/-

10 meters. Between 15,000 and 14,000 BP oxygen isotope data imply that a major influx of melt water submerged shorelines around the world. By 9,000 BP,

the encroachment of seawater began to slow down, and by 6,500 BP (see Figure

6) the shores of the Mediterranean were close to their present position

(Shackleton et al. 1984).

Figure 5: Western Mediterranean Coastlines at 18,000 BP (from Leighton 1999).

Figure 6: Western Mediterranean Coastlines at 9,000 BP (from Shackleton 1984)

The dramatic difference between the shoreline boundaries for 18,000 BP and 9,000 BP provides a visual explanation of why there appears to be a dearth of evidence for the migration and habitation patterns of Paleolithic and Mesolithic groups during this period – most of the sites that would have provided evidence

17 of early colonization of the islands and navigational activity were lost to the rising

waters (see Figure 4).

This deficiency also explains why early researchers believed that Neolithic

groups lived in caves and on terraces high above the current sea levels and why

they initially dismissed the idea of travel between the islands of Sicily, Pantelleria,

Malta, Lampedusa, the Italian mainland and the North African coast.

Earlier studies dealing with culture, colonization, economy and trade

(Bernabò Brea 1958; Jarman 1971; Bradley 1971; Renfrew et al.1968; Collins

1978; Guilaine 1979) also address the possibility of earlier sea journeys. But

until Shackleton et al.’s (1984) study no one explored the possibility that

Mesolithic and Early Neolithic explorers could have possessed the skills that

would enable them reach the more remote islands (Williams-Thorpe et al. 1985).

In addition, collection and excavation strategies may have skewed the data, and

in some cases entirely overlooked lower levels because they were not supposed

to be there.

The impact that Shackleton et al.’s (1984) research had on archaeological

investigations in the western Mediterranean was profound. Researchers began

to reevaluate the migratory hypotheses that had been put forth in earlier studies.

Archaeologists began to accept the probability that Paleolithic and Mesolithic

explorers were crossing narrow channels between Sicily, North Africa and Malta

and that during these crossings explorers would have encountered other islands

– such as Pantelleria.

18 In light of these new data a renewed interest in the Neolithic began in the

1980s and 1990s. These new studies focused on agriculture (Costantini 1989;

Gregg 1989; Lewthwaite 1986, 1989; Tusa 1985), colonization (Cherry 1981,

1990; Malone 1997-1998; Rainbird 1999; van Dommelen 1999; Stoddart 1998), sociogeography (Webster 1997; Hitchner 1997), technology (Voytek 1996),

Neolithic communities (Ammerman 1988-1989; Tagliacozzo 1993; Malone and

Stoddart 2000), trade (Morter 1992, Morter et al. 2000), and public archaeology

(Giannitrapani 1998).

The transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic in the western

Mediterranean is now believed to have been a gradual process, with the earliest

Neolithic communities appearing in southern Italy, Sicily and possibly Malta and later in northern Italy, Spain and France. These early settlements continued to forage, hunt and fish as before, with agriculture initially only supplying a small amount of the overall subsistence for the community. It is also highly likely that some groups never made the transition, but continued to practice a hunting and foraging lifestyle well into the late Neolithic. Unfortunately, there are few

Neolithic sites that express this transition and those that have been investigated, such as those in Sicily express cultural deposits which are considered disturbed and therefore chronologically questionable.

The question is then, why did these groups change if there were no environmental factors forcing them to adopt new subsistence strategies? Most likely the spread of new resources, culture and technology by immigrants coming from eastern locations that are seen in late Mesolithic communities in southern

19 Italy and Sicily were important factors. New technology and domesticated

animals could have been easily incorporated into existing subsistence practices

and would not have had an immediate effect on the mobility of these groups

(Bernabò Brea 1958; Tusa 1985).

As cereals were introduced the need to remain close to the crops to insure

their success would have changed the way groups moved seasonally and

gradually this commitment to an agrarian lifestyle would have stabilized these

small communities to some extent. This sedentary adaptation also produced

new technological innovations, including pottery with more architecturally secure

compounds and the dependence on others to provide commodities that were not

locally available.

To be sure, there may have been some environmental stress as sea

levels rose and coastline communities were forced to move farther inland, but

since these settlements were seasonal rather than year round habitations, the

encroaching sea probably required a relocation of seasonal camps, although

some locations might have been abandoned when there was no longer enough

shoreline to allow for fishing, boat landings and foraging (Whittle 1996).

The Neolithic Period in Europe and the Western Mediterranean

Advances in dating and sourcing methods have caused the reexamination of Neolithic sites in Europe and the Western Mediterranean originally excavated

in the 19th and 20th centuries. This reexamination has changed the interpretation

of these sites from simple farming communities living on the edge of starvation to

20 ones with complex social structures that developed and changed as new technologies arose. New evidence also indicates that interaction with an increasing number of neighboring communities introduced new ideas and created a new social order based on knowledge and skill and commodities

(Balter 1993).

Fix (1999) states that as the distances between communities became less of an obstacle and the need for more raw materials increased, settlements providing the raw materials or creating finished products became more stratified.

This stratified state was the result of the growing complexity of community life and the need for more specialized crafts. Fix also postulates that in the early part of the Neolithic these stratified groups probably worked cooperatively, with no ‘chief’ or ‘big man’ in charge of the surplus wealth or power. Later, when trade networks encompassed a greater part of the western Mediterranean, these high status roles probably transitioned from community member, equal in work and wealth, to a person or family of higher status.

There is no clear evidence that these groups maintained the balance of power merely through an abundance of domesticated plants and animals, although much later this did in fact take place across Europe and the Western

Mediterranean (Fix 1999).

Johnson and Earle (1987) defined the socio-economic levels that are similar to the anthropological band, tribe and state classification.

• Family Group. Groups with population densities ranging from less than

one person per 16 square km up to at least two people per 1.6 square km.

21 These family groups are usually defined as mobile foragers who operate

in small units for most of the year, coming together in larger numbers to

disburse food surpluses, trade goods, and interact in social and possibly

religious activities. Johnson and Earle indicate that this structure is also

true for family groups that depend on agriculture and domesticated

animals. Although these units are sedentary, living in small enclaves for

most of the year, they may also have come together to share food and

animals, exchange gifts, brides and participate in social and religious

activities. Within the greater family group region, interaction between

family units is usually peaceful and family elders constitute the power level

oft the basic unit.

• Local Group. Groups with population densities greater than one person

per 1.6 square km. This level consists of numerous family groups and

may be five or ten times larger than family level groups. These larger

groups are created to fulfill a common need, such as food storage or

defense and usually share common cultural, religious and technological

traits.

• Regional Group. Groups that are brought together for a common cause,

such as war or defense and consist of local groups that are unable - for

whatever reason - to defend or sustain themselves without the support of

the larger entity. Regional groups are usually governed by an elite level

that controls the flow of food, other commodities and protection.

22 All three of the aforementioned levels are governed by environmental and economic pressures, variations within the structure of each entity that can affect the size, the nature of the local subsistence strategies, the group’s ability to interact with its neighbors through economic and political exchange, and the social stratification that may occur within each unit.

A second important point regarding the nature of the subsistence economy adopted by each group is based on the investment that the group must make in order to be successful.

Once a group decides on a subsistence strategy it is committed to it for some time. A great deal of labor and time is involved in the raising of crops and the care of animals. This type of shift in food patterns also changes the nature of the labor required to achieve success and in addition also requires that the division of labor evolves into more stratified levels that generate greater power and control over the general populace that is dependent on the expanded economic base and the commodities that are the end result of this cultural expansion.

As family groups increase in size or combine with larger groups the greater the amount of area that the newly formed larger group requires. In addition to an increased demand for more land, an increase in population also accelerates the consumption of commodities that may not be of local origin.

Competition for the exclusive rights to quarries, fishing and hunting areas and choice land for farming and pastures puts pressure on the groups (all sizes) and forces changes in economic strategies and technological innovation.

23 These evolutionary demands are sometimes the impetus for technological

breakthroughs. This may have been the case in the Neolithic as expanding

populations forced communities to find more efficient and cost effective ways to

manufacture tools and products, transport goods and defend territory. These

new inventions, or improvements on old methods changed the face of the

Neolithic world and forced communities to begin to identify with larger and larger

regional groups.

As communities expanded, and became more stratified and specialized,

the need to trade for those goods and services that were not readily available

increased. It is highly likely that the demand for basic goods swelled as a

community’s focus turned away from mere subsistence to a commodity based

lifestyle that depended on the labor of others to provide food, lodging and tools.

In addition to the economic and social pressures that the growing

communities faced, an increase in immigrants into some areas created its own

form of stress. The influx of new technology such as new techniques in ceramic

manufacturing or the introduction of more efficient agricultural methods, new cultural concepts, which are more difficult to determine from the archaeological record, and the blending of heretofore separate groups that introduced different social concepts, environmental demands and economic stresses to the receiving community (Fix 1999).

24 Neolithic Society

It is unlikely that western Mediterranean society during the Neolithic

developed the types of chiefdoms that are found in Polynesia, although early

studies used theories of reciprocity and exchange based on Big Man or Great

Man cultures as a model in an attempt to understand prehistoric lifeways.

Early Neolithic communities probably remained loosely structured and

independent, maintaining this social structure until the late second/early first

millennium BC when they transitioned from small pastoral communities into

complex, highly stratified city-states that continued to dominate the Italian

peninsula for centuries (Fix 1999).

Russell (1998) suggests that these were not communal economies in the

Marxist sense. A Marxist economy would not have supported the wide

distribution of commodities since control of any property would not have resided

with any individual or group. The ability to make decisions to acquire or sell raw

or finished material would not have been made by individual families or social

groups, but rather by the entire community who “owned” the product. Free trade

does not function in this environment. The ability to generate wealth and power

only comes from an environment where individuals are allowed to possess and

distribute goods and services with the anticipation of being reimbursed for their

products and/or services.

An interesting result of the shift of populations through immigration or new settlement in uninhabited areas is the link that is often created with the

‘homeland’. This link is graphically seen in the Neolithic communities on Malta

25 and Sicily, where it is believed that early settlers on Malta maintained a connection with their parent communities on the larger island. This connection

might have isolated the newcomers from the indigenous population and may

have caused a high degree of tension as groups vied for land, fishing territory

and control of trade routes.

Islands in the Western Mediterranean

A brief overview of the major islands in the western Mediterranean that

have evidence of possible trade with Pantelleria brings to light the importance of how and when they were colonized and/or exploited and their role within the

Neolithic trade network.

Sicily

Sicily has never been completely isolated from mainland Italy and is the

largest and most fertile of all the Mediterranean islands. Archaeological evidence

indicates that it is probably the island with the longest settlement history.

Leighton (1999) states that in Sicily, cultural provinces are easier to identify in certain periods than others.

During the Neolithic southern Italy is characterized by a certain amount of uniformity in cultural styles. This uniformity disappears by the Copper Age when northern and southern Italy became more regionalized and easily distinguishable

(Basile et al. 1988; Giannitrapani and Pluciennik 2001; Procelli 1995; Tusa 1985,

1992; Leighton 1999).

26 In spite of Sicily’s close proximity to the Italian mainland (a mere six kilometers), archaeological evidence indicates that there appears to have been a certain amount of local autonomy in the cultural development of the Sicilian society. Sicily was able to culturally evolve without being influenced by other cultural groups

Paleolithic and Mesolithic occupation levels in caves and rock shelters point to an unbroken transition from pebble tools in the earliest levels, to microlithic technology in the upper strata. These early cultural remains which can be found throughout Sicily have permitted researchers over the last century

to create a probable chronology based on lithic, faunal and environmental

material (Tusa 1985; Bernabò Brea 1958).

Neolithic settlements are dated from the late seventh, early sixth

millennium BC and it appears that the earliest Neolithic settlers were

agriculturalists coming from southeast Italy (Ammerman 1985; Morter 1990).

This immigration predates the Stentinello Phase of the Neolithic, which occurred

between the sixth and fifth millennia BC. Sites from this period exhibit daub or

rubble structures and present a broad range of wild and domestic species in the

faunal record (Malone and Stoddart 2000). The settlements appear more

developed than their Calabrian counterparts, consisting of substantial ditched

settlements and mixed subsistence economies and more closely resemble the

Neolithic communities in southeast Italy and along the southeastern coast in the

Tavoliere region (Ammerman 1985; Morter 1990; Malone and Stoddart 2000).

27 However, not all Early Neolithic settlements were established by new immigrants from the mainland. Uzzo cave in the northwestern section of the island is one of the best documented examples of a Mesolithic-Neolithic transition on the island. Archaeological evidence suggests that this community

was not influenced by the newly established settlements to the east and had little

in common with them (Piperno 1980; Tusa 1985, 1992; Whittle 1996).

Nevertheless, these early communities did not live in isolation. Initially it

was thought that there was no interaction between the Uzzo community and

outside groups, but one piece of Lipari obsidian recovered from Mesolithic levels

at Perriere Sottano may suggest that knowledge of these islands existed during

this early period and were exploited as a source of raw material for tools

(Leighton 1999; Whittle 1996; Tusa 1985). However, there is some debate as to the reliability of this evidence. This single piece of obsidian may have come from later levels and became intermixed with earlier material.

Tusa contends that the evidence at Uzzo Cave and other Early Neolithic

sites on Sicily demonstrate that the change between the Mesolithic and Neolithic

was not a clear break, but was characterized by the introduction of innovations

that resulted in socio-economic changes. The continuous occupation at Uzzo

Cave provides ample evidence of the introduction of new plants and advances in

animal husbandry that were not the result of an abrupt end of previous cultural

activities. Rather, these innovations led to more sophisticated forms of hunting

and gathering, advances in fishing techniques which resulted in an increase in

28 the variety of marine life available for consumption, and a transition to more sophisticated microblade technology (Tusa 1985, 1992).

Other examples can be found in the Torcicoda valley in central Sicily.

This multi-component region includes Middle Neolithic hearths dated to 5690 +/-

120 BP which calibrates to 4790-4330 cal BC at 2 sigma (Giannitrapani and

Pluciennik 2001), and Casa Solima, located on a plateau in the northeastern part of Sicily and identified as a Late Neolithic ‘house’ (Malone and Stoddart 2000).

The numerous postholes and a large hearth in the southern portion of the site indicate that this section of the house probably replaced an earlier structure that contained at least three storage pits. The northern end of the house had a separate hearth and more postholes possibly evidence of another earlier structure’s postholes (Malone and Stoddart 2000).

Western Sicily has other sites that might be considered typologically related to the Uzzo cave community. Grotta dei Ciaravelli, Grotta Maiorana,

Grotta d’Oriente and further to the west Grotta Regina, and Grotta Molara show a similar emergence of early Neolithic cultural patterns from late Mesolithic layers.

However, the evidence is so limited that nothing further can be said about these sites (Tusa 1985, 1992).

Only three sites, Grotta del Kronio, Riparo della Sperlinga and Grotta

Corruggi, in the central and eastern parts of Sicily offer sufficient and reliable evidence of trends similar to Uzzo. At Grotta Corruggi and at Riparo della

Sperlinga the beginning of the Neolithic appears to be similar to Uzzo, whereas

Kronio shows evidence of a Neolithic horizon that is the typological base for the

29 subsequent developments of impressed pottery of the Stentinello and Pienza

phases (Tusa 1985,1992).

Grotta del Kronio and Riparo della Sperlinga express a stratigraphic

sequence that begins with the Mesolithic and is identified as a pre-Stentinello

Early Neolithic phase. This early Neolithic layer also includes a microlithic

industry that appears to be of Mesolithic origin and a high proportion of wild floral

and faunal species (Tusa 1985).

Evidence of a trade or exchange system is found in the Early Neolithic

layers at Uzzo, Sperlinga, and Corruggi. The presence of obsidian demonstrates

the existence of some type of interaction between Sicily, Lipari and Pantelleria

that can be identified as pre-Stentinello (Tusa 1985).

However, interpretation of Neolithic sites on Sicily is challenging since it is

highly likely that a significant number of villages existed along coastlines that are

now underwater (Whittle 1996). The interpretation of Neolithic lifeways based

solely on evidence from sites located in caves and high terraces is flawed and

must be considered as an incomplete picture at best.

Malta

The Maltese Archipelago comprises the islands of Malta, Gozo and

Comino, along with some unnamed islets. The group is situated in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, 85 km southeast of Sicily, 250 km east of North Africa, and approximately 161 km southeast of Pantelleria.

30 The terrain of Malta is comparatively low, the highest point being about

239 meters above sea level. Geological evidence for the Tertiary era is represented by a succession of sediments deposited within a variety of shallow water marine environments. The Maltese island group probably emerged from below sea level at the end of the Early Pliocene period. Palaeogeographical evidence suggests that throughout the Quaternary period, the Maltese

Archipelago was connected at various stages to Sicily, east Mediterranean lands,

Libya and Tunisia (Savona-Ventura 1996; Mifsud et al. 1996).

During the Upper Pleistocene, it appears that small groups settled on

Malta while the island was still connected to the exposed landmass that included

Sicily, Italy and portions of the North African Coast. The type of humans that made this journey is still open to debate, with some researchers favoring Homo sapiens sapiens over Neanderthals, while others believe that it is highly likely that Neanderthals were the first immigrants to the island (Bonanno 1993; Trump

1995-1996, 1996).

Archaeological evidence from permanent settlements on the island indicates that they were established around 5000 BC, although this date is considered questionable by some researchers (Trump 1995 -1996, 1996;

Bonanno et al. 1990; Mifsud et al. 1996). Nevertheless, these early immigrants probably brought everything with them on some type of sea worthy vessel, possibly on flat-bottomed wooden boats (Wernick 1996; Savona-Ventura 1996).

Although the method of transportation is still unresolved, there are several plausible theories about how settlers first arrived on the island.

31 One theory has entire households with women, children, and

domesticated animals arriving in Malta. Another is that small groups of explorers

in the Early Neolithic discovered (or rediscovered) the island and began a

systematic immigration cycle from Sicily. A third intriguing theory states that

there was no colonization in Early Neolithic but that early contact with outside

groups is expressed in the archaeological remains of pottery, chert and obsidian

(Wernick 1996; Savona-Ventura 1996; Mifsud et al. 1996; Trump 1995-1996,

1996).

Nevertheless, by 4000 BC pottery characteristic of the Temple Period is

found in settlements at Skorba, Ggantija, and Mnajdra (Serio et al. 1992; Veen

and Van der Blom 1992; Mifsud et al. 1996), indicating long term locally

independent cultural evolution.

Although numerous studies have attempted to define the purpose of the

Temple Period and its monumental architecture, it is significant that this Late

Neolithic community was familiar with the position of the stars and the phases of the moon. Investigations of the position and alignment of some of the monumental temple structures on Malta by (Wernick 1996), Veen and Van der

Blom (1992) and others suggests that these buildings were intentionally placed in these positions, although the reasons for this placement are still unknown.

This astrological knowledge may have enabled these early settlers to use

these astronomical positions to navigate across open stretches of water between

Malta and Sicily and possibly between Malta, Pantelleria, Lampedusa, and North

Africa

32 Archaeological evidence has also revealed that the fallow periods for

agricultural growth shortened and the types of domesticated animals shifted

away from cattle to predominately sheep and goats. More significantly, there is

evidence that woodland areas were cleared as farmers searched for better land

(Bonanno et al. 1990).

This over-use of the land caused changes in the types of plant species

that encroached upon food plots that were left fallow. Barley, wheat and

legumes replaced indigenous plant populations thereby changing the landscape,

and domesticates brought by the settlers pushed out the indigenous animal

population (Savona-Ventura and Mifsud 1997). The types of crops grown also changed, shifting from barley and wheat to olives and grapes – both products

that were not used as staple food items. Archaeological evidence indicates that

the Maltese imported obsidian, ochre, flint and rock for axes, suggesting that the

islanders were dependent on the trade network during the Neolithic. It is not

known if oil and wine were used as trade items, although by the Bronze Age they

were essential elements of trade in the Mediterranean (Savona-Ventura 1996;

Malone 1997-1998; Malone and Stoddart 1995; Mifsud et al. 1996; Bonanno et

al. 1990).

Other Islands

Other islands in the western Mediterranean such as Lampedusa and Gozo

(Malone and Stoddart 1995; Wernick 1996; Bonanno et al. 1990) also provide

some archaeological evidence that indicates interaction with Pantelleria.

33 However, no artifacts were examined from these two locations, therefore they will

not be addressed in any detail within the scope of this study.

Lithic Technology in the western Mediterranean

Previous studies of obsidian technology and trade in the Western

Mediterranean have identified production methods and lithic distribution

(Ammerman and Polglase 1993a, 1993b; Voytek 1996, 1996; Williams-Thorpe et

al. 1985; di Lerna 1996; Bradley 1971).

Ammerman and Polglase (1993a, 1993b) identified obsidian artifacts

recovered from Arene Candide located in northern Italy, with a two-way

classification: source and class of lithic reduction. Originally excavated by

Bernabo Brea in 1946 and 1956, the site is one of the few locations where screening was employed as part of the excavation strategy. There are reliable radiocarbon dates for the Neolithic levels, encompassing Early Neolithic (c. 5800-

5300 BC), associated with Impressed Ware pottery; Middle Neolithic (c. 4900 -

4300 BC), with Square Mouth pottery; and Late Neolithic (ca. 4000 - 3500 BC), with Chassey Pottery (Ammerman and Polglase 1993). The obsidian artifacts were divided into five categories: 1) blades, 2) flakes, 3) cores, 4) core trim, and

5) trim. The majority of the pieces were identified as blades and many of these

pieces exhibited evidence of retouch and use wear, indicating that these were

tools that were heavily utilized until they were lost or discarded.

Other studies have focused on the sourcing, distribution and

reduction sequence of obsidian from raw material source to final deposition

34 (Cann et al. 1969; Voytek 1996, 1997; Williams-Thorpe et al. 1984, 1985;

Williams-Thorpe 1995; di Lerna 1996; Bradley 1971).

Di Lerna (1996) categorizes this sequence with three levels of material

distribution:

1. Local level - mass production at the local or sub-local range with a

short range of circulation close to the island source where large

quantities of primary and secondary reduction materials can be found.

2. Middle level - identified by quality or specialized production. These

sites may be located near the primary source, and in the case of

obsidian this would mean on the Italian peninsula, the immediate north

African coast, Sicily, Malta, and Lampedusa and are identified by the

presence of blade debitage, with lesser amounts of raw material.

3. Long level - sites located at distances > 250 km and are identified by

only finished tools without debitage. For obsidian, this means the

northern-most areas of Italy and southern France.

This presence or absence of raw material and cores has been used to define the type of lithic production that may have occurred and Neolithic and

Bronze Age sites in the western Mediterranean (Voytek 1996; Williams-Thorpe et al. 1985). However, Ammerman and Polglase (1993a, 1993b) suggest that the lack of tool production evidence in association with finished products indicates that distance was not a factor for expanding trade networks, and rules out the idea of redistribution and reciprocity as key factors in Neolithic trade systems.

35 Ammerman and Polglase (1993a, 1993b) clearly show that lithic

production during the Early Neolithic did not consist of settlements all creating

tools from raw material reduction to finished product, but, in fact, was populated

with different types of ‘manufacturing centers.’ Some of these centers would

have collected the raw material from its source; some would have reduced the

raw obsidian to easily transportable cores and large reduction flakes, while

others would have reduced the obsidian to finished products such as blades,

knives and points.

Transportation

Archaeological evidence indicating that transportation between distant

communities may have been more widespread than previously thought is found,

for example at Neolithic sites in northern Germany and southern Poland in

association with the Funnel Beaker Culture. Cart tracks were found beneath a barrow at Flintbek Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde near Kiel Germany. The track was only “. . . 20 m long and consisted of two parallel ... 60 cm wide bundles of wheel ruts and a single shorter wheel-rut parallel to them” (Bakker et al.

1999:783). Bakker et al. believe that the ‘wavy’ impressions preserved in the

surface indicate wheels rather than the track marks of sledges.

Other evidence of wheeled vehicles is found at Jebel Aruda, a Near

Eastern site that contained a wheel model in association with Late Uruk pottery, obsidian and flint tools in Neolithic levels. The earliest date appears to be around

4670 +/- 20 BP or 3517-3370 cal. BC (Bakker et al. 1999:781).

36 The Broncice site near Cracow, Poland contains a cup from the Funnel

Beaker culture that depicts wagons and other unidentified symbols. This artifact also dates from 4725 +/- 50 BP with an absolute age of c. 3637-3373 cal. BC with a calibrated median date of 3520 BC (Bakker et al. 1999).

Whether this mode of transport was utilized in Italy remains unclear, since no evidence of any wheeled vehicles has been recovered at Neolithic sites anywhere on the Italian peninsula or islands.

The Italian Neolithic

Archaeological investigations of the Italian Mesolithic and Neolithic have suffered from two research biases:

1. Early archaeological investigations focused on ‘classical studies’ of

Greek, Etruscan, and Roman sites, while ignoring earlier

archaeological strata;

2. Previous archaeological methods overlooked vital information, and in

some cases artifact collection was selective creating a bias in the

artifact assemblage.

In the 1990s, new chronologies for the Neolithic period were created based on improved radiocarbon dating and calibration methods (Skeates and

Whitehouse 1995-1996). Nevertheless, human ingenuity was often not included in the examination of cultural diversity (Williams-Thorpe et al. 1985).

Researchers frequently overlooked the fact that cultural differences occurred between geographically separated prehistoric groups. These

37 differences created the concept of the other and the disparities that are perceived between two groups can create social and political barriers that at their very worst escalate to open animosity.

Why researchers continue to operate as if prehistoric groups willingly accepted cultural, social, and economic changes is unclear. Recent studies of southern Italian Mesolithic and Neolithic sites indicate that cultural pressures from outside groups may have been resisted, or at the very least modified to suit the individual community’s needs. For example, in Sicily it appears that although some communities were incorporating new agricultural techniques into their subsistence strategies, other groups only chose animal husbandry. Evidence from Uzzo, Grotta del Kronio, Riparo della Sperlinga and Grotta Corruggi all suggest that the contact with groups arriving from the east was not as influential as first thought and that most encounters provided an opportunity to assess new technologies, social structures and cultural norms (Tusa 1985, 1992; Malone and

Stoddart 2000; Ammerman 1985; Morter 1992).

38 Chapter Four

The Island of Pantelleria

Pantelleria is situated on the Pantellerian Rift, which forms the deepest part of the Straits of Sicily, and lies approximately 95 km from the southwestern coast of Sicily, 72 km from the northeastern coast of Tunisia and approximately

161 km northwest of the islands of Malta and Gozo (see Figure 7).

Pantelleria is a small island, measuring only 83 km2, with a maximum diameter of approximately 13.7 km lying in a NW-SE direction and a minimum diameter of 8 km running from NE to SW. The highest point on the island is located on Montagna Grande with a height of 836 m.

Pantelleria

Figure 7: Location of Pantelleria in the western Mediterranean

39 The island lies in what is still considered an active volcanic zone (Berrino

and Capuano 1995) and is the emerged part of a large volcanic field, with only

approximately fifty percent above sea level. This intense volcanism created two

volcanoes, which form the islands of Pantelleria and Linosa (Civetta et al. 1998).

Geologic History Previous surveys of Pantelleria conducted by Washington (1913a, 1913b,

1914), Berrino and Capuano (1995), Civetta et al. (1988, 1998), Mahood and

Hildreth (1986), Francaviglia (1988), and others focused, for the most part, on the

geomorphology of the island and its volcanic history, often containing conflicting

dates for geological events and different terms for geologic features and

locations on the island (see Figure 9).

The volcanic history of the island can be divided into two major groups of

basaltic formations based on the analysis of major and trace elements, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope composition and age of eruption. A high TiO2-P2O5 group, with an

eruption date before 50 ka is classified as the Pre-Green Tuff phase.

The second group, with low TiO2-P2O5, erupted after 50 ka and is known

as the Post-Green Tuff phase. These two events are separated by a caldera

collapse that can be seen in the southern portion of the island near Salto la

Vecchia (Civetta et al. 1988, 1998; Mahood and Hildreth 1986).

Structurally, Pantelleria consists of faults and fractures that run NW/SE and NE/SW. Two major calderas representing different geological events are located in the central part of the island (Berrino and Capuano 1995; Civetta et al.

40 1988, 1998), and the remnants of a third, possibly older caldera located in the

southwestern portion of the island (Mahood and Hildreth 1986).

Based on this geologic evidence, Pantelleria’s birth and subsequent growth can be viewed as a violent one. The collapsed calderas indicate that there were large explosive eruptions, which were then followed by less explosive eruptive periods (see Figures 8 and 9). Analysis of stratigraphic samples from these eruptive sequences has proven problematic, but it appears that the more complex magmas were extruded during the early formational stages of the island, while later eruptions provide evidence of magma flows from deeper levels

(Berrino and Capuano 1995; Civetta et al. 1988, 1998; Mahood and Hildreth

1986).

Figure 8: Example of volcanic deposition on Pantelleria

Figure 9: Geological Map of Pantelleria (Civetta 1998)

42 Peralkaline Obsidian

Another product of this violent eruptive activity was the formation of glassy

deposits known as Pantellerite. Pantelleria is the type locality for Pantellerite.

Pantellerite is a peralkaline rhyolite that is enriched in Na, Fe, Cl, and other trace

elements. This type of rock typically occurs in non-orogenic continental regions

that have been subjected to crustal doming and rifting (Civetta et al. 1998;

Mahood and Hildreth 1986). Pantelleria consists entirely of volcanic rock, which

includes lavas and pyroclastic deposits. These deposits are composed of dental,

pantellericitic trachyte, comenditic trachyte and alkali basalt (Civetta et al. 1998).

Peralkaline silicic rocks, specifically trachytes and rhyolites with molar

(Na2O + K2O)/Al2O3 ratio > 1, occur as both plutonic (peralkaline granites) and volcanic (peralkaline trachytes, comendites and pantellerites) types.

Typically, they occur in non-orogenic continental regions that have been subjected to crustal doming and rifting.

This chemical composition makes

Pantellerian obsidian distinctive among the Mediterranean obsidian sources.

The workable obsidian has a greenish opaque appearance with a small Figure 10: Geological Samples from Salto amount of transparency on thin edges, la Vecchia while formations that contain a high amount of crystallization tend to be brown or

43 rust in color and are not associated with any archaeological deposits (see

Figures 10, 11 and 12). This distinctive green color makes Pantellerian obsidian easily recognizable, and visually different from the other western Mediterranean sources (Francaviglia 1988; Mahood and Hildreth 1986).

Figure 12: Geological sample from Balata dei Figure 11: Geological sample from Salto la Turchi Vecchia The Archaeological History of

Pantelleria

Pantellerian obsidian resources were exploited at least from the Early

Neolithic with evidence for this early use found in artifact assemblages in Sicily,

Malta and North Africa. Although there is scant evidence of permanent settlements on Pantelleria before the Bronze Age, the recovery of artifacts from the island attest to its importance as an obsidian resource (Malone 1997-1998;

Francaviglia 1988; Tozzi 1968, 1978; Camps 1964, 1974; Tusa 1990; Zoughlami

1991). 44

Archaeological investigations on Pantelleria have been limited, primarily due to the belief that permanent settlements did not exist on the island before the

Bronze Age. Recent field investigations conducted by Tosi (personal communication 2000, 2001), Vargo et al. (2001, 2002), and Colella (personal communication 2000, 2001) indicate that there were probably some earlier settlements on the island, and these locations may represent small communities that pre-date the Bronze Age settlements (see Figure 13).

What is known archaeologically about the island is that explorers were visiting Pantelleria by the Early Neolithic (Trump 1995-1996, 1966; Savona-

Ventura 1996; Tusa 1985; Zoughlami 1991) and that the material they collected eventually made its way to Sicily, Malta and North Africa. Recent archaeological surveys of Pantelleria identified six areas on the island that contain concentrations of lithic material, which represent a complex lithic industry that utilized available local sources of obsidian. Of the six locations, Mursia has received the most archaeological attention. Identified as a Bronze Age site,

Mursia provides evidence of a typical small-island subsistence regime with domesticated stock, fishing (fish and shellfish), cultivation of crops (unknown), and hunting (small birds) (Tusa 1985, 1992; Leighton 1999).

Mursia is located on a natural terrace area on the western shore with a small docking area, a spring, and dry volcanic soils. The site is protected on the landward side by a large stone wall approximately 200 m long and 10 m wide at

the base. The wall was probably part of an enclosure that protected the village

(Tusa 1985,1992).

Figure 13: Location of Archaeological Sites on Pantelleria (Yellow Dots) [See Figure 14 for Lithologic Map Legend]

Excavations by Orsi in 1894, later work in 1968 and 1978 by Tozzi, and

Tosi’s recent work (personal communication: 2000, 2001) suggests that there

were at least three occupation levels covering Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age

cultural phases. Other sites at Punta Fram, Vercimursa, Suvaki, Cuddia Bruciata

and Maggiulivedi are undated, but it is highly likely that these locations also represent a long term cultural history for the island (Colella 2001; Tusa1985,

1992; Tosi: personal communication 2000, 2001).

It is unclear what these other sites represent and if they are connected

with the export of raw material to Sicily, Malta and North Africa. Unfortunately,

they are located in active agricultural areas on the island and are not available for

study during the growing season. This agricultural activity has also created a

high level of disturbance, which makes defining any chronological sequence difficult if not impossible.

Pantellerian Obsidian in Sicily, Malta and North Africa

Leighton (1999) states that Pantelleria was the least visited obsidian source, but this is an assumption that this author does not support. Conversely, he claims that Pantelleria must have been inhabited by the Early Neolithic, based on the presence of Pantellerian obsidian in North Africa, Sicily, and Malta during this period (Leighton 1999; Camps 1964, 1974, 1986).

Camps’ (1974) study of Neolithic sites in North Africa examined eleven locations in Tunisia and Algeria that provide evidence of an active lithic industry with Pantellerian obsidian and to a lesser extent, Lipari obsidian represented in the artifact assemblage (Camps 1964, 1974; Zoughlami 19716; Tykot 1996).

Pantellerian obsidian is also found at Neolithic sites located on Sicily,

Lampedusa (Leighton 1999) and Malta (Leighton 1999; Trump 1996; Tykot

1996). Lampedusa lies approximately 210 km from Sicily, 145 km from

Pantelleria and 130 km from Tunisia - a long voyage under the best of conditions.

It is possible that the island might have been visited by explorers from either

Pantelleria or Malta during the Early Neolithic.

Archaeological evidence on Lampedusa recovered from levels that are

thought to be linked to the Sicilian Stentinello Culture include Pantellerian obsidian, indicating that at the very least people living on the island were in contact with groups who had been to Pantelleria (Camps 1986).

Although there seems to be little doubt that contact with Sicily was a direct one, it is unclear how Pantellerian obsidian reached Malta. One theory has the obsidian from Pantelleria collected by Neolithic groups from to Sicily where it was subsequently sent to Malta. The same scenario is used for Pantelleria obsidian found on Lampedusa, only in this case the route goes from Pantelleria to North

Africa to Lampedusa (Trump 1995-1996, 1996). Others believe that the connection was direct with materials flowing back and forth to Malta and

Lampedusa from Pantelleria (Leighton 1999).

Whichever route the obsidian took, there is no doubt that the existence of

‘green’ obsidian was well known in Early Neolithic communities and was exploited well into the Bronze Age. However, the question that still remains to be answered involves the actual procurement of the raw material from Pantelleria. It is important not only to know the island source, but also to identify the exact location where raw materials were extracted from seams or outcrops.

Identification of the location of the primary sources on the island will enable researchers to examine the environmental attributes that may have made

Neolithic explorers favor one location over another.

Chapter Five

Survey and Sampling at Primary and Secondary Obsidian Sources on Pantelleria

The island of Pantelleria provides an excellent environment to test the hypothesis that by collecting a large amount of geological samples from primary and secondary obsidian sources contained within an island source, sufficient information will be produced through density, INAA, LA-ICP-MS and XRF testing to determine the geological and chemical signature of each obsidian deposit.

Although Pantelleria’s geological history has been extensively studied (Mahood and Hildreth 1998; Francaviglia 1988; Civetta et al. 1988, 1998, Bigazzi et al.

1971, 1996), researchers have only recently become aware of Pantelleria’s

Neolithic heritage with the recovery of artifacts manufactured from Pantelleria obsidian found in Sicily, Malta, Lampedusa, and the North African coast (Tozzi

1968, 1978; Tusa 1985, 1992; Camps 1964, 1974, 1986; Tykot 1996; Tosi personal communication 2000, 2001; Colella personal communication 2001).

Pantelleria’s depositional history is divided into two major categories: Pre-

Green Tuff and Post Green Tuff. Green Tuff activity, which divides the two categories, consisted of a series of violent explosive eruptions, which produced large volumes of material – all identified under the designation ‘Green Tuff’. This

49 activity is significant since these deposits created a visible overburden, which can be used to identify and date depositional layers on the island (see Figure 14).

P. S. Leonardo N Pantelleria P. Karusica Bagno dell’Acqua

P. Pozzolana P. Spadillo

Mursia Khaggiar Cuddia del Cat

Punta M. Gelkhamer Fram Bonsulton Cuddia di Khamma P. Tracino C. Del C. Randazzo M. Gelfiser Gallo

Cuddia di Mida Cuddia Mueggen

Cala di Sataria M.gna Grande Serra di C.Monastero Ghirlanda

Costa M. Gibele P. Formaggio M.Gibile di Zighidi 1 7 Scauri F.sa del Russo C. Kahassa Cuddie Latite P.del Barone P. del 2 8 Curtigliolo Sciuvechi

3 9 Cuddie di Bellizzi P. della Salina 4 10 Cuddia Attalora

5 11 Balata dei Turchi

6 12 13 Salto la Vecchia 0 1 2 3 km Geologic Sample Collection Points Figure 14: Lithologic Map of Pantelleria (after Civetta et al. 1984,1998). 1. Recent sedimentary deposits; 2. Mursia basaltic lava flows and cinder cones; 3. Upper pantelleritic lava flows and domes; 4. Pantelleritic domes and lava flows; 5. Cuddia di Mida tephra; 6. Lower pantelleritic lava flows and domes; 7. Gelkhammar pantelleritic endogenous dome and lava flows; 8 P. San Leonardo basaltic lava flows and cinder cones; 9. Mt. Gibele lava flows; 10. Montagna Grande dome; 11. Serra di Ghirlanda; 12. Green Tuff; 13. Volcanic units older than Green Tuff deposits

50 The majority of Pre-Green Tuff material is buried under the tuff overburden

(see Figure 15) and it was previously thought that any obsidian used during the

Neolithic and Bronze Age must have come from the younger post-tuff deposits

(Mahood and Hildreth 1986; Francaviglia 1988).

Figure 15: Green Tuff Exposures at Salto la

However, along the southern coastline at Salto la Vecchia and Balata dei

Turchi, Pre-Green Tuff deposits are exposed. In order to determine if any of this

material was accessible to Neolithic and Bronze Age communities, primary

source material from Salto la Vecchia was collected below the Green Tuff

deposition layers (see Figures 16 and 17).

Figure 16: B. Vargo, R. Tykot and C. Ruppe collecting primary source material below the Green Tuff deposit at Salto la Vecchia.

Figure 17: T. Setzer collecting primary source collection at Salto la Vecchia below the Green Tuff deposit

52 Green Tuff exposures at Balata dei Turchi were less visible (see Figure

18) but it is likely that some of the primary source material collected along the slope adjacent to the large pumice flow is composed of Pre-Green Tuff obsidian

(see Figures 19 and 20).

Figure 18: Geological stratigraphy just west of Balata dei Turchi

Figure 19: Balata dei Turchi Pumice Flow

53 Pre-Green Tuff exposures are

also present at other locations along the

southwestern and southeastern coast

lines of Pantelleria. Those exposures

were not inculded in this study since

there are no obsidian deposits

associated with these formations.

Figure 20: Balata dei Turchi west of pumice deposit

Location of Primary and Secondary Obsidian Deposits

Washington’s (1913a, 1913b, 1914) early work identified geological strata

on Pantelleria and created a framework for future studies. Although he indicated

that green pantellerite is located along the southern coastline of Pantelleria, he

focused his geological analysis on the northern half of the island. Washington

collected samples which he identifies as obsidian from an area called Costa

Zeneti, which lies to the north of Bagno dell’Acqua and is in the same general location where samples for this study were collected in 2000 and 2001.

Unfortunately, Washington only refers to this obsidian in connection with

his comparative study of earlier research but goes into great detail regarding a

basalt dike that lies at the northeast end of the formation. He describes the

54 basalt as “. . . jet black and aphanitic, very minutely vesicular, (and). . . is almost free from phenocrysts . . .” (Washington 1913b:709). He also points out that tables of labradoite lie in a base of glass that appears to be black in natural light but is, in fact composed of brown and black globulites (Washington 1913b).

Washington (1913b) also refers to black pantellerite and brown pantellerite from the Sant’ Elmo region near Mt. Gelkhamer but claims that he never observed the green variety in any of his surveys.

Washington established a strong framework for subsequent studies in the latter part of the twentieth century. However, it must be remembered that his focus was geological rather than archaeological and he was not concerned about the differences between workable and non-workable materials. The most important evidence that his survey brought to light is the presence of obsidian in the Costa Zeneti region – the only area where he identifies any material under this category.

Mahood and Hildreth’s (1986:167) detailed study of Pantelleria only cites

Grotta del Formaggio as having “. . .five black welded obsidian layers, each several meters thick, and much thicker intervening layers of partially to nonwelded pumice fall . . . “ Other formations at Salto la Vecchia, Cala dell

Altura and Cuddia dei Scauri are only identified as ‘glass’. It is also important to note that geological samples were taken from all the aforementioned locations but not Balata dei Turchi (see Figure 21).

55 Costa Zeneti

Punta del Formaggio

Cuddia dei Scauri

Green Pantellerite

Balata dei Turchi Salto la Vecchia

Figure 21: Location of obsidian and ‘green pantellerite’ identified by Washington and Mahood and Hildreth (after Civetta et al. 1984, 1998)

56 In contrast, Francaviglia’s (1988) XRF analysis of geological samples and

artifacts from Pantelleria identified five chemically discrete sources of obsidian:

one at Upper Balata dei Turchi, two at Lower and Upper Balata dei Turchi, one at

Bagno dell’Acqua and an unidentified deposit in the Gelkhamer region (near an

archaeological site identified as Mursia 11). There is no mention in

Francaviglia’s study of any obsidian deposits at Grotta del Formaggio, nor was that area included in my study.

Sampling Strategy

The collection strategy used in this study was not based on previous reports, since these could only be used as a general ‘guide’ to primary sources.

For example, Francaviglia’s report lacked sufficient details to determine the specific locations where he collected his geological samples and artifacts.

Washington’s survey primarily focused on non-obsidian bearing areas in the northern portion of the island and Mahood and Hildreth’s analysis used the same nomenclature as Washington and identified numerous formations under the heading of ‘glass’ and ‘pantellerite’ without specifying which areas contained workable obsidian.

Therefore, a broader more comprehensive survey was required. General survey areas were delineated using maps from Francaviglia (1988) and Civetta et al. (1998). Maurizio Tosi and Valentina Colella of the University of Bologna, and Rosario di Fresco, a member of the Archeoclub of Pantelleria, provided valuable assistance in locating primary source deposits and supplied data

57 regarding the location of archaeological sites on the island. In addition, Tosi and

Colella granted access to artifact collections from a number of Late Neolithic and

Bronze Age sites on Pantelleria for use in the comparative analysis of geological samples and cultural material.

Collection areas were assigned a waypoint number based on UTM coordinates generated with a Garmin GPS hand-held unit. No datum were established since the sample collection was random. Secondary collection points located within each area were assigned either a sub-waypoint number or a

unique number. This number assignment was based on the proximity of the

sample collection point to the initial waypoint. Sub-numbers were used if the

location was less than five meters from an original point, while new waypoint

numbers were designated if the sample was located more than five meters from

the original point. These coordinates established loci for each source of

workable obsidian. Secondary source deposits were collected randomly to

include the widest range of possible variables within a designated collection area.

Sample collection during the 2000 season included specimens from

surface, secondary, and potential primary deposits. Some samples were clearly

not workable, as was the case with the Punta Spadillo and Gelkhamer material, but were collected in order to establish the range of differentiation between workable and non-workable sources (see Figure 14 for collection points).

Specific locations for primary obsidian deposits were not provided by

Washington, Francaviglia or Civetta, therefore obsidian collection areas were

58 designated based on Francaviglia’s map and his somewhat vague geographic

descriptions.

The 2001 survey focused on specific areas of the island that had been

identified as the location of primary source material. Only primary source

material and secondary source material in close proximity to a primary source

was collected. This included deposits at Salto la Vecchia that were below the

Green Tuff layer (see Figure 20) where obsidian had been observed during the

2000 season but was impossible to reach without rock climbing equipment; the

ridge above the 2000 collection points at Bagno dell’Acqua that were thought to

contain additional workable obsidian; and at Balata dei Turchi where the

collection strategy included the identification of in situ obsidian deposits at

several points on the slope and a random collection of secondary source

material.

The number of samples taken from each location was determined by the

abundance of primary and secondary deposits, the quality of the samples (e.g. workability) and accessibility. Sample collections varied from point to point, depending on the abundance of obsidian. Each sampling was large enough to provide ample material for a variety of testing procedures.

Sample bags were assigned a unique number that coincided with the GPS waypoint number for that collection point. Each specimen was categorized as either part of a surface collection or extracted from primary (in situ) deposits.

Back at the USF lab, the physical characteristics of each piece of obsidian were recorded. Material that appeared to be modified or was clearly an artifact was

59 identified using the terms: flake, shatter, core, blade, biface or modified flake. All collected materials were photographed and assigned a University of South

Florida catalog number.

Survey Locations and Collection Points

Three locations were selected in the northern portion of

Pantelleria: Punta

Spadillo, Mt. Gelkhamer and Bagno dell’Acqua

(see Figure 22). Mt.

Gelkhamer and Bagno Figure 22: Location of northern sample collection points (red dell’Acqua had previously squares = sample collection points, yellow circles = archaeological sites). been identified by Washington (1913a, 1913b and 1914) and Francaviglia (1988).

Punta Spadillo

Eleven samples were collected from the northeastern coastal area east of the town of

Pantelleria (see Figure 22).

Although no workable obsidian has been observed in this area it was Figure 23: Pantellerite deposits and WW II bombing sites at Punta Spadillo. 60 felt that as much geological material as possible should be collected including

non-workable glass. Samples from Punta Spadillo are highly crystallized, brown

in color and slightly crumbly. The area had been heavily bombed by Allied troops

during World War II in an effort to destroy Axis gun emplacements (see Figure

23). Sections of the formation appeared to be burnt and it was determined that it was highly unlikely that any workable obsidian was ever located in this area.

Gelkhamer

Thirty-two samples were

collected from three locations in the

Mt. Gelkhamer area: the road

leading up to the western slope, the

upper sections of the western side of

the formation, and the northeastern Figure 24: In-situ pantellerite from the northeastern slope of Mt. Gelkhamer slope.

Colors for the Mt. Gelkhamer

deposits ranged from greenish brown

to brown, displayed banding in a linear

flow pattern and most samples

appeared highly crystallized (see

Figures 24 and 25). Although this Figure 25: In-situ pantellerite from the eastern slope of Mt. Gelkhamer material was measured to determine

61 density, these results were not used in this study. No workable obsidian was

observed in the area that Francaviglia (1988) suggested as potential sources for

raw material.

Mt. Gelkhamer has been heavily impacted by modern construction,

including an Italian military installation that covers a large portion of the upper

levels of the area. As a result, we were unable to survey this section of Mt.

Gelkhamer. Although Francaviglia does not mention any military activity in his

1988 report, it is possible that the obsidian source he suggests exists may be located within the confines of the military compound. Other sections of Mt.

Gelkhamer are covered with a variety of formations associated with volcanic activity and no obsidian was observed during a pedestrian survey of this area.

Bagno dell’ Acqua

Eighty-eight obsidian

samples were collected

from several locations

above and west of the lake

(see Figure 26).

The first group was Figure 26: Bagno dell’Acqua collected from a section of pumice/ash deposits that were exposed approximately

sixty meters above a modern roadway leading to several small farms (see Figure

27). Samples extracted from this area were very small, most were less than five

centimeters in diameter. Although this material could be considered high quality

62 obsidian, the pieces now present were clearly not workable because of their size,

but they may represent evidence of secondary deposits that might have been in the area in the form of larger obsidian bombs.

Figure 27: Secondary obsidian deposits in pumice/ash at Bagno dell’Acqua.

In 2001, a second investigation of the area provided additional material.

These deposits were located approximately 100 meters above the 2000 collection point (see Figure 22) and may be part of the material that Washington

(1913a, 1913b and 1914) mentions observing during his survey. No worked material was observed near these formations, however a core was found along a

farm road during the 2000 survey.

The landscape surrounding Bagno dell’Acqua has been severely altered

due to agricultural activity that dates back to at least the Roman period. It is

likely that primary obsidian deposits never existed in this area and that workable

bomb obsidian was extracted from the pumice layers that were easily accessible 63 along the escarpment above the lake. However, this question may never be

completely resolved without excavation since any such evidence is probably

buried under modern vegetation, buildings and roads.

Figure 28: Bagno dell’Acqua – Costa Zeneti formation

Finally, a survey of the Costa Zeneti formation during 2001 did not provide

any additional information regarding any other obsidian deposits in the area. The violent nature of the eruptions and subsequent collapse of the caldera that formed these escarpments is evident in the terrain (see Figure 28).

Two locations were chosen from the southern coastline: Salto la Vecchia and Balata dei Turchi. Francaviglia (1988) indicated that the Balata dei Turchi formation contained at least two deposits identified as Upper Balata dei Turchi and Lower Balata dei Turchi that could be associated with cultural material.

64 Balata dei Turchi

Balata dei Turchi is located approximately 1.5 kilometers east of Salto la

Vecchia at the southern end of the island (see Figures 14, 29 and 33). Recent

construction and natural disasters have caused a great deal of disturbance and

altered the landscape to some degree. A rockslide prevented us from surveying

the area near a paved road that runs between Balata dei Turchi and Salto la

Vecchia during the 2000 season. By the 2001 season the road had been cleared

of rock fall and the survey team had access to the areas above Balata de Turchi.

During the 2000 survey samples were collected from three locations in this

area: 1) new roadways above the shoreline – which may be composed of fill from other areas and deposited when the dirt roads were created; 2) the naturally

deposited formation that is above the beach area; and 3) secondary deposits

along the shore and offshore in areas less than five meters deep (see Figure 29).

Figure 29: Location of southern collection points (red = sample collection points, yellow = cultural material deposits).

65 In 2001, sample collection focused on the entire slope above the

shoreline. Artifacts were observed along the slope with high concentrations of

debitage found at or near in-situ primary source material. Samples of in-situ and

secondary obsidian deposits were taken from at least three discrete extraction

points on the slope (see Figure 30). Table 2 shows the number of geological

samples taken from each collection point. Primary source material was exposed

on the surface at each location along with what appears to be primary, secondary and tertiary flaking, cores and shatter.

The grade of the slope did not allow easy access to the entire formation.

Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that this area has suffered from erosion over the

millennia, the generally moderate climatic conditions have left the area relatively intact.

BT 2

BT 1 (out of view from this angle)

BT 3

Figure 30: Location of discrete geologic layers at Balata dei Turchi

Total # Waypoint # Balata dei Turchi - Sample Location Collection Type Frequency Collected PN 6 S of Balate dei Turchi - road surface low 17

PN 7 S of PN 6- road surface low 3

PN 8 Unimproved road surface low 17

PN 9 Unimproved road surface low 8

PN 25.1 Base of slope secondary deposit medium 12

PN 25.2 Lower and upper slope to cave surface medium to high 42

PN 25.3 Crumbly boulder in-situ low 13

PN 25.4 Boulder - reduction site in-situ medium 4 PN 25.5 Reduction site surface low 1

PN 106 Reduction site surface high 104

PN 110 Reduction site surface medium 10

PN 111 Reduction site surface medium 16

PN 112 Reduction site surface medium 9

PN 113 Reduction site surface medium 12

PN 114 Reduction site surface medium 7

PN 115 Reduction site surface high 16

PN 116 Reduction site surface medium 16

PN 118 Reduction site surface medium 9

PN 120 SW edge of slope surface low 14

PN 122 Reduction site surface medium 6

PN 123 Point east of car < 30 m - reduction site surface low 1 PN 124 Reduction site surface medium 5

PN 125 Near road by small structure <10 m down slope - reduction site surface medium 10

PN 126 BT4 - west of ash flow near wall, lower first layer -reduction site in-situ high 14

PN 127 BT2 - reduction site in-situ high 27 BT1 – r PN 128 in-situ high 18 eduction site PN 129 BT3 - south face ~ 80 m above surface - reduction site in-situ high 41 Table 2: Balata dei Turchi collection frequency by waypoint

67 Obsidian from Balata

dei Turchi contained few

phenocrysts or other non-

obsidian material (see

Figure 31). The 452

samples collected contained Figure 31: In-situ obsidian at BT3 76 banded specimens, 38

mottled, 47 streaked, 277 uniform specimens that expressed no banding, streaking or mottling, and 14 specimens that were weathered or covered with a rusty patina that prevented visual analysis (see Figure 32).

PN127 BdT2

Figure 32: Obsidian debitage collected from Balata dei Turchi

68 Salto la Vecchia

Primary deposits were not easily accessible due to the extreme slope of the formation and the amount of erosion that caused a large overhang of rock that limited the survey team’s ability to reach in-situ deposits. During the 2000 survey collections were confined to the slope immediately below the escarpment, and some poor quality material along the surface (see Figure 33). More in situ deposits were observed to the east of this collection point, but the team was not able to reach it without rappelling equipment (see Figures 34 and 35).

Figure 33: Salto la Vecchia collection points with proximity to Balata dei Turchi (~1.5 kilometers).

Figure 34: Salto la Vecchia escarpment looking east toward Balata dei Turchi 69

Figure 35: R. Tykot and V. Colella collecting secondary source obsidian on the Salto la Vecchia slope

During the 2000 survey season obsidian nodules were also collected at the shoreline below Salto la Vecchia. This was facilitated with the use of a small boat that enabled the team to reach the beach area below Salto la Vecchia.

Samples were collected from the shallow waters down to five meters below surface immediately off the beach to approximately twenty meters offshore at both Salto la Vecchia and Balata dei Turchi (see Figure 36). The purpose of collecting secondary deposits was to determine if this material was the same as primary deposits from higher elevations, and if so, if it could have been used by prehistoric people. Determining the association between primary source material and deposits along shorelines was essential to this study. If workable obsidian were available in shoreline deposits then the issue of accessibility would have to be reexamined.

70 Figure 36: R. Tykot collecting secondary samples at Salto la Vecchia shoreline

Sample collection at Salto la Vecchia did not prove difficult, but except for

a small beach there was no area where a boat or a raft could have easily

negotiated the rocky shoreline, nor were there any areas where a group could set

up some type of ‘camp’ to wait for favorable tides or better weather.

Shackleton et al.’s (1984) study of glacial shorelines in the Mediterranean

suggests that the coastline of Pantelleria was relatively unaffected by the transgression and recession of the sea levels after the last major glacial period.

This would imply that by 6500 BC the coastlines of Pantelleria would have appeared very much as they do today, providing us with a ‘reasonably accurate’

(author’s emphasis) view of what prehistoric explorers saw when they came to the island.

71 The shore along Balata dei Turchi

was much better suited for landing a

small craft. The small cove and natural

jetty would have provided some

protection and would have provided a

substantial flat area suitable for camping

and easy access to the upper slope (see

Figures 37 and 38).

Figure 37: Balata dei Turchi shoreline and slope

Figure 38: Balata dei Turchi looking southeast from BT1

72 During the 2001 season rock climbing equipment was brought in to collect

samples from the lower deposits at Salto la Vecchia (see Figures 39 and 40).

Considering the difficulties experienced in an effort to reach these primary deposits, it is highly unlikely that Neolithic explorers expended the energy required to reach these layers, nor would it be logical for them to expose themselves to the dangerous conditions associated with obtaining raw material from these slopes when there were abundant resources in other more accessible areas. Figure 39: B. Vargo, T. Setzer and C. Ruppe collecting obsidian at Salto la Vecchia.

Figure 40: T. Setzer climbing to Pre-Green Tuff obsidian vein

73 Chapter Six

Density Measurements of Geological Samples and Artifacts

Although refraction index and density have been used to characterize geological specimens, little work has been done to determine if the density of obsidian can show sufficient variability between primary source flows or outcrops contained at one obsidian source location (Bigazzi et al. 1971).

The density of a solid (ϱ1) is determined with the aid of a liquid whose density (ϱ0) is known (usually distilled water or ethanol). The material’s dry weight (measurement in dry air) is divided by its buoyancy weight (measurement in the auxiliary liquid) and multiplied by the density weight of the liquid

(determined by the temperature of the auxiliary liquid). The formula for this calculation is:

= A • [g/cm3] ϱ1 B ϱ0

Procedure

Raw material samples were cut in order to remove any cortex material.

Specimens were ultrasonically cleaned to remove dirt, debris and any oils or residues from the surface of each piece. Artifacts were subjected to the same cleaning procedure, but were not cut or altered in any way.

74 Three dry and suspended measurements were taken of each geological specimen to ensure that each sample was providing an accurate density reading.

The mean and standard deviation for each collection point was established after ranking the density totals to determine the range of densities for each location.

Non-obsidian material and material of poor quality (e.g. highly porous or highly crystallized) were not used in determining the range or mean of any group.

Outlying density weights were also excluded as being non-representative of the source material (see Appendix A: Table 3).

Density measurements on artifacts from Zembra and Pantelleria proved to be somewhat problematic. Since the purpose of this part of the study was to see if a low cost, non-destructive testing methodology could be used to determine specific primary source locations, none of the artifacts were altered in any way other than the aforementioned cleaning regime. As a result, some of the pieces proved to be too large for the balance and had to be excluded from the analysis.

Each piece was considered unique and no attempt was made to determine an average density measurement for any archaeological site (see Appendix A:

Table 4).

Another unforeseen problem that complicated the density testing process was created by the construction of new student housing near the science center.

The vibration from heavy equipment, jackhammers, and the placement of steel girders in the ground was so severe at times that the density equipment was unable to give consistent readings. Testing frequently had to be rescheduled for later in the day or on the weekends when construction crews were not present.

75 Although every precaution was taken to insure consistent temperature and

stability and the scale was recalibrated before each testing session, some

samples had to be retested to ensure the accuracy of the readings.

Results

A comparison of the density weights of the four source islands in the

western Mediterranean suggests that using this testing method provides

sufficient variability to identify general provenance (see Figure 41). However, it

must be noted that the obsidian from Lipari may contain samples from historic

flows and the material from Palmarola is a mixture of workable and non-workable

obsidian.

Lipari

Palmarola

Pantelleria

Sardinia

2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6

Density Comparison For Western Mediterranean Obsidian Sources

Figure 41: Comparison of western Mediterranean obsidian sources showing range of variability for each source.

On Pantelleria density test results for Balata dei Turchi, Salto la Vecchia

and Bagno dell’Acqua where workable obsidian was collected indicate that there is sufficient variability to discriminate between some island sub-sources. These

76 findings support, in part, Francaviglia’s (1988) survey where he located flows at

Bagno dell’Acqua, Salto la Vecchia, Upper and Lower Balata dei Turchi and Mt.

Gelkhamer. However, it must be noted that since no workable obsidian was

observed or collected in or around Mt. Gelkhamer during this investigation the validity of Francaviglia’s identification of Mt. Gelkhamer as an obsidian source is

still unconfirmed (see Figure 42).

Figure 42: Plot showing average density between Balata dei Turchi, Salto la Vecchia, Gelkhamer and Bagno dell’Acqua

Density Test Results By Location

Bagno dell’ Acqua (Lago di Venere)

The density test results on the eighty-eight samples collected from Bagno

dell’Acqua indicate that obsidian in this area is not homogeneous (see Figure

43). This may indicate that these deposits represent a mixture of debris from

different eruptive events. In general, Bagno dell’Acqua obsidian appears to be of

a lower density than other samples.

Figure 43: Density range of geological samples from Bagno dell’Acqua

There is an indication, based on these density test results and the comparative analysis of artifacts with these samples, that workable obsidian must have been available at Bagno dell’Acqua, possibly from the pumice/ash flow wall area and the in-situ deposits to the northeast of this location. It is possible that the original extraction location no longer exists because of modern construction, or is buried under buildings or roadways.

The comparison of Zembra artifacts with material collected on the surface at Bagno dell’Acqua does not provide any conclusive information since these artifacts cannot be linked only to the Bagno dell’Acqua geologic samples collected during this study (see Figure 44). Although the density test results suggest that the higher Bagno dell’Acqua deposits may have been the source for some of the artifacts from Zembra and for the archaeological sites on Pantelleria

(see Appendix A: Table 5), the evidence is not strong enough to confidently state

78 that only these upper deposits were used as a primary source of raw materials.

Without evidence of flakes, cores or other debitage in the area the density results from Bagno dell’Acqua must be considered inconclusive.

Figure 44: Comparison of Bagno dell’Acqua geological samples and Zembra (Tunisia) artifacts

Balata dei Turchi

The 452 geological samples from Balata dei Turchi are divided into three

groups: 1) off shore and beach deposits; 2) in-situ samples along with debitage

associated with the in situ deposits; and 3) general surface collections from an

area located below the first in-situ collection point.

Density measurements of raw material collected from in-situ locations on

the slope indicate that there are three and possibly four distinct primary sources

located in the area.

79 Figure 45: Four potential primary source points at Balata dei Turchi

Francaviglia chemically identified three groups at Balata dei Turchi: 1)

Upper Balata dei Turchi; 2) Lower Balata dei Turchi; and 3) one unidentified

group that fell in between Upper and Lower Balata dei Turchi. Unfortunately, his

report does not specify where these deposits were located. Therefore, it would

appear that samples collected from Balata dei Turchi 1 might represent his Upper

Balata dei Turchi, while the obsidian collected on the lower section of the slope

and designated as Balata dei Turchi 3 may be identified as Francaviglia’s Lower

Balata dei Turchi. Balata dei Turchi 1 and Balata dei Turchi 4 appear to have a

similar density range, while Balata dei Turchi 3 has less variability. Balata dei

Turchi 2 exhibits the widest range of variability and is less of a match with when

compared to the other three locations (see Figure 45).

Most of the thirty-three artifacts from Zembra display similar density

signatures as the geological material from BdT1, BdT3 and BdT4 while the

location designated as BdT2 is poorly represented (see Figure 46). The reasons

80 for this are unclear but may indicate that obsidian from BdT2 was less workable than the other three sources. Future studies of additional artifacts from North

Africa, Sicily and Malta will be required to resolve this issue.

In a comparison of 115 artifacts from eight archaeological sites on

Pantelleria, Balata dei Turchi obsidian is moderately represented. Based on the results of the comparison of these artifacts with geological samples from BdT1,

BdT2, BdT3 and BdT4 it appears that the majority of the artifacts represented by

Balata dei Turchi obsidian originated from BdT1, BdT3 and BdT4, while once again BdT2 is only representative of a few pieces (see Appendix A: Chart 6 for

Pantelleria artifact analysis).

Figure 46: Comparison of Zembra artifacts with geological samples from BdT1, BdT2, BdT3 and BdT4

81 Salto la Vecchia

When compared with the Balata dei Turchi samples, it appears that the majority of the samples collected from the Salto la Vecchia formation fall within the same density range (see Figure 47). This probably indicates that portions of the Salto la Vecchia obsidian deposits were created during the same eruptive event that formed the obsidian found at Balata dei Turchi.

Figure 47: Comparison of geologic samples from Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia

A comparison of the artifacts from Zembra indicates that the geologic similarity between Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia makes it difficult to determine if any of these artifacts actually came from the Salto la Vecchia deposits. The comparison of artifacts from Pantelleria also has the same interpretive problems (see Appendix A: Chart 7 for Pantelleria artifact analysis).

Figure 48: Comparison of geologic samples from Salto la Vecchia and Zembra Artifacts

Offshore Collections

Test results indicate that Salto la Vecchia contains two distinct density

groups and these findings probably reflect separate depositional events (see

Figure 49). Since the lower range is similar to Balata dei Turchi, it is highly likely

that these samples are deposits from the same eruptive events. The wide disparity between the two readings strongly suggests that they are indicative of

volcanic material separated by a sufficient amount of time to alter the density of

the obsidian. In contrast, the Balata dei Turchi offshore samples are more

homogeneous and these density measurements are consistent with the material

collected from shoreline and upper depositional levels (see Figure 50).

83 Figure 49: Density results of Salto la Vecchia offshore geological samples

Figure 50: Density results of Balata dei Turchi offshore geologic samples

84 Because there was no way to determine provenance of these offshore

samples, neither the Salto la Vecchia nor the Balata dei Turchi material was used

in the artifact comparison study.

Although the majority of artifacts tested in this density study match the

density signatures for Balata dei Turchi/Salto la Vecchia and Bagno dell’Acqua, it

is also clear that another source must have been exploited. It is possible that this

unnamed source is the Mt. Gelkhamer deposit. No comparative studies were conducted with the Mt. Gelkhamer geological samples we collected since those

specimens do not represent workable source material.

85 Chapter Seven

Analysis of Geological Samples and Artifacts

Geological sources of obsidian generally express a homogeneous composition, but there is enough intersource variability to distinguish individual deposits (Skinner et al. 1997). This geological signature provides important information pertaining to the origin of raw materials used in lithic technology.

Therefore, the analysis of primary and secondary geological sources must be considered in the study of obsidian procurement strategies. The ability to trace artifacts to primary extraction points and secondary deposits expands the

‘footprint’ of source material and provides greater insight regarding prehistoric trade/exchange networks.

Sample Preparation

Samples are usually restricted to clean specimens (cleaning methods vary according to the amount of non-obsidian material attached to the sample) with a relatively flat surface at least 10 mm in diameter and at least 1.5 mm thick.

Smaller samples or samples that do not present a flat surface - and cannot be altered, as in the case of artifacts, may show some distortion in trace element values and thus provide unreliable results.

86 Obsidian Provenance Research

Although various, such analytical methods as IINAA, XRF, and LA-ICP-

MS have been applied to obsidian provenance research each one has had limited success with varying degrees of cost and reliability. In spite of the fact that a substantial amount of data are available, most of the results are non- comparable because; 1) the original samples were destroyed in the testing process; 2) sample sizes were so small that it is not realistic to attempt a comparative analysis; 3) selective collection and/or sampling strategies may have skewed the test results; and 4) the artifact collections are no longer available for analysis.

Another major limiting factor in provenance research stems from the fact that some of the more accurate testing procedures are destructive, a situation that is acceptable when testing geological samples since the resource is readily available and can be replaced, but unacceptable when small or unique artifacts are involved (Shackley 1998a, 1998b, Bigazzi et al. 1996). This makes the use of these testing methods on artifact assemblages prohibitive since the amount of material is so small – in some cases only one or two pieces – therefore making any testing that requires a destructive process unacceptable.

Analytical Methods

Various analytical methods to determine provenance are available to the researcher, including macroscopic examination; the measurement of physical parameters; chemical analysis of major and trace elements; and fission track

87 dating (Ammerman et al. 1990; Bigazzi et al. 1971, 1984, 1996; Dixon 1976;

Durrani et al. 1971; Francaviglia 1988; Gratuze 1999).

The use of trace elements to determine obsidian provenance for artifacts has shown the greatest overall success. Three different trace element techniques were employed in this study to provide the greatest analytical precision possible for creating a geo-database that could be used in comparative analyses of obsidian artifacts.

Neutron Activation Analysis

Neutron activation analysis (INAA) is a sensitive analytical technique useful for performing both qualitative and quantitative multi-element analysis of major, minor and trace elements in samples. INAA offers sensitivities that are superior to those attainable by other methods. Because of its accuracy and reliability, INAA is generally recognized as the ‘referee method’ of choice when new procedures are being developed or when other methods yield results that do not agree. The application of INAA to archaeology is primarily seen in the characterization of archaeological specimens such as pottery, obsidian, chert, basalt, and limestone and to relate artifacts to sources through their chemical signatures.

Glascock (2000) states that INAA is nearly 100 percent successful for determining prehistoric trade routes since sources of obsidian are easily differentiated from one another through their compositions.

88 The obsidian samples were analyzed by IINAA using sample preparation

and analysis procedures previously described in Ambroze (1985) and Glascock

et al. (2000), so they are only briefly described here.

The original samples were crushed to create a number of interior

fragments (approx. 25-50 mg in size). The fragments were inspected under a magnifier to eliminate those with crush fractures, metallic streaks, etc. Two

samples were prepared for IINAA from each source sample. First, a sample

weighing about 100 mg was placed into a clean polyethylene vial used for short

irradiations at MURR. A second sample weighing 250-300 mg was placed into a

high-purity quartz vial used for long irradiations.

The irradiation short samples were sequentially irradiated for five seconds

each in a neutron flux of 8 x 1013 neutrons cm-2 s-1 after which they decayed for

25 minutes before being counted for 12 minutes with a high-purity germanium

(HPGe) detector. The short-lived elements Ba, Cl, Dy, K, Mn and Na were measured in most samples. The long irradiation samples were irradiated in bundles of about 30-35 samples each for 70 hours in a neutron flux of 5 x 1013 neutrons cm-2 s-1. After decaying for about eight days, the long irradiation

samples were loaded on a sample changer where they were counted for 2,000

seconds each to measure the medium-lived elements: Ba, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, U,

and Yb. In most cases, the value for Ba determined from long irradiation was

superior to that measured following short irradiation. Three weeks later the long

irradiation samples were counted again for 10,000 seconds to measure the long-

lived elements: Ce, Co, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Zn and Zr.

89 Standards made from SRM-278 Obsidian Rock and SRM-1633a were similarly

prepared and irradiated for calibration and quality control of the analytical data.

X-ray Fluorescence

X-ray fluorescence is a widely accepted and economical method of

analysis that can be used to accurately measure major and trace element

content (Skinner et al. 1997; Francaviglia 1986, 1988; Acquafredda 1999; Tykot

and Ammerman 1997; Bigazzi et al. 1992; Shackley 1998a, 1998b; Cann 1983).

The energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence measurements were performed

at MURR with a Spectro X-lab 2000 that is equipped with a Bragg-polarized excitation source. Because the plane-polarized photons may not scatter into the plane of polarization, the amount of Compton and coherent scattered radiation seen by a detector when using a Bragg-polarized source in a Cartesian geometry is greatly reduced. In the X-lab 2000, with a typical degree of polarization of ca.

85%, the scattered radiation background is reduced by a factor of 7 in comparison with direct excitation of the sample. As a result, the detection limits and sensitivities are improved by factors of 4 for geological samples and 7 for biological samples. The full-width-half-maximum energy resolution of the detector used in these measurements is 135 eV for the 5.90 keV Mn Ka x-ray.

Obsidian samples larger than 1 cm diameter were mounted on the XRF

with the most flat surface face downward. The XRF measurements were made

using a combination of five excitation targets with a Pd anode molybdenum for

Fe thru Sr and Hf thru Th (35 kV, 4.4 mA), aluminum oxide for Ag thru Nd (52 kV,

90 5.7 mA), palladium for Y thru Mo (40 kV, 6 mA), cobalt for K thru Mn (30 kV, 1 mA), and highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite for Na thru Cl (15 kV, 13 mA). The method was calibrated with data from 22 pressed-pellets made from geological standard reference materials.

Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

ICP-MS has been used to identify rare earth element patterns on source samples and archaeological materials using either the liquid mode or the laser mode. Monitoring the amount of material removed by the laser and transported to the ICP is complicated by several factors making normalization difficult.

Conditions such as the texture of the sample, hardness of the sample, location of the sample in the laser chamber, laser energy, and other factors affect the amount of material introduced to the torch. This method yields satisfactory concentrations for most major and trace elements (Gratuze 1999).

Samples of obsidian were also analyzed by LA-ICP-MS using a Thermo

Elemental Axiom high resolution magnetic sector ICP capable of resolving masses as close as 0.001 atomic mass units apart. The ICP-MS is coupled to a

Merchantek Nd-YAG 213-nanometer laser ablation unit. Approximately ten samples were mounted in the laser ablation chamber at any one time. The laser was operated at 80% power (~1.5 mJ) using a 200 Fm diameter beam, firing at

20 times per second. A rectangular raster pattern of approximately 4 mm2 was drawn over a relatively flat spot on each sample. The laser scanned across the raster area at 70 Fm per second. The laser beam was allowed to pass over the ablation area one time prior to data acquisition in order 1) to remove possible 91 contaminants from the surface of the sample, and 2) to permit time for sample

uptake and for the argon plasma to stabilize after the introduction of fresh

material. Analytes of interest were scanned three times and averaged. In most

cases, the %RSD was 5-10%.

Standardization was accomplished by calibrating the instrument with the

NIST SRM-610 and SRM-612 glass wafers doped with 61 elements. Two

obsidian glasses calibrated in a round-robin exercise by the International

Association of Obsidian Studies were also used. The latter were obsidian from

Glass Buttes, Oregon and Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico.

Monitoring the amount of material removed by the laser and transported to

the ICP is complicated by several factors making normalization difficult.

Conditions such as the texture of the sample, hardness of the sample, location of

the sample in the laser chamber, laser energy, and other factors affect the

amount of material introduced to the torch. A normalization method described by

Gratuze (2001) describes the method employed here.

In the current study, about 40 elements were measured using a resolution of 6000. The high resolution was necessary to reduce the number of ions striking the multiplier caused by several of the high concentration elements (esp.

Na, Al, Si, K, and Fe). Relative concentrations for all elements were determined by comparing the unknowns to the NIST glass and obsidian standards. To convert the relative concentrations into absolute, normalization was accomplished converting the relative concentrations to oxides and then

92 normalizing the total to 100%. The method yields satisfactory concentrations for

all major and trace elements.

Analysis of Pantellerian source materials and artifacts

Francaviglia’s (1988) analysis of 143 geological samples suggested that

Balata dei Turchi, Salto la Vecchia and Bagno dell’Acqua can be distinguished by

their trace elements, although he does admit that the three sources from the

Lower and Upper Balata dei Turchi area are poorly differentiated.

Attempts for more exact provenance analysis have been attempted using

neutron activation analysis (Williams-Thorpe et al. 1995; Bigazzi et al. 1984;

Durrani et al. 1971) with some degree of success. However, small sample and

artifact numbers did not provide adequate data to determine anything more than general location variability between islands.

Acquafredda et al. (1999) used a non-destructive SEM-EDS analytical

method to determine obsidian sources in the Mediterranean. Pantellerian

samples were collected from Bagno dell’Acqua, Balata dei Turchi, and Salto la

Vecchia. The analysis also included a sampling of artifacts from unspecified

areas on the island (Acquafredda et al. 1999). Their test results supported

Francaviglia’s 1988 work, but instead of three source locations, only two were identified; Fossa della Perrace (Bagno dell’Acqua) and Balata dei Turchi (with

Salto la Vecchia included in the Balata dei Turchi data). Unfortunately, because

of the small sample numbers used in this study (two pieces from Bagno

dell’Acqua and four from Balata dei Turchi/Salto la Vecchia) these results are

93 questionable since they do no provide sufficient information to determine

variability for each location.

Trace Element Analysis of Geological Samples

INAA

INAA test results of the geological samples from all collection points

provide an adequate display of the differences between Bagno dell’Acqua, and the Salto la Vecchia/Balata dei Turchi group (see Figure 51). The Mt. Gelkhamer samples were included in this study to determine if this material could be differentiated from the workable obsidian sources. Although there appears to be some overlap with the Bagno dell’Acqua samples, this cannot be viewed as some sort of geologic connection between the two locations.

Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia

Bagno dell’Acqua

Gelkhamer and Outliers

Figure 51: INAA analysis of geologic material from all collection points. 94 The samples from Salto la Vecchia and Balata dei Turchi are tightly

clustered in this analysis since their chemical signatures are very similar and

therefore do not provide enough variability to be clearly expressed as separate

clusters.

A comparison of the geologic samples from Salto la Vecchia and Balata dei

Turchi show that they fall into three groups with two outliers (see Figure 52).

These data substantiate the findings of the density analysis, which indicate that there may be a geochemical relationship between the two locations.

Consequently, the results support the argument that IINAA analysis offers a more reliable method of determining unique signatures of potential obsidian flows within a primary source location.

Figure 52: Comparison of Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia geological sources

95 XRF

XRF results on geological samples from Balata dei Turchi and Bagno

dell’Acqua appear to be consistent with similar tests conducted by Francaviglia

(1988) where he identified three potential sources for workable obsidian. Only two locations were tested in this study, since the Gelkhamer material is not considered workable obsidian and the Salto la Vecchia deposits express a similar density signature as those located at Balata dei Turchi. This comparison does provide a clear break between the two locations, and the Balata dei Turchi geologic samples appear to be grouped in at least three clusters (see Figure 53).

Bagno dell’Acqua

Balata dei Turchi

Figure 53: XRF analysis of Balata dei Turchi and Bagno dell’Acqua samples

When only the Balata dei Turchi geologic samples from BT1, BT2, BT3 and BT4 were analyzed, the results show a difference between at least three sub-sources (see Figure 54). This clustering indicates that BT1 and BT4 have

96 similar chemical compositions and may represent volcanic activity within a short

period of time that would have created two deposits with similar chemical

compositions.

These data support the premise that XRF analysis will provide an accurate

differentiation between flows from a single source if the sample base is large

enough to allow for the range of variability for within some primary sources.

Figure 54: XRF analysis of possible Balata dei Turchi sub-sources

LA- ICP-MS

ICP test of source samples proved to be less accurate and the results

were inconclusive. The differentiation between each location is not as clear as

those provided using XRF or INAA (see Figures 51 through 54).

97 Although there is some differentiation (see Figure 55), it is clearly not as precise as INAA or XRF suggesting a larger variance in the test results.

However, this non-destructive method does offer a means to analyze artifacts and geological specimens that are too small to be destroyed.

ICP-MS Analysis of Geologic Samples

35.00

30.00

25.00 Bagno dell’Acqua

20.00

15.00

Salto la Vecchia 10.00 Balata dei Turchi 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00 Nb (ppm)

Figure 55: ICP-MS analysis of geologic samples from Bagno dell’Acqua, Balata dei Turchi and Salto la Vecchia

A comparison of only the Balata dei Turchi geologic samples also proved to be inclusive (see Figure 56) since this testing methodology could not provide any differentiation between sub-source samples.

98 ICP-MS Analysis of Balata dei Turchi Geologic Samples

27.00

25.00

23.00

21.00

19.00

17.00

15.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 Nb (ppm)

Figure 56: Comparison of geologic samples from Balata dei Turchi

99 Chapter Eight

Pantelleria Obsidian and Neolithic Trade Networks

We may never be able to determine the principal reasons why early explorers ventured across the dangerous waters separating North Africa, Malta and Sicily from Pantelleria (Procelli 1995). It has been suggested that these islands were discovered by accident while groups were searching for new fishing or hunting areas or while attempting to locate land that was not controlled by other groups. It is also possible that these islands were visited by groups of explorers before the end of the last glaciation when the coastlines of North Africa and Sicily extended far beyond their current positions.

Navigation and Island Colonization

Although there is little archaeological evidence to support this hypothesis, the fact remains that the navigational skills used by Neolithic groups did not suddenly appear, but must have been acquired through trial and error. Various types of vessels were probably tested to find the most seaworthy and it is highly likely that there were more failures than successful voyages until the technology was perfected and people gained a greater understanding of the effects of weather and seasonal changes on these new sea craft and their passengers.

The study of marine based economies such as the one found at Uzzo

Cave (Costantini 1989; Tusa 1985; Tagliacozzo 1993) and early sea craft

(Cherry 1990) suggests that deep-sea vessels may have been used as early as

the eighth millennium BC. Although there is little evidence to support this it is

likely that these early settlements were exploiting local terrestrial and marine

habitats for game and fish.

The size and type of sea craft is open to debate (Pennacchioni 1996;

Camps 1986; Schüle 2000; Malone 1997-1998; Fix 1999; Rainbird 1999) and it is

reasonable to assume that these vessels must have been large enough and seaworthy enough to withstand open water navigation over long distances

(Kapitän 1988).

Kapitän’s (1988) and Williams-Thorpe et al.’s (1986) belief that Neolithic

technology was too ‘primitive’ to have developed anything more sophisticated

than a log raft ignores the fact that these vessels had to have been seaworthy enough to transport livestock, people and supplies.

It is highly unlikely that Neolithic sea craft were simply constructed of logs

lashed together or narrow ‘canoes’. I believe that in order to cross the western

Mediterranean these boats must have been constructed of materials that could

withstand the impact of rough seas and inclement weather. My personal

experience with the unpredictability of these waters occurred during sample

collection on Palmarola where the short voyage from Ponza to Palmarola was

occasionally made over very rough waters (see Figure 57). The captains of

these small craft were experienced in traversing this short distance and

negotiated treacherous shorelines and capricious currents with the stoic calm

that only comes with years of experience.

Figure 57: Rough seas between Ponza and Palmarola

Whether these boats were equipped with some type of sail is unknown,

since no archaeological evidence exists that depicts these vessels. It is possible

that the knowledge to construct boats may have been transmitted to the western

Mediterranean via immigrants or may have occurred independently via trial and

error. It is also reasonable to assume that whatever shape or size these vessels

were they would have been equipped with some type of rudder. These early navigators were not striking out blindly across open waters – they must have used some type of steering mechanism to ensure that they stayed on course and must have been able to plot their course once they lost sight of the coast. It is

102 possible that they used the stars to navigate, or relied on the sun and the

currents (see Figure 58).

Figure 58: Direction of Mediterranean Sea currents (after Pennacchioni 1996)

If we accept the possibility that late Palaeolithic groups were actively

utilizing coastal regions and were crossing the existing waters in search of food

and other resources, then the probability that these crossings would have

continued even as the rising waters made the journeys longer is extremely high.

Therefore, during the latter part of the Mesolithic it is probable that groups from

North Africa, Sicily and Malta would have continued to follow the same navigational routes that their ancestors used to obtain food.

103 Coastal Settlements – The Missing Evidence

Because these coastline communities were inundated by the rising waters

early researchers were unaware of their existence and mistakenly assumed that

Mesolithic and Early Neolithic groups lived, for the most part, in caves and rock

shelters, with occasional foraging along the coastlines. This misinterpretation

portrayed Early Neolithic life as primitive, with small family groups operating independently. Williams-Thorpe (1995) stated that technology in the Early

Neolithic was primitive, and sea voyages were limited to short trips on rafts that stayed within sight of the shoreline.

Recent investigations of Neolithic settlements on Sicily show that these

early sites were scattered along the coastlines in areas where harbors would

have provided access to safe landing sites and nearby fishing areas.

Archaeological evidence from Pantelleria, Malta and Lampedusa indicate that

they were probably settled by 5900 BC (Whittle 1996). However, recent research

on Pantelleria suggests that the earliest settlements on the island may have been

as early as the Late Mesolithic (Tosi 2001: personal communication). However,

this dating should be viewed with some caution since no radiocarbon dates have

been established for these sites.

The problem of chronology and settlement patterns extends beyond the

islands to the Italian mainland where the Neolithization of northern and southern

Italy during the Neolithic does not follow a set time line. This is probably because

the Italian peninsula did not transition to the Neolithic simultaneously, but was

populated by different groups moving gradually westward from the Adriatic and

104 Southeastern Europe spreading their domestication technology as they migrated

west.

However, these groups were probably not the ‘first’ settlers’ in some of

these areas. Their arrival must have provided the catalyst that initiated new

agricultural technology and different cultural perspectives. Settlers from the east

probably encountered indigenous hunter/gatherer groups and small hamlets that

were already well established throughout the Italian peninsula. According to

Whittle “. . .the primary means of change throughout the central and west

Mediterranean was acculturation, started through the sea-borne transmission of contacts, ideas and resources. . .” (Whittle 1996:291).

There is no archaeological evidence that supports this hypothesis, nor is there any evidence that provides information regarding the mobility (or lack thereof of early hunter/gatherer groups that populated Italy during the Late

Mesolithic. This point also brings to light another area of debate regarding the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic in the western Mediterranean. The argument centers around the degree of change that took place with the introduction of agriculture and what impact this new subsistence strategy had on the hunter/gather groups that came in contact with newly established agricultural communities.

Trade, Exchange and the Value of Obsidian

Although the causes of cultural change are often blamed on external factors involving assimilation or aggressive intrusions, some of these changes could be

105 brought about by the evolving relationship between groups without the impact of cultural change. Trade, exchange, and to some degree the adaptation of outside cultural traits began to reshape these societies into more complex cultural groups. Evidence from Uzzo Cave represents this transition with the members of this community incorporating some new ideas about agriculture and animal husbandry into their social framework while rejecting those elements of the intrusive cultural package that did not meet their needs (Leighton 1999).

Several theories have been put forth to explain this transition. For example, Leighton’s (1999) subsistence theory for the Neolithic is defined by four assumptions:

1. changes in subsistence strategies - a greater diversity in food sources

with the use of domestic animals such as sheep, pigs, horse and oxen

and the introduction of agriculture reducing dependence on hunting

and foraging.

2. exploration – people began moving into new territories in search of

better grazing lands for livestock, better growing conditions and

possibly to retain their freedom of movement as more sedentary

groups gained control of exploitable environments.

3. technological advances in sea craft - more seaworthy vessels were

designed enabling explorers to make longer voyages over open water

and carry larger payloads of animals and people.

4. awareness of other communities - contacts with groups outside the

extended family unit or ‘tribe’ in an increasingly complex

106 trade/exchange network that encompassed most of the Western

Mediterranean. Note: An example of this is the presence of obsidian,

greenstone and Cardial ceramics far removed from the primary source

of the raw material.

Leighton (1999) also points out that although there is evidence of a transition from hunting and gathering to farming, this does not appear to be a wholesale move away from earlier food gathering strategies. While there may have been some attempts to domesticate wild species of pig or sheep there is no evidence of this in the western Mediterranean. It is more likely that the increased use of boats would have encouraged sedentary communities to develop along coastlines which, in turn might have prompted prehistoric communities to choose areas that provided safe harbors with easy access to open waters. As explorers ventured further away from familiar shores contact with other communities would have extended the boundaries of the ‘known world’ and could have been the impetus for more complex trade interaction. Leighton also believes that the diversity of subsistence strategies may indicate that not all Early Neolithic groups were sedentary - and that, in fact there were different groups operating within the

Neolithic landscape.

This is an important point for it suggests that a mixture of groups operating at different levels of cultural and social complexity might have been cohabitating the western Mediterranean during most of the Neolithic. It is possible that some of these groups were sedentary, some may have moved seasonally following or maintaining domesticated herd animals, and some could have continued to hunt

107 and forage, gradually adapting their nomadic lifestyle to accommodate the

‘intrusion’ of sedentary communities in what had heretofore been open country.

A more graphic example of how these early communities responded to the

changing cultural landscape can be seen in the presence of ditches or palisades

surrounding early hamlets in Southern Europe and the southern regions of the

Italian peninsula (Skeates 1993, 1998, 2000). As communities accumulated

‘wealth’ in the form of food, domesticated animals and permanent dwellings, they

may have felt the need to ‘protect’ these possessions. Claiming the land and determining ‘ownership’ by groups composed of numerous family units may represent some of the earliest efforts to change and control the environment.

These ditches have been identified as a defensive system, as drainage ditches, as barriers for livestock, water sources, and pits left from stone excavation. All are possible explanations for the presence of these features and it is probable that this list is incomplete (Skeates 2000; Leighton 1999).

The use of these ditches as barriers for livestock seems the most plausible. However, Skeates’ (2000) theory that the ditches and palisades were used as a defense against the nomadic hunter/gatherer groups that continued to operate throughout Europe is a plausible one and would support the premise that a switch to a more sedentary, agricultural food strategy was not universally accepted and that by the Middle to Late Neolithic a more stratified complex society existed in the western Mediterranean, with both sedentary and mobile

groups operating in the same environment.

108 Colonization of the Islands

There is sufficient evidence in the archaeological record to accept the fact

that complex trade and exchange systems existed by the Early Neolithic - and

possibly even earlier in the Mesolithic. It is also clear that as groups began to

establish larger, more stratified communities, there must have been an

increasing dependence on trade to provide commodities such as pottery and

finished tools to communities which lacked the resources to create their own

products. Evidence suggesting that such interaction existed is found at Neolithic

sites in Sicily where crude Incised Impressed Ware and domesticates reveal that

there were external cultural influences impacting local ceramic styles and food

strategies (Tagliacozzo 1993; Tusa 1992).

Cherry (1985) and others contend that isolated islands such as Pantelleria were probably not permanently settled during the Neolithic. In spite of the apparent lack of archaeological evidence indicating any long term habitation, it is

possible that temporary ‘camps’ were established on the island. These ‘camps’

might have been used as a ‘base’ for groups that would arrive on Pantelleria to

collect raw material. Temporary shelters would have provided some protection

from the elements, especially if a return trip was dependent on weather and sea

conditions, and it is highly likely that these groups took advantage of whatever

wild game was living on the island to supplement whatever food they carried with

them (Camps 1986; Bogucki 1993). Although this hypothesis is highly

speculative, future research focused on temporary encampments rather then

109 permanent settlements may reveal evidence of seasonal occupation of islands such as Pantelleria.

Nevertheless, there is also good evidence that obsidian from Pantelleria, in the form of debitage and unfinished tools was actively being used in Malta

(Trump 1966, 1995-1996, 1996; Savona-Ventura 1996). The presence of this type of assemblage rather than finished products indicates that raw material was transported from Pantelleria. However, Malta’s strong connection to Sicily prior to the collapse of the Temple period may be representational of contact with outside groups who were exchanging and/or trading obsidian and other goods with the Maltese.

The ‘Value’ of Pantellerian Obsidian

Chapman (1998) states that it is an “… implied part of each person’s worldview, that there are some places in the world …(that)…have value”

(Chapman 1998: 106). Therefore, ‘places’ have two distinct aspects. The first is directly connected to institutional or residual memories of the activities of past generations in connection with a specific location or ‘place.’ The second considers a place, by virtue of its location, as a center of power and therefore an area that is considered ‘sacred’ or ‘special’.

It is possible that for Neolithic communities, Pantellerian obsidian was highly regarded because of ‘where’ it came from rather than its functionality as a

tool. Voyages to Pantelleria might have been considered a “rite of passage” or

were thought to be so dangerous as to elevate the participants to a special

110 status. This theory may account for the possible use of Salto la Vecchia

obsidian, since the risk involved in obtaining workable obsidian from this location

would require significant risk, and might have provided the means for individuals

to be elevated to a higher social status.

Furthermore, there is no clear evidence to indicate that the tools

themselves were considered valuable, and this is supported by the fact that

debitage and finished products are generally found in domestic settings rather

than burial or ritual ones.

Archaeological evidence from Sicily, Malta and Zembra indicates that

Pantellerian obsidian was actively collected throughout the Neolithic. The time

and energy required to obtain raw material and return home determined the ‘cost’

that each group was willing to pay. This also implies that not everyone within

each Neolithic community embraced agriculture. It is possible that some people began to specialize in certain food gathering strategies, such as fishing while living within the newly developing agricultural communities.

Since there is evidence of trade during the Neolithic it is highly likely that there were people who resisted a more sedentary way of life in favor of maintaining the hunter/forager lifestyle or embarking on new ventures that involved exploration for new lands, food sources or raw materials.

Procurement of obsidian from Pantelleria may have been only a part of the reason that groups journeyed there. Pantellerian obsidian was, to be sure, the closest source for the North Africans, but it is unclear how much obsidian was traded or exchanged for other goods between North African communities.

111 Secondly, Pantellerian obsidian was not the only source of workable raw

material to make stone tools for the Sicilians who were in close proximity to Lipari

or for the Maltese whose link to Sicilian communities continued until just prior to

the collapse of the temple society (Basile et al. 1988). It is possible that

Pantelleria’s value as a source of workable obsidian must be considered

secondary to other reasons that go beyond its functional use.

Whitehouse’s (1993) work on Neolithic wall paintings provides some insight as to the value and importance of real or symbolic objects. Things that

researchers perceive as common symbols might imply recurrent ritualistic

themes. In the case of Pantelleria this could be that the island was part of some

symbolic rite such as an initiation or a passage from child to ‘manhood.’

Secondly, Whitehouse implies that the retention of hunting iconography -

even after communities had transitioned to more agriculturally focused

subsistence strategies may indicate their strong connection to this older way of

life and the possibility that these sedentary communities were in contact with

nomadic groups that crossed their lands. Whitehouse also discusses unusual

ways that water is depicted which may indicate that water had become

increasingly important to these early farmers and that water held a special power.

The use of obsidian throughout the Neolithic may indicate that a more

complex society existed during this period (Renfrew 1969; Skeates 1993), which

might have included farmers, craftspeople, non-agricultural groups that may have

provided the means for trade items to be moved from one location to another.

Without this complexity, the trade of obsidian and other materials might not have

112 been as successful and as far-reaching as we see expressed in the archaeological record. Nevertheless, we must be cautious not to impose

‘western’ market economy theories on Neolithic lifeways, but the concept of trade or exchange, where finished products and services are exchanged for other commodities, may have been more common by the start of the Early Neolithic.

113 Chapter Nine

Conclusion

Final analysis

To speculate what motivated Neolithic groups or what cultural, economic or social choices they may have made is a worthy exercise only if the

‘interpretation’ does not go beyond the scope of the data recovered (Whittle

1996; Williams-Thorpe 1995). We only have the data that was generated by our

investigations, to go beyond that point diminishes the work and creates an

illusionary scenario that cannot be proven.

Although interpretive archaeology is a useful tool, especially when

dealing with prehistoric cultures that leave scant evidence, it must be tempered

with solid facts and repeatable testing methodology. Speculation on what

motivated Neolithic groups or what cultural economic or social choices they might

have made must be supported to some degree in the archaeological record.

Speculative interpretations are not science, nor should they be represented as

such.

Based on the results of the trace element and density analyses, it appears

that by the Early Neolithic and continuing through the beginning of the Bronze

Age different groups from North Africa exploited obsidian from Pantelleria.

These tests also reveal that early settlers on the island extracted obsidian from Balata dei Turchi, Bagno dell’Acqua and an undetermined source that may be associated with the Mt. Gelkhamer area.

Visual observations of the Balata dei Turchi slope indicate that the area is easily accessible by water and provides an adequate landing site where boats or rafts could be safely moored. The presence of high-density primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes, cores, preforms, and point, uniface, and biface fragments provides visual evidence of the extensive processing activity in the area.

However, the chronology for the exploitation of this area is still unclear since no artifacts that could provide radiocarbon dates have been recovered.

Figure 59: Balata dei Turchi Shoreline

While it appears that workable obsidian from the Bagno dell’Acqua area was utilized during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age the results of the comparative density analysis of geologic samples and artifacts from Zembra and

Pantelleria suggest that only one primary source location was heavily utilized by prehistoric groups from Zembra and Pantelleria (see Figure 41).

Figure 60: Bagno dell’Acqua The obsidian from Salto la Vecchia, while workable, is not easily

accessible and is not considered a likely source of raw material. However, since

some of the in situ and off shore material expresses a chemical signature similar to Balata dei Turchi, it is impossible to determine at this time whether any obsidian was collected from Salto la Vecchia.

Figure 61: Salto la Vecchia 116 Evidence of early exploitation of Pantellerian obsidian is found in transitional Early Neolithic levels at Grotta Uzzo and at Grotta d’Oriente on the island of Sicily (Tusa 1985) but the dates for these artifacts are considered unreliable since these levels were apparently highly disturbed and may represent ambiguous deposition.

Archaeological material from Skorba (Malta) and Lampedusa, although not included in this study, also indicate that Neolithic communities on these islands were aware of the location of this serviceable, if not aesthetically beautiful obsidian (Trump 1995-1996, 1996; Savona-Ventura 1996). Future analysis of artifacts from Neolithic and Bronze Age sites on Malta, Lampedusa, and Sicily and in North Africa will hopefully clarify the role that Pantelleria obsidian played in the establishment of prehistoric trade networks.

Conclusion

This extensive study has proven that a large source sample assemblage can provide sufficient data to determine specific flows on source islands that were exploited by groups during the Neolithic. Secondly, it has demonstrated that density measurements can be used in some cases as a low cost preliminary testing method when time, funding, and the need to preserve artifactual material become research issues.

117 The expansion of the primary source data base and the identification of

specific source flows through a multi-disciplinary approach provides a tool for

researchers to explore in more depth the methods and conditions by which

Neolithic groups collected raw material for tool production which might present a

clearer picture of the technical and social structure of Neolithic society.

Further research in the western Mediterranean should continue to explore

coastal areas for prehistoric settlements. Another future project should entail a

reassessment of obsidian artifact assemblages from earlier excavations using

the data collected during this investigation. The results of this reexamination may enable researchers to ascertain more accurately the primary source location of obsidian artifacts recovered from prehistoric sites in the western

Mediterranean.

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132

APPENDICES

133

Appendix A

Analysis Charts

134 Table 3: Visual Analysis of Geologic Samples from Pantelleria

Provenience Visual Analysis Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation Punta PN 2368 Spadillo/Coastal surface 1.5 3.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 4.1 Hwy Punta PN 2370 Spadillo/Coastal surface 0 2 Pantellerite Weathered Black White Uniform Yes None Irregular 4.2 Hwy Punta PN 2371 Spadillo/Coastal surface 0 2 Pantellerite Weathered Black White Uniform Yes None Irregular 4.2 Hwy Punta PN White & 2372 Spadillo/Coastal surface 0 1.5 Pantellerite Weathered Black Uniform Yes None Irregular 4.3 Brown Hwy

135 Punta PN 2373 Spadillo/Coastal surface 0 1 Pantellerite Weathered Black Gray Uniform Yes None Irregular 4.3 Hwy Punta PN Gray- 2374 Spadillo/Coastal surface 0 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered White Mottled Yes None Irregular 4.3 black Hwy Punta PN 2375 Spadillo/Coastal in-situ 0 1 Pantellerite Weathered Black None Uniform No None Irregular 5 Hwy Punta PN 2376 Spadillo/Coastal in-situ 0 1.5 Pantellerite Weathered Black Gray Uniform Yes None Irregular 5 Hwy Punta PN Dark 2377 Spadillo/Coastal in-situ 0 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered White Mottled Yes None Irregular 5 Gray Hwy Punta PN Dark 2378 Spadillo/Coastal in-situ 0 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered White Mottled Yes None Irregular 5 Gray Hwy

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Punta PN Dark 2379 Spadillo/Coastal in-situ 0 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered White Mottled Yes None Irregular 5 Gray Hwy PN S of Balata dei 2380 surface 1 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei Unable to 2381 surface 1 4 recut to see Weathered Green None Uniform No Smooth 6 Turchi/Road See PN S of Balata dei 2382 surface 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green White Banded No Directional Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2383 surface 0.5 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei Non- 2384 surface 1 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Smooth 6 Turchi/Road Directional PN S of Balata dei Non- surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Smooth 136 2385 6 Turchi/Road Directional PN S of Balata dei 2386 surface 1.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2387 surface 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Cloudy No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2388 surface 0.5 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Uniform No Directional Irregular 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2389 surface 0.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded No Directional Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2390 surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2391 surface 1.5 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2392 surface 1 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Cloudy No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2393 surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation PN S of Balata dei 2394 surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2395 surface 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 6 Turchi/Road PN S of Balata dei 2396 surface N/A N/A Pumice N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 Turchi/Road PN S of PN 6 Balata dei Non- 2397 surface 2 2 Obsidian Weathered Green White Mottled Yes Irregular 7 Turchi/Road Directional PN S of PN 6 Balata dei 2398 surface 2.5 3 Pantellerite Weathered Green Brown Mottled Yes None Irregular 7 Turchi/Road PN S of PN 6 Balata dei White & 2399 surface 2 2 Pantellerite Weathered Green Uniform Yes None Irregular 7 Turchi/Road Brown PN Balata dei 2400 surface 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green White Uniform Yes None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei surface 1 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded No Directional Smooth 2401 8 Turchi/Road 137 PN Balata dei 2402 surface 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2403 surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2404 surface 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2405 surface 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Banded No Directional Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2406 surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2407 surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded No Directional Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2408 surface 1.5 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded No Directional Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2409 surface 1.5 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2410 surface 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Balata dei 2411 surface 0.5 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2412 surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2413 surface 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2414 surface 0.5 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2415 surface 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei 2416 surface 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 8 Turchi/Road PN Balata dei Gray- surface 1 1 Pantellerite Weathered White Mottled No None Irregular 2417 9 Turchi/Road black PN Balata dei Gray- 138 2418 surface 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered Gray Mottled No None Irregular 9 Turchi/Road black PN Balata dei Gray- 2419 surface 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered Gray Mottled No None Irregular 9 Turchi/Road black PN Balata dei Gray- 2420 surface 0 0.5 Unidentifiable Weathered Gray Banded No Directional Irregular 9 Turchi/Road black Green- PN Balata dei 2421 surface 1.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered brown None Uniform No None Smooth 9 Turchi/Road (?) PN Balata dei 2422 surface 1 2 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 9 Turchi/Road Green- PN Balata dei 2423 surface 1 1.5 Pantellerite Weathered brown None Uniform No None Smooth 9 Turchi/Road (?) Green- PN Balata dei 0 2424 surface 0 Pantellerite Weathered brown None Uniform No None Smooth 9 Turchi/Road dull/low (?) PN Gray- 2425 Mt Gelkhamer/Road surface 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered Gray Banded Yes Directional Irregular 11 black

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Gray- 2426 surface 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Gray- 2427 surface 1 1.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Gray- 2428 surface 0 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Gray- 2429 surface 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 0 Light 2430 surface 0 Basalt Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 dull/low Gray PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Gray- 2431 surface 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 0 Gray- 2432 surface 0 Basalt Weathered None Uniform No None Irregular 11 dull/low black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road surface 2 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth

139 2433 11 PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Brown- 2434 surface 0 1 Pantellerite Weathered Brown Mottled No None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 2435 surface 1.5 2 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 2436 surface 1.5 2 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 2437 surface 1.5 2 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Gray- 2438 surface 1.5 2 Pantellerite Weathered Brown Mottled Yes None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road Gray- 2439 surface 1.5 2 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 black PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 2440 surface 3.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 11 PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 2441 surface 3 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 11

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 2442 surface 1.5 2 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 PN Mt Gelkhamer/Road 2443 surface 1 1 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 11 PN Road to Gray- 2444 surface 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered Brown Mottled Yes None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside black PN Road to Gray- 2445 surface 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside black PN Road to 0 Gray- 2446 surface 0 Pantellerite Weathered None Mottled No None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside dull/low black PN Road to 2447 surface 0.5 1 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside PN Road to surface 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 2448 12 Gelkhamer/Westside

140 PN Road to 2449 surface 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside PN Road to 2450 surface 2.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 12 Gelkhamer/Westside PN Road to 2451 surface 2.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Directional Smooth 12 Gelkhamer/Westside PN Road to 2452 surface 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green Gray Uniform No None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside PN Road to 2453 surface 3 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 12 Gelkhamer/Westside PN Road to Gray- 2454 surface 0 1 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside black PN Road to Gray- 2455 surface 0 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform No None Irregular 12 Gelkhamer/Westside black PN Road to Non- 2456 surface/slope 0.5 1 Pantellerite weathered Green Brown Mottled Yes Irregular 13 Gelkhamer/Eastside Directional PN Road above Bagno 2457 surface 0.5 2.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Mottled Yes None Irregular 14.1 dell’ Acqua

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Road above Bagno Gray- 2458 surface 0.5 2.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Mottled Yes None Irregular 14.1 dell’ Acqua black PN Road above Bagno Black- 2459 surface 0.5 2.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 14.1 dell’ Acqua gray PN Road above Bagno 2460 surface 1 2 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 14.1 dell’ Acqua PN Road above Bagno 2461 surface 0 1 Pantellerite Weathered Black None Uniform Yes None Smooth 14.1 dell’ Acqua PN Road above Bagno 0 Black- 2462 surface 0 Pantellerite Weathered None Mottled Yes None Irregular 14.1 dell’ Acqua dull/low gray PN Road above Bagno surface/sample 2463 3 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 14.2 dell’ Acqua from core PN Road above Bagno surface/sample 3 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 2464 14.2 dell’ Acqua from core PN Road above Bagno surface/sample 141 2465 3 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 14.2 dell’ Acqua from core PN Above Bagno dell’ in-situ/wall & 0 Dark 2466 0 Unidentifiable Weathered None Uniform No None Irregular 15.1 Acqua surface dull/low Gray PN Road above Bagno in-situ/wall & 0 2467 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 15.1 dell’ Acqua surface dull/low PN Road above Bagno in-situ/wall & 0 2468 1 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded No Directional Irregular 15.1 dell’ Acqua surface dull/low PN Above Bagno dell’ in-situ/wall & 0 Red- 2469 0.5 Unidentifiable Weathered None Uniform No None Irregular 15.1 Acqua surface dull/low brown PN Above Bagno dell’ in-situ/wall & 0 Dark 2470 0 Unidentifiable Weathered None Uniform Yes None Irregular 15.1 Acqua surface dull/low Gray PN Above Bagno dell’ in-situ/wall & 2471 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 15.1 Acqua surface PN Above Bagno dell’ in-situ/wall & 0 Dark 2472 0 Unidentifiable Weathered None Uniform No None Smooth 15.1 Acqua surface dull/low Gray PN Above Bagno dell’ 0 Dark 2473 in-situ 0 Pantellerite Weathered None Mottled No None Irregular 15.2 Acqua dull/low Gray

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Above Bagno dell’ 2474 in-situ 1 1 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2475 in-situ 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2476 in-situ 0 1 Unidentifiable Weathered Black Gray Banded Yes Directional Irregular 15.2 Acqua Above Bagno dell’ Green- PN 2477 Acqua in-situ 0.5 2 Obsidian Weathered brown None Uniform Yes None Smooth 15.2 (?) PN Above Bagno dell’ 2478 in-situ 3 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2479 in-situ 1 1 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ in-situ 0.5 1 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 2480 15.2 Acqua 142 PN Above Bagno dell’ Gray- 2481 in-situ 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Mottled Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua black PN Above Bagno dell’ Gray- 2482 in-situ 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Mottled Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua black PN Above Bagno dell’ 0 Light 2483 in-situ 0 Pumice Weathered None Mottled Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua dull/low Gray PN Above Bagno dell’ Gray- 2484 in-situ 0.5 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered None Mottled Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua black PN Above Bagno dell’ 0 Dark 2485 in-situ 0 Unidentifiable Weathered Red Mottled No None Smooth 15.2 Acqua dull/low gray PN Above Bagno dell’ 2486 in-situ 0 0.5 Pantellerite Weathered Black Gray Banded No Directional Smooth 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2487 in-situ 3.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Uniform No None Smooth 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2488 in-situ 0.5 3.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 15.2 Acqua

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Above Bagno dell’ 2489 in-situ 0 0.5 Unidentifiable Weathered gray None Uniform No None Smooth 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 0 Dark 2490 in-situ 0 Unidentifiable Weathered None Uniform No None Smooth 15.2 Acqua dull/low Gray PN Above Bagno dell’ 2491 in-situ 1 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 15.2 Acqua Above Bagno dell’ Medium PN 0 Dark Non- 2492 Acqua in-situ 0 Unidentifiable Weathered Dark Streaked No Smooth 15.2 dull/low Gray Directional Gray PN Above Bagno dell’ 2493 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ Dark 2494 in-situ 0.5 3 Pantellerite Weathered Green Banded Yes Directional Smooth 15.2 Acqua Gray 2495 PN Above Bagno dell’ in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular

143 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2496 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2497 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2498 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2499 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2500 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2501 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2502 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2503 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Above Bagno dell’ 2504 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2505 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2506 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2507 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2508 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2509 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN Above Bagno dell’ 2510 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 15.2 Acqua PN in-situ/from a Salto la Vecchia 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 2511 18.1 seam 144 PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2512 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2513 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2514 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2515 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2516 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2517 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2518 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2519 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2520 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2521 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2522 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2523 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2524 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2525 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2526 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 2527 18.1 seam 145 PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2528 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2529 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2530 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2531 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2532 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2533 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2534 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2535 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2536 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2537 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2538 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2539 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2540 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2541 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2542 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 2543 18.1 seam 146 PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2544 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2545 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2546 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2547 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2548 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2549 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2550 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2551 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2552 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/from a 2553 N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Irregular 18.1 seam PN Salto la Vecchia 2554 in-situ 2.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.2 PN Salto la Vecchia Non- 2555 in-situ 1 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray StreakedYes Smooth 18.2 Directional PN Salto la Vecchia Dark 2556 in-situ 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Banded Yes Directional Smooth 18.2 Green PN Salto la Vecchia 2557 in-situ 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2558 in-situ 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.2 PN Salto la Vecchia Banded in-situ 3 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None (?) Yes Directional Smooth 2559 18.2 (?) 147 PN Salto la Vecchia 2560 in-situ 3 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2561 in-situ 3.5 3.5 Obsidian Fresh Green none Banded No Directional Smooth 18.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2562 in-situ N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered Green N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 18.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2563 in-situ 3.5 N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None N/A No N/A Smooth 18.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2564 in-situ 3.5 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia Red- Non- 2565 in-situ 2.5 3 Pantellerite Weathered Green Streaked Yes (?) Irregular 18.3 Brown Directional PN Salto la Vecchia 2566 in-situ 3 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2567 in-situ 2.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.3 PN 2568 Salto la Vecchia in-situ 3 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN 2569 Salto la Vecchia in-situ 1.5 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2570 in-situ 2.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2571 in-situ 3.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2572 in-situ 2 2.5 Pantellerite Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2573 in-situ 2.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2574 in-situ 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia Green- 2575 in-situ 3 3 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.3 gray PN Salto la Vecchia Green- in-situ 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform No None Smooth 2576 18.3 gray 148 PN Salto la Vecchia 2577 in-situ 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2578 in-situ 2 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2579 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2580 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2581 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2582 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2583 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2584 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia 2585 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 18.3 PN Salto la Vecchia 2586 in-situ/seam 2.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2587 in-situ/seam 3 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2588 in-situ/seam 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2589 in-situ/seam 1.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2590 in-situ/seam 2 3.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2591 in-situ/seam 1.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/seam 1.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 2592 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2593 in-situ/seam 1.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 149 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2594 in-situ/seam 1.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2595 in-situ/seam 1.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2596 in-situ/seam 2.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2597 in-situ/seam 2.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2598 in-situ/seam 1.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2599 in-situ/seam 0.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2600 in-situ/seam 2.5 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None (?) Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2601 in-situ/seam 1.5 2.5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia Dark 2602 in-situ/seam N/A N/A Unidentifiable N/A black Mottled N/A N/A Irregular 19.1 Gray PN Salto la Vecchia 2603 in-situ/seam 2.5 2.5 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 0 Non- 2604 in-situ/seam 1 Pantellerite Weathered Green Brown Uniform No Irregular 19.1 dull/low Directional PN Salto la Vecchia 2605 in-situ/seam 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2606 in-situ/seam 2.5 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No None Smooth 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2607 in-situ/seam N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered N/A N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2608 in-situ/seam N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered N/A N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ/seam N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered N/A N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 2609 19.1

150 PN Salto la Vecchia 2610 in-situ/seam N/A N/A Obsidian Weathered N/A N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2611 in-situ/seam N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2612 in-situ/seam N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2613 in-situ/seam N/A N/A Pantellerite Weathered N/A N/A N/A No N/A Irregular 19.1 PN Salto la Vecchia 2614 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2615 in-situ 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2616 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2617 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2618 in-situ 1 0.5 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 19.2

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia 2619 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2620 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2621 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2622 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2623 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2624 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2625 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 2626 19.2

151 PN Salto la Vecchia 2627 in-situ 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2628 in-situ 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2629 in-situ 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2630 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2631 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2632 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2633 in-situ 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2634 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2635 in-situ 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia 2636 in-situ 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2637 in-situ 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2638 in-situ 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2639 in-situ 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2640 in-situ 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2641 in-situ 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2642 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2643 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia in-situ 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 2644 19.2

152 PN Salto la Vecchia 2645 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2646 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2647 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2648 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2649 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2650 in-situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2651 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2652 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19.2

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia 2653 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2654 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2655 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2656 in-situ N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Irregular 19.2 PN Salto la Vecchia 2657 in-situ 2.5 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 19.3 Balata dei secondary PN 2658 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2659 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2660 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 153 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2661 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2662 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2663 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2664 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2665 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei secondary PN 2666 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2667 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Banded No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2668 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei secondary PN 2669 Turchi/above shore deposits/base of 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.1 ~20m slope Balata dei PN surface/high & Unable to 2670 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave See ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2671 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave

154 ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2672 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2673 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & Unable to 2674 Turchi/above shore 0.5 0.5 Obsidian Weathered Green White Streaked No Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave See ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2675 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2676 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei PN surface/high & 2677 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2678 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & Unable to 2679 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown StreakedNo Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave See ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2680 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2681 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei

155 PN surface/high & 2682 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2683 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2684 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2685 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2686 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2687 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green White Streaked No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei PN surface/high & 2688 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2689 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2690 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2691 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high &

156 2692 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2693 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2694 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2695 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2696 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2697 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2698 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei PN surface/high & 2699 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2700 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2701 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2702 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2703 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m 157 Balata dei PN surface/high & 2704 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2705 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2706 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2707 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2708 Turchi/above shore 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 2709 Turchi/above shore 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei PN surface/high & 2710 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.2 slope up to cave ~20m Balata dei PN surface/high & 0 Unable to 2711 Turchi/above shore 0 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled No Irregular 25.2 slope up to cave dull/low See ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder Unable to 2712 Turchi/above shore 0.5 2.5 Obsidian Slighty Weatherd Green None Uniform No Smooth 25.3 surface See ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder Unable to 2713 Turchi/above shore 0.5 2.5 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Smooth 25.3 surface See ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder Unable to 2714 Turchi/above shore 0.5 2.5 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Smooth 25.3 surface See ~20m 158 Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2715 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2716 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2717 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2718 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2719 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2720 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2721 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2722 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2723 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN crumbly boulder 2724 Turchi/above shore N/A N/A Obsidian N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.3 surface ~20m Balata dei PN Unable to 2725 Turchi/above shore in-situ boulder 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Irregular 25.4 See ~20m

159 Balata dei PN 2726 Turchi/above shore in-situ boulder 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 25.4 ~20m Balata dei PN Unable to 2727 Turchi/above shore in-situ boulder 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Irregular 25.4 See ~20m Balata dei PN Unable to 2728 Turchi/above shore in-situ boulder 0.5 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Irregular 25.4 See ~20m Balata dei PN 2729 Turchi/above shore surface 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Green Uniform No Directional Irregular 25.5 ~20m Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2730 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in N/A N/A Pumice N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2731 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in N/A N/A Pumice N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 26.1 pumice

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2732 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in N/A N/A Pumice N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2733 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2734 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2735 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2736 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 160 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2737 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2738 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2739 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2740 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2741 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2742 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2743 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.1 pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN Unable to 2744 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in 0.5 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Irregular 26.1 See pumice Balata dei secondary /20 cm PN 2745 Turchi/Pumice Flow thick seam in N/A N/A Pumice N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 26.1 pumice Balata dei PN 2746 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m Balata dei PN 2747 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m

161 Balata dei PN 2748 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m Balata dei PN 2749 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m Balata dei PN 2750 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m Balata dei PN 2751 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m Balata dei PN 2752 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m Balata dei PN 2753 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 3 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Balata dei PN 2754 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m Balata dei PN 2755 Turchi/offshore 1-15 secondary/tertiary 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Grainy 26.2 m PN Balata dei 2756 lg boulder 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.3 Turchi/shore PN Balata dei 2757 lg boulder 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.3 Turchi/shore Balata dei surface/15 m PN Unable to 2758 Turchi/shore from base of 0.5 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Irregular 26.4 See pumice PN Balata dei surface/beach 2759 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform Yes None Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 2760 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach

162 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 2761 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2762 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2763 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2764 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2765 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2766 1 4.5 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No Directional Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2767 1 4.5 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/beach 2768 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 26.5 Turchi/shore collection PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2769 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2770 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2771 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2772 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2773 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2774 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2775 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2776 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of 2777 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN Balata dei surface/at base of

163 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No None Irregular 2778 26.6 Turchi/shore pumice PN offshore 2779 Salto la Vecchia 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2780 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2781 1 3 Obsidian Waterworn Green Gray Banded Yes None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2782 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 0 Gray- 2783 0 Unidentifiable Waterworn None Uniform no None Smooth 27 collection ~20m dull/low black PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 0 Green- 2784 0 Obsidian Waterworn None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m dull/low gray PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2785 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2786 0 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2787 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2788 0 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2789 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2790 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 0 2791 0 Obsidian Waterworn Green Gray Streaked No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m dull/low PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2792 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 0 Gray- 2793 0 Unidentifiable Waterworn None Mottled No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m dull/low black PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 2794 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore

164 2795 1 2 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 0 2796 0 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m dull/low PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2797 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2798 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 0 2799 0 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m dull/low PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2800 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2801 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2802 2 3 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN offshore 2803 Salto la Vecchia 1 3 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 0 2804 0 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m dull/low PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2805 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2806 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2807 1 1 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2808 1 1.5 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2809 1.5 3 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 1 2 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 2810 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 165 2811 0.5 2 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN Salto la Vecchia offshore 2812 0.5 2 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None Smooth 27 collection ~20m PN offshore Unable to waterworn 2813 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No 28 collection ~ 20m See irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2814 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform Yes None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2815 0.5 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2816 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2817 0.5 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2818 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2819 1.5 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2820 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2821 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2822 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2823 1 3 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2824 1 3 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN Balata dei Turchi offshore waterworn 2825 1 3 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform no None 28 collection ~ 20m irregular PN offshore waterworn Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform No None 2828 28 collection ~ 20m irregular 166 PN surface - by Brown- 4843 Punta li Marsi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Gray Banded Yes Directional Irregular 104 lighthouse black PN surface - by Brown- 4844 Punta li Marsi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Gray Banded Yes Directional Irregular 104 lighthouse black PN surface - by 4845 Punta li Marsi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 104 lighthouse PN surface - by 4846 Punta li Marsi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 104 lighthouse PN 4847 Balata dei Turchi surface 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 PN 4848 Balata dei Turchi surface 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 PN 4849 Balata dei Turchi surface 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 PN 4850 Balata dei Turchi surface 3 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 PN Non- 4851 Balata dei Turchi surface 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 106 directional

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN 4852 Balata dei Turchi surface 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 PN 4853 Balata dei Turchi surface 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 PN surface - lithic 4854 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4855 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4856 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4857 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4858 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop

167 PN surface - lithic Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 4859 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4860 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4861 Balata dei Turchi 1 2 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4862 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Waterworn Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4863 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4864 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4865 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4866 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4867 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4868 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN surface - lithic 4869 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4870 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4871 Balata dei Turchi 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4872 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4873 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4874 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 4875 106 workshop

168 PN surface - lithic 4876 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4877 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4878 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4879 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4880 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green White StreakedYes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4881 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4882 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4883 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4884 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN surface - lithic 4885 Balata dei Turchi 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4886 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4887 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4888 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4889 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic Non- 4890 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 4891 106 workshop 169 PN surface - lithic 4892 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4893 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4894 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4895 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4896 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4897 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic Non- 4898 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4899 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4900 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN surface - lithic Non- 4901 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4902 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4903 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4904 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic Non- 4905 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4906 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 4907 106 workshop

170 PN surface - lithic Non- 4908 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4909 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4910 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4911 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4912 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4913 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4914 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4915 Balata dei Turchi 3 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4916 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN surface - lithic Non- 4917 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4918 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4919 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4920 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4921 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4922 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Balata dei Turchi 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 4923 106 workshop

171 PN surface - lithic Black- 4924 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 106 workshop red PN surface - lithic 4925 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4926 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4927 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green White Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4928 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4929 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4930 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4931 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4932 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN surface - lithic 4933 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green White Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4934 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4935 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4936 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4937 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4938 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 4939 106 workshop directional

172 PN surface - lithic 4940 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4941 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4942 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4943 Balata dei Turchi 1 2 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4944 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4945 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4946 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform No Smooth 106 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4947 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4948 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 106 workshop

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN surface - lithic 4949 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4950 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 106 workshop PN surface - lithic 4951 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 110 workshop PN surface - lithic 4952 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 110 workshop PN surface - lithic 4953 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 110 workshop PN surface - lithic Non- 4954 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 110 workshop directional PN surface - lithic Non- Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Smooth

173 4955 110 workshop directional PN surface - lithic 4956 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 110 workshop PN surface - lithic 4957 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 110 workshop PN surface - lithic 4958 Balata dei Turchi 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 110 workshop PN surface - lithic 4959 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 110 workshop PN surface - lithic 4960 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Grainy 110 workshop PN surface - lithic 4961 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4962 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4963 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic Green- 4964 Balata dei Turchi 0 2 Obsidian Weathered Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 111 workshop gray PN surface - lithic 4965 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN surface - lithic 4966 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic Green- Non- 4967 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 111 workshop gray directional PN surface - lithic 4968 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4969 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4970 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4971 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 4972 111 workshop

174 PN surface - lithic 4973 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4974 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4975 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 111 workshop PN surface - lithic 4976 Balata dei Turchi 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Green Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 111 workshop surface - medium PN 4977 Balata dei Turchi to high density 1 2 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 112 lithic debitage surface - medium PN Non- 4978 Balata dei Turchi to high density 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 112 directional lithic debitage surface - medium PN 4979 Balata dei Turchi to high density 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 112 lithic debitage surface - medium PN 4980 Balata dei Turchi to high density 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 112 lithic debitage

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - medium PN Non- 4981 Balata dei Turchi to high density 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 112 directional lithic debitage surface - medium PN 4982 Balata dei Turchi to high density 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 112 lithic debitage surface - medium PN 4983 Balata dei Turchi to high density 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 112 lithic debitage surface - medium PN 4984 Balata dei Turchi to high density 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 112 lithic debitage surface - medium PN 4985 Balata dei Turchi to high density 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 112 lithic debitage surface - medium

175 density lithic PN 4986 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 3 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN 4987 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 3 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN 4988 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN 4989 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - medium density lithic PN Brown- 4990 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 113 black eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN 4991 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN Brown- 4992 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 113 black eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic 176 PN 4993 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 2 1 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN 4994 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN 4995 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium density lithic PN 4996 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - medium density lithic PN 4997 Balata dei Turchi reduction site, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 113 eastern edge of western wash surface - medium PN Non- 4998 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Brown StreakedYes Smooth 114 directional reduction site surface - medium PN 4999 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 114 reduction site surface - medium PN 5000 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 114 reduction site surface - medium

177 PN Non- 5001 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 114 directional reduction site surface - medium PN 5002 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 114 reduction site surface - medium PN Non- 5003 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 114 directional reduction site surface - medium PN 5004 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 114 reduction site surface - high- PN Non- 5005 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 115 directional reduction site surface - high- PN 5006 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 115 reduction site surface - high- PN 5007 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 115 reduction site

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - high- PN Non- 5008 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Smooth 115 directional reduction site surface - high- PN 5009 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Directional Irregular 115 reduction site surface - high- PN 5010 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 115 reduction site surface - high- PN 5011 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 115 reduction site surface - high- PN 5012 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 115 178 reduction site surface - high- PN 5013 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 115 reduction site surface - high- PN Non- 5014 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 115 directional reduction site surface - high- PN Non- 5015 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 115 directional reduction site surface - high- PN Non- 5016 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 115 directional reduction site surface - high- PN 5017 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 115 reduction site surface - high- PN Non- 5018 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 115 directional reduction site

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - high- PN Non- 5019 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 115 directional reduction site surface - high- PN 5020 Balata dei Turchi high density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 115 reduction site surface - medium PN 5021 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Brown Mottled Yes Not visible Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5022 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5023 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth

179 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5024 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN Non- 5025 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Smooth 116 directional reduction site surface - medium PN Non- 5026 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 116 directional reduction site surface - medium PN 5027 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN Green- 5028 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 2 Obsidian Fresh Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 116 gray reduction site surface - medium PN 5029 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Banded Yes Directional Smooth 116 reduction site

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - medium PN 5030 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5031 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5032 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5033 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5034 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 180 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5035 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 116 reduction site surface - medium PN 5036 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 116 reduction site surface - PN reduction site - 5037 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 118 artifacts, do not cut surface - medium PN 5038 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 118 reduction site surface - medium PN Green- 5039 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh None Banded Yes Directional Smooth 118 gray reduction site surface - medium PN 5040 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 118 reduction site

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - medium PN 5041 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 118 reduction site surface - medium PN 5042 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 118 reduction site surface - medium PN 5043 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Not visible Smooth 118 reduction site surface - medium PN Non- 5044 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Smooth 118 directional reduction site surface - medium PN 5045 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 118 reduction site

181 PN Non- 5047 Balata dei Turchi surface 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Smooth 120 directional PN 5048 Balata dei Turchi surface 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 surface - low PN density lithic 5049 Balata dei Turchi 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic 5050 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic 5051 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic 5052 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 120 reduction area SW edge

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - low PN density lithic 5053 Balata dei Turchi 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic 5054 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic 5055 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 5056 120 reduction area SW edge

182 surface - low PN density lithic 5057 Balata dei Turchi 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic 5058 Balata dei Turchi 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 120 reduction area SW edge surface - low PN density lithic 5059 Balata dei Turchi 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 120 reduction area SW edge surface - medium PN Non- 5060 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 122 directional reduction area surface - medium PN 5061 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 3 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 122 reduction area

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - medium PN Non- 5062 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 1 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 122 directional reduction area surface - medium PN Non- 5063 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 3 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 122 directional reduction area surface - medium PN 5064 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 3 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 122 reduction area surface - medium PN 5065 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 122 reduction area surface - on point PN 5066 Balata dei Turchi east of car < 30 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 123 m

183 surface - medium PN 5067 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 124 reduction site surface - medium PN 5068 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 124 reduction site surface - medium PN 5069 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 124 reduction site surface - medium PN Non- 5070 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Brown StreakedYes Irregular 124 directional reduction site surface - medium PN 5071 Balata dei Turchi density lithic 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 124 reduction site surface - lithic reduction site PN 5072 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 125 structure <10 m down slope

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - lithic reduction site PN 5073 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 125 structure <10 m down slope surface - lithic reduction site PN Non- 5074 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 0 2 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown StreakedYes Irregular 125 directional structure <10 m down slope surface - lithic reduction site PN 5075 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 125 structure <10 m 184 down slope 5076 surface - lithic reduction site PN Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 125 structure <10 m down slope surface - lithic reduction site PN 5077 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 0 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 125 structure <10 m down slope surface - lithic reduction site PN 5078 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 125 structure <10 m down slope surface - lithic reduction site PN 5079 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 125 structure <10 m down slope

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - lithic reduction site PN 5080 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 125 structure <10 m down slope surface - lithic reduction site PN Green- 5081 Balata dei Turchi near rd by small 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 125 gray structure <10 m down slope in situ - west of PN Non- 5082 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Banded Yes Smooth 126 directional lower first layer in situ - west of PN Non- 5083 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Brown Banded Yes Smooth 126 directional 185 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5084 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 126 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5085 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 126 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5086 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 126 lower first layer in situ - west of PN Non- 5087 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Brown Mottled Yes Smooth 126 directional lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5088 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 126 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5089 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 126 lower first layer

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

in situ - west of PN Non- 5090 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Mottled Yes Smooth 126 directional lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5091 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 126 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5092 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 126 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5093 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 126 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5094 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 126 186 lower first layer in situ - west of PN 5095 Balata dei Turchi ashflow near wall, 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 126 lower first layer PN Green- Non- 5096 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 127 gray directional PN 5097 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN Non- 5098 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 127 directional PN 5099 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 127 PN 5100 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 127 PN 5101 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 127 PN 5102 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN 5103 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN 5104 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN Non- 5105 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 127 directional PN 5106 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN 5107 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 127 PN 5108 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN Non- Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 5109 127 directional 187 PN Green- 5110 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 2 Obsidian Fresh Green Banded Yes Directional Smooth 127 gray PN 5111 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 127 PN Non- 5112 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 127 directional PN Non- 5113 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 127 directional PN 5114 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN 5115 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 127 PN 5116 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 127 PN Non- 5117 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 127 directional PN 5118 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN 5119 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN Non- 5120 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 127 directional PN 5121 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN 5122 Balata dei Turchi surface - BT2 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 127 PN 5123 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5124 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 128 PN Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth

188 5125 128 PN 5126 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5127 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5128 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Irregular 128 PN 5129 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 128 PN 5130 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5131 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5132 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5133 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5134 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 128

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN 5135 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 PN 5136 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 128 PN Light 5137 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 128 gray PN 5138 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 128 PN Green- 5139 Balata dei Turchi in situ 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Gray Banded Yes Directional Irregular 128 gray PN 5140 Balata dei Turchi in situ 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 128 surface - lithic PN Non- 5141 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 129 directional 189 south slope surface - lithic PN 5142 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN Non- 5143 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 129 directional south slope surface - lithic PN 5144 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5145 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded No Directional Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5146 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5147 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - lithic PN 5148 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5149 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5150 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5151 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 3 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN Light 5152 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 190 129 gray south slope surface - lithic PN Green- Non- 5153 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 1 3 Obsidian Fresh None Banded Yes Smooth 129 gray directional south slope surface - lithic PN Green- Non- 5154 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 1 1 Obsidian Fresh Brown Banded Yes Irregular 129 gray directional south slope surface - lithic PN 5155 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5156 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5157 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5158 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface - lithic PN 5159 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Brown Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5160 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN 5161 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 129 south slope surface - lithic PN Non- 5162 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 129 directional south slope surface - lithic PN 5163 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 129 191 south slope surface - lithic PN Non- 5164 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 129 directional south slope surface - lithic PN Non- 5165 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 129 directional south slope surface - lithic PN 5166 Balata dei Turchi reduction site on 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 129 south slope in situ - south PN 5167 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Irregular 129 above surface in situ - south PN Non- 5168 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 129 directional above surface in situ - south PN 5169 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 0 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Brown Streaked Yes Directional Irregular 129 above surface

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

in situ - south PN Non- 5170 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 129 directional above surface in situ - south PN Green- Non- 5171 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Mottled Yes Smooth 129 gray directional above surface in situ - south PN Non- 5172 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 129 directional above surface in situ - south PN 5173 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Irregular 129 above surface in situ - south PN 5174 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Irregular 129 192 above surface in situ - south PN 5175 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 129 above surface in situ - south PN Green- Non- 5176 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Mottled Yes Smooth 129 gray directional above surface in situ - south PN Green- Non- 5177 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 1 2 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Mottled Yes Irregular 129 gray directional above surface in situ - south PN 5178 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 129 above surface in situ - south PN Non- 5179 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 129 directional above surface in situ - south PN Green- Non- 5180 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Mottled Yes Irregular 129 gray directional above surface

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

in situ - south PN Green- Non- 5181 Balata dei Turchi face ~ 80 m 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Mottled Yes Smooth 129 gray directional above surface Salto la Vecchia surfacea and in PN 5182 situ 4 m below 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 surface Salto la Vecchia surfacea and in PN 5183 situ 4 m below 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 surface Salto la Vecchia surfacea and in PN 5184 situ 4 m below 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 surface Salto la Vecchia surfacea and in PN 5185 situ 4 m below 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130

193 surface Salto la Vecchia surfacea and in PN 5186 situ 4 m below 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 surface Salto la Vecchia surfacea and in PN 5187 situ 4 m below 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 surface Salto la Vecchia surfacea and in PN 5188 situ 4 m below 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Green Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 surface Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Green- 5189 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 gray collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Green- 5190 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 130 gray collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5191 below 2000 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5192 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5193 below 2000 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5194 below 2000 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5195 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5196 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth

194 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5197 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Green- 5198 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 130 gray collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5199 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Non- 5200 below 2000 1 2 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 130 directional collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Brown- Non- 5201 below 2000 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Mottled Yes Grainy 130 black directional collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Brown- 5202 below 2000 1 2 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 130 black collection point

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Brown- 5203 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 130 black collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Non- 5204 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 130 directional collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Brown- 5205 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 black collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5206 below 2000 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN below 2000 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Directional Smooth 5207 130 collection point 195 5208 Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5209 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5210 below 2000 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5211 below 2000 2 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Brown- 5212 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 black collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Brown- 5213 below 2000 1 2 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 black collection point

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN Brown- 5214 below 2000 1 2 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 black collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5215 below 2000 1 2 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5216 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5217 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5218 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m 196 PN 5219 below 2000 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5220 below 2000 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5221 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5222 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point Salto la Vecchia surface ~ 3 m PN 5223 below 2000 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 130 collection point PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5224 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Irregular 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5225 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 131 below surface

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5226 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5227 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Light 5228 2 4 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface gray PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5229 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5230 1 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Not visible Grainy 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5231 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 5232 131 below surface directional

197 PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5235 1 3 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Banded Yes Smooth 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5236 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Smooth 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5237 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Gray Streaked Yes Irregular 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5238 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5239 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5240 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5241 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Mottled Yes Irregular 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5243 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Mottled Yes Smooth 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5244 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Streaked Yes Irregular 131 below surface directional

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5245 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5246 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5247 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5248 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5249 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5250 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5251 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth

198 5252 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Non- 5253 1 5 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded No Smooth 131 below surface directional PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5254 1 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform No Not visible Irregular 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5255 1 5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5256 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5257 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Green Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m Light 5258 2 4 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface gray PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5259 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5260 2 3 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Grainy 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5261 1 5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 131 below surface

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5262 Obsidian Weathered Yes 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5263 1 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 131 below surface PN Salto la Vecchia in situ - ~ 60m 5264 1 5 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 131 below surface Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5265 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5266 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5267 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 199 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5268 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5269 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5270 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5271 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5272 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5273 scatter top of cliff 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 132 past rift

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5274 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5275 scatter top of cliff 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5276 scatter top of cliff 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 5277 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Weathered Green Gray Banded Yes Directional Smooth 132 past rift Salto la Vecchia surface - lithic PN 200 5278 scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 132 past rift surface - lithic PN 5279 Salto la Vecchia scatter top of cliff 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform No Not visible Smooth 132 past rift surface - lithic PN Non- 5280 Salto la Vecchia scatter top of cliff 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Smooth 132 directional past rift in situ - first two PN 5281 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 136 house in situ - first two PN Non- 5282 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 2 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Brown Mottled Yes Smooth 136 directional house in situ - first two PN Non- 5283 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 0 2 Obsidian Weathered Green Green Mottled Yes Grainy 136 directional house in situ - first two PN 5284 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 136 house

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

in situ - first two PN 5285 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 0 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Grainy 136 house in situ - first two PN 5286 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 0 3 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 136 house in situ - first two PN Brown- 5287 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 0 3 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 136 black house in situ - first two PN 5288 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 1 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 136 house in situ - first two PN 5289 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 0 1 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 136 house 201 in situ - first two PN 5290 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 136 house in situ - first two PN Brown- 5291 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 0 3 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 136 black house in situ - first two PN Brown- 5292 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 1 3 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 136 black house in situ - first two PN 5293 Bagno dell'Acqua exposures near 0 2 Obsidian Weathered Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 136 house surface and in situ - 3rd PN 5294 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 0 2 Obsidian Fresh Green None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 lake surface - geo and in situ in wall

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5295 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 3 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5296 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 0 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5297 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 3 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo

202 and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5298 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5299 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 4 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5300 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5301 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered Brown Streaked Yes Directional Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface and in situ - 3rd PN 5302 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 4 Obsidian Fresh Green Brown Mottled Yes Not visible Irregular 137 lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5303 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5304 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in

203 situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5305 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 5 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5306 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5307 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5308 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall

Lot Intrusive Color Internal USF# Location Source Trans. Luster Type Surface Color Pheno. Texture # Color Pattern Orientation

surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5309 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 3 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5310 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5311 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 2 4 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in

204 situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5312 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 4 Obsidian Fresh None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5313 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 4 Obsidian Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Smooth 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall surface and in situ - 3rd PN Brown- 5314 Bagno dell'Acqua exposure above 1 4 Obsidian Fresh/Weathered None Uniform Yes Not visible Irregular 137 black lake surface - geo and in situ in wall

Table 4: Density Measurements of Geologic Samples From Pantelleria

Provenience Density Analysis USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2380 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.4 0.99771 2304.83 3841.17 40.43 2.49448 2381 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.4 0.99771 1051.79 1762.83 37.98 2.47355 2382 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.4 0.99771 1675.39 2837.14 45.65 2.43653 2383 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.4 0.99771 1642.54 2746.53 25.71 2.48212 2384 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1158.43 1974.24 92.47 2.41436 2385 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1493.36 2496.24 16.85 2.48330 2386 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 2111.06 3529.86 24.68 2.48215 2387 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 2675.47 4464.02 44.15 2.49010 2388 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1323.49 2262.33 27.7 2.40412 2389 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1557.28 2594.62 22.77 2.49542 2390 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 769.53 1298.71 7.05 2.44850 2391 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 4563.02 7661.79 8.53 2.46679 2392 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1135.86 1904.39 7.98 2.47222

205 2393 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 4315.55 7233.09 8.98 2.47342 2394 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.4 0.99771 3347.54 5610.11 7.46 2.47385 2395 PN 6 S of Balata dei Turchi 22.4 0.99771 149.84 255.37 0.74 2.41434 2400 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 1621.96 2715.96 40.85 2.47679 2401 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 1567.86 2623.62 13.51 2.47924 2402 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 776.50 1297.24 8.03 2.48532 2403 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 2472.72 4135.16 5.38 2.48158 2404 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 593.84 993.21 8.39 2.48112 2405 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 963.13 1615.42 9.45 2.47074 2406 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 3979.84 6652.35 7.92 2.48335 2407 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 1266.93 2118.51 12.45 2.48192 2408 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 621.21 1042.01 8.25 2.47047 2409 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 430.70 721.55 13.52 2.47503 2410 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 480.00 812.74 8.96 2.43685 2411 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 528.59 885.57 4.93 2.47492 2412 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 364.91 611.33 3.69 2.47504 2413 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 338.40 568.88 2.74 2.46246 2414 PN 8 Balata dei Turchi 22.6 0.99766 826.68 1385.97 1.51 2.47229

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2440 PN 11 Mt Gelkhamar 22.0 0.99780 3300.53 5504.29 6.68 2.49219 2441 PN 11 Mt Gelkhamar 22.0 0.99780 1248.09 2070.61 3.1 2.51186 2450 PN 12 Mt Gelkhamar 22.0 0.99780 561.68 940.58 1.6 2.47694 2451 PN 12 Mt Gelkhamar 22.0 0.99780 555.28 932.61 5.31 2.46617 2452 PN 12 Mt Gelkhamar 22.0 0.99780 362.14 620.82 3.13 2.39467 2453 PN 12 Mt Gelkhamar 22.0 0.99780 740.79 1239.88 3.29 2.47882 2454 PN 12 Mt Gelkhamar 22.0 0.99780 1954.97 3247.46 4.51 2.50703 2457 PN 14.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.0 0.99780 2301.46 3991.73 21.73 2.35640 2458 PN 14.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.0 0.99780 1236.72 2063.84 17.94 2.48972 2459 PN 14.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.0 0.99780 794.55 1332.84 11.6 2.47062 2460 PN 14.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.0 0.99780 449.59 758.61 9.37 2.44949 2461 PN 14.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.0 0.99780 684.27 1146.77 1.59 2.47405 2462 PN 14.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.0 0.99780 225.88 378.93 5.71 2.47041 2463 PN 14.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.5 0.99768 461.88 764.64 0.8 2.51971

206 2464 PN 14.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.5 0.99768 38.81 64.55 0.05 2.50195 2465 PN 14.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 22.5 0.99768 22.02 36.47 0.06 2.51802 2468 PN 15.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 21.5 0.99791 2140.44 3493.29 64.71 2.57677 2471 PN 15.1 Bagno dell’Acqua 21.5 0.99791 1288.49 2131.00 2.6 2.52406 2477 PN 15.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 21.5 0.99791 1308.26 2179.04 18.22 2.49717 2478 PN 15.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 21.5 0.99791 1343.05 2255.97 23.62 2.46599 2487 PN 15.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 21.5 0.99791 983.89 1632.22 5.06 2.51231 2491 PN 15.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 21.5 0.99791 1117.07 1861.03 2.25 2.49629 2493 PN 15.2 Bagno dell’Acqua 21.5 0.99791 1416.73 2353.82 2.44 2.50659 2554 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1494.84 2497.85 3.27 2.48488 2555 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 760.55 1272.72 2.06 2.47949 2556 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1392.28 2325.93 2.52 2.48574 2557 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 393.98 666.75 0.85 2.43899 2558 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 313.83 524.53 0.53 2.48399 2559 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 431.93 724.10 0.75 2.47290 2560 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 214.73 360.00 0.91 2.47269 2561 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 142.97 239.61 0.25 2.47395 2562 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 175.06 299.50 0.3 2.40149

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2563 PN 18.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 101.97 171.26 0.19 2.46620 2564 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1514.52 2544.65 38.38 2.46479 2565 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 547.82 933.31 18.98 2.41577 2566 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 883.90 1476.44 21.24 2.48623 2567 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 716.03 1200.77 10.81 2.47169 2568 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 350.64 586.18 5.68 2.48319 2569 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 712.60 1195.65 10.62 2.46976 2570 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 504.08 849.83 4.64 2.45252 2571 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 653.87 1092.68 5.78 2.48462 2572 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 321.50 548.74 4.05 2.40949 2573 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 446.65 761.44 3.42 2.41356 2574 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 176.70 295.51 2.35 2.48178 2575 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 581.21 982.79 1.63 2.44192 2576 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 515.86 869.82 1.61 2.45199 207 2577 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 626.35 1053.97 1.22 2.45931 2578 PN 18.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 160.72 269.99 0.4 2.46542 2614 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1666.15 2819.20 172.35 2.43961 2615 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 4871.99 8188.04 163.34 2.46378 2616 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 923.40 1610.77 483.13 2.33823 2617 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 3231.55 5407.12 49.31 2.47991 2618 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 2514.79 4493.72 45.19 2.26579 2619 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 2712.38 4604.51 43.01 2.42815 2620 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 2253.88 3846.98 19.79 2.40946 2621 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1643.40 2756.79 28.57 2.47059 2622 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 3189.90 5334.99 23.48 2.48160 2623 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 2106.83 3526.80 19.8 2.47825 2624 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 2994.83 5006.17 16.11 2.48350 2625 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1552.39 2601.63 11.95 2.47408 2626 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1196.03 1999.65 7.69 2.48283 2627 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 907.55 1517.18 7 2.48321 2628 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1511.11 2571.58 9.39 2.41961 2629 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1844.87 3092.44 11.58 2.47332

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2630 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1222.53 2117.46 6.58 2.36086 2631 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1030.59 1727.22 6.55 2.47394 2632 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1546.98 2589.36 10.5 2.47862 2633 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1118.40 1935.07 13.81 2.36397 2634 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1457.22 2442.76 3.48 2.47285 2635 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1152.11 1923.09 5.72 2.48856 2636 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1466.81 2449.90 3.78 2.48626 2637 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 948.53 1593.49 5.57 2.46495 2638 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 967.06 1623.91 5.92 2.46653 2639 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 579.96 969.34 3.54 2.48367 2640 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1164.48 1969.21 8.04 2.44137 2641 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1048.86 1754.35 5.8 2.48094 2642 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1247.87 2089.26 5.03 2.47734 2643 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1083.40 1826.49 2.6 2.45226 208 2644 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 677.86 1133.69 2.06 2.48132 2645 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 650.60 1088.07 1.63 2.48142 2646 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 792.90 1328.32 2.53 2.47514 2647 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1019.96 1707.65 2.5 2.47741 2648 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 652.45 1091.32 1.21 2.48089 2649 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 769.88 1287.21 1.88 2.48241 2650 PN 19.2 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 824.64 1377.39 1.62 2.48610 2657 PN 19.3 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 3061.98 5119.11 238.92 2.48270 2658 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1503.29 2514.71 27.92 2.48055 2659 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2280.91 3815.95 30.48 2.48013 2660 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 3336.77 5582.44 23.2 2.48010 2661 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2587.00 4325.11 29.56 2.48263 2662 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 732.81 1226.19 4.73 2.47952 2663 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1966.96 3289.90 11.1 2.48104 2664 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 796.16 1339.19 3.29 2.46042 2665 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1095.33 1832.81 6.76 2.47947 2666 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 4855.95 8136.78 70.22 2.47434 2667 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1190.77 1976.84 9.9 2.50901

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2668 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1557.35 2603.12 5.51 2.48341 2669 PN 25.1 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1320.68 2207.50 6.25 2.48346 2670 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 592.72 1104.74 313.44 2.15261 2671 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2507.58 4188.24 202.22 2.48624 2672 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 4119.19 6899.31 117.88 2.47590 2673 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2777.55 4629.09 72.79 2.49433 2674 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2140.30 3562.88 82.97 2.49871 2675 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2229.40 3731.42 70.61 2.47850 2676 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 3245.52 5431.26 37.12 2.47910 2677 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2150.00 3590.66 39.8 2.48659 2678 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2569.84 4288.70 66.22 2.48930 2679 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 4145.77 6894.37 45.2 2.50250 2680 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1677.50 2804.73 33.13 2.48239 2681 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2540.60 4246.76 41.32 2.48330

209 2682 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 4460.47 7452.01 43.33 2.48525 2683 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2272.07 3796.98 37.43 2.48419 2684 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1058.23 1774.66 32.18 2.47134 2685 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2103.56 3516.27 34.26 2.48325 2686 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2040.75 3406.27 35.64 2.48870 2687 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1468.87 2447.17 19.65 2.49565 2688 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2606.43 4356.71 35.3 2.48338 2689 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2808.27 4705.95 25.09 2.47409 2690 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1695.84 2834.41 22.06 2.48367 2691 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1690.01 2830.00 25.51 2.47672 2692 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1405.43 2350.75 9.65 2.48095 2693 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1763.93 2948.70 12.85 2.48306 2694 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1550.80 2592.30 12.63 2.48323 2695 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1210.57 2026.77 13.16 2.47742 2696 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1251.88 2095.82 9.18 2.47761 2697 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 443.79 737.16 2.43 2.50690 2698 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2313.46 3867.05 14.86 2.48333 2699 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 2214.83 3732.16 14.22 2.45398

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2700 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1905.88 3203.47 12.38 2.46306 2701 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 762.81 1274.88 7.31 2.48388 2702 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1025.69 1715.98 6.96 2.48012 2703 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1149.77 1927.68 9.03 2.47228 2704 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 536.53 899.23 3.59 2.47351 2705 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 650.96 1081.93 4.45 2.50463 2706 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 816.86 1375.90 2.65 2.45547 2707 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 887.40 1472.85 2.48 2.50992 2708 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 735.97 1228.04 1.32 2.48987 2709 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 691.46 1158.57 2.32 2.47454 2711 PN 25.2 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.5 0.99768 1426.62 2509.89 21.07 2.31158 2725 PN 25.4 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.0 0.99780 2599.45 4328.61 125.84 2.49779 2726 PN 25.4 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.0 0.99780 655.40 1091.15 4.35 2.49856 2728 PN 25.4 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.0 0.99780 765.20 1275.31 4.12 2.49457

210 2729 PN 25.5 Balata dei Turchi/above shore ~20m 22.0 0.99780 1133.19 1894.69 333.6 2.48263 2733 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 1093.57 1863.56 28.54 2.41518 2734 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 1158.38 1934.11 26.62 2.48807 2735 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 845.28 1413.28 21.33 2.48297 2736 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 908.82 1522.19 21.97 2.47650 2737 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 976.84 1635.91 13.93 2.47696 2738 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 1167.61 1956.62 17.22 2.47466 2739 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 1065.46 1782.65 13.43 2.48041 2740 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 1466.22 2493.83 20.28 2.42175 2741 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 1040.46 1738.64 8.14 2.48504 2742 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 998.20 1670.53 9.14 2.47949 2743 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 1261.16 2109.36 6.6 2.48167 2744 PN 26.1 Balata dei Turchi/Pumice Flow 21.5 0.99791 476.50 796.51 1.44 2.48381 2746 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1-15 m 22.0 0.99780 2044.94 3428.91 224.12 2.47214 2747 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 1739.66 2908.37 43.25 2.48306 2748 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 2013.84 3363.26 70.92 2.48689 2749 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 3154.43 5271.58 36.64 2.48446 2750 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 2172.65 3630.73 28.08 2.48460

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2751 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 2182.71 3652.57 28.11 2.47951 2752 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 1271.60 2125.42 14.58 2.48383 2753 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 1755.55 2932.12 22.75 2.48661 2754 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 1619.24 2704.79 14.71 2.48615 2755 PN 26.2 Balata dei Turchi/offshore 1 22.0 0.99780 918.90 1535.13 7.65 2.48568 2756 PN 26.3 Balata dei Turchi/shore 21.5 0.99791 619.40 1036.47 5.36 2.47993 2757 PN 26.3 Balata dei Turchi/shore 21.5 0.99791 1157.36 1929.19 34.34 2.49428 2758 PN 26.4 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 12010.14 20165.76 20.13 2.46718 2759 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.4 0.99771 3327.76 5581.79 106.91 2.47069 2760 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.4 0.99771 2249.33 3758.56 38.95 2.48468 2761 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.4 0.99771 2006.84 3358.39 93.95 2.47915 2762 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.4 0.99771 1609.47 2696.21 58.45 2.47533 2763 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.4 0.99771 2052.03 3426.60 32.42 2.48714 2764 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.4 0.99771 1401.09 2340.73 38.55 2.48539 211 2765 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.5 0.99768 1579.29 2634.12 29.91 2.49141 2766 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.5 0.99768 1668.33 2793.52 27.72 2.47695 2767 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.5 0.99768 1400.97 2341.20 26.47 2.48425 2768 PN 26.5 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.5 0.99768 916.84 1524.98 11.74 2.50180 2769 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1941.96 3247.38 45.57 2.48214 2770 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 2922.03 4888.57 34.21 2.48040 2771 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1289.17 2160.59 34.04 2.47394 2772 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1819.43 3041.09 37.95 2.48383 2773 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1849.80 3106.61 33.45 2.46638 2774 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1918.65 3218.25 25.94 2.47089 2775 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1921.08 3212.29 27.59 2.48234 2776 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 2421.95 4053.10 14.61 2.47934 2777 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1450.95 2433.92 13.18 2.47064 2778 PN 26.6 Balata dei Turchi/shore 22.0 0.99780 1488.76 2496.98 14.03 2.47117 2779 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 931.10 1506.14 87.3 2.61312 2780 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1851.92 2990.63 63.62 2.62024 2781 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 850.63 1416.65 37.48 2.49702 2782 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1054.86 1703.75 63.39 2.61955

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2783 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1367.50 2225.14 33.3 2.58847 2784 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1188.69 1932.72 27.7 2.59161 2785 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 591.50 992.26 20.78 2.47020 2786 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 495.40 800.10 15.88 2.61977 2787 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 697.77 1169.35 15.12 2.47389 2788 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 693.83 1128.62 21.38 2.58976 2789 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 371.85 597.57 12.67 2.64125 2790 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 309.09 495.96 8.37 2.64788 2791 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 600.70 955.93 12.99 2.68477 2792 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 338.51 567.84 8.16 2.47034 2793 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 513.65 833.24 12.2 2.60117 2794 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 424.15 709.84 9.31 2.47889 2795 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 610.99 990.21 13.28 2.60512 2796 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 554.29 895.54 8.76 2.61820 2797 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 535.07 864.64 6.34 2.61745 212 2798 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 752.18 1213.50 7.8 2.62439 2799 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 569.10 917.33 5.3 2.62815 2800 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 637.79 1049.24 5.59 2.54419 2801 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 386.53 626.45 4.48 2.60502 2802 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 483.96 807.48 4.18 2.49013 2803 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 765.31 1283.02 4.95 2.47251 2804 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 579.76 930.83 2.98 2.64526 2805 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 673.52 1125.15 2.73 2.48553 2806 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.5 0.99768 1257.56 2038.30 2.99 2.60467 2807 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 834.96 1348.31 2 2.62071 2809 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 1005.32 1681.11 2.76 2.48215 2810 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 525.86 881.05 1.3 2.47505 2811 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 620.20 1034.84 1.39 2.49026 2812 PN 27 Salto la Vecchia 22.0 0.99780 400.28 679.07 1.05 2.43042 2813 PN 28 Balata dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 2056.41 3445.63 29.29 2.47451 2814 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 2016.18 3374.83 19.85 2.47820 2815 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1698.54 2847.17 21.72 2.47300

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 2816 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1560.96 2610.30 16.33 2.48179 2817 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1731.11 2904.97 17.75 2.46897 2818 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1336.98 2234.97 12.71 2.48308 2819 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1253.87 2096.74 9.27 2.48185 2820 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 676.54 1170.20 9.09 2.36496 2821 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 1086.54 1815.96 3.76 2.48382 2822 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 749.33 1253.49 7.33 2.48053 2823 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 995.97 1690.77 6.85 2.42782 2824 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 470.27 786.71 6.08 2.48036 2825 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 539.70 899.58 7.18 2.49387 2828 PN 28 Balate dei Turchi 22.5 0.99768 847.67 1425.06 3.39 2.46238 4847 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1174.21 1966.89 2.47415 4848 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2274.16 3800.75 2.48278 4849 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 376.25 628.93 2.48122 213 4850 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2157.87 3618.50 2.47028 4851 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 4824.16 8075.81 2.47664 4852 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 7211.09 12083.27 2.47303 4853 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 75.14 125.44 2.47774 4854 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 3249.70 5442.23 2.47409 4855 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 959.75 1607.95 2.47377 4856 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 10073.80 16790.42 2.49257 4857 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 2308.83 3864.97 2.47656 4858 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 3503.34 5882.54 2.46510 4859 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 529.77 887.33 2.47378 4860 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 401.30 671.95 2.47523 4861 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1037.78 1725.57 2.50251 4862 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 380.25 642.95 2.43797 4863 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 577.58 969.31 2.46693 4864 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1554.42 2601.47 2.47730 4865 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 483.34 808.89 2.47663 4866 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 12821.60 21513.80 2.46804 4867 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 2196.36 3672.28 2.48085

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 4868 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2542.48 4260.95 2.47275 4869 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1074.35 1796.88 2.47967 4870 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 126.87 212.57 2.47577 4871 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 8819.18 15461.83 2.32115 4872 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1010.90 1699.33 2.46123 4873 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1341.37 2246.51 2.47489 4874 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 346.97 580.80 2.47733 4875 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 986.58 1659.63 2.45959 4876 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 82.36 138.34 2.46313 4877 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 267.28 447.47 2.47531 4878 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 32107.56 53756.56 2.47615 4879 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 886.12 1485.87 2.47084 4880 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 293.27 490.93 2.47606 4881 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 344.62 578.60 2.46588 4882 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1045.24 1745.94 2.48439 214 4883 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 15258.07 25548.39 2.47581 4884 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 7272.52 12168.67 2.47843 4885 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 186.71 313.27 2.46891 4886 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 691.37 1169.11 2.44034 4887 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 8190.90 13733.41 2.47089 4888 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 5632.01 9432.82 2.47491 4889 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3305.44 5563.00 2.45735 4890 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 750.13 1257.57 2.47121 4891 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 169.90 284.87 2.47064 4892 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 9993.53 16741.60 2.47409 4893 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 10869.20 18234.38 2.46892 4894 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 7308.23 12348.99 2.44296 4895 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 9321.00 15594.10 2.47873 4896 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 5429.84 9094.37 2.47481 4897 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 7348.82 12334.17 2.46715 4898 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 4605.32 7729.85 2.46713 4899 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3388.90 5940.72 2.32147

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 4900 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3919.34 6548.66 2.48358 4901 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3376.05 5651.67 2.47668 4902 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3512.93 5892.97 2.46915 4903 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2830.18 4869.49 2.38113 4904 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1435.10 2403.12 2.47567 4905 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3224.34 5397.21 2.47699 4906 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 511.64 857.12 2.47457 4907 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1433.16 2401.07 2.47402 4908 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2127.75 3564.63 2.47398 4909 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3307.59 5537.91 2.47613 4910 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2998.19 5013.99 2.48063 4911 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1570.77 2656.18 2.44094 4912 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1279.20 2141.15 2.47729 4913 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 2017.21 3387.03 2.46563 215 4914 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1306.58 2187.35 2.47645 4915 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 575.52 964.97 2.47020 4916 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1846.90 3093.00 2.47518 4917 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 723.54 1211.51 2.47400 4918 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2863.47 4791.44 2.47846 4919 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2433.71 4094.50 2.45857 4920 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 357.40 597.94 2.47689 4921 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 129.97 220.19 2.43867 4922 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 500.60 839.86 2.46934 4923 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 640.36 1072.42 2.47552 4924 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 177.25 299.24 2.44376 4925 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 41272.43 69282.30 2.46674 4926 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 28531.31 47732.70 2.47903 4927 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 22137.11 37049.18 2.47729 4928 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 25709.78 43065.20 2.47441 4929 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 13197.66 22129.54 2.47065 4930 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 13340.04 22346.93 2.47389 4931 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 8406.32 14083.63 2.47349

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 4932 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 7633.72 12777.69 2.47677 4933 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 6572.43 10996.39 2.47858 4934 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3603.67 6031.18 2.47759 4935 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 2249.84 3771.36 2.47175 4936 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 5063.07 8490.95 2.46746 4937 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 6835.26 11528.65 2.44922 4938 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 5466.32 9206.47 2.45442 4939 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 2040.73 3416.73 2.47590 4940 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 171.56 287.59 2.46956 4941 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 65.08 109.40 2.46472 4942 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 629.86 1054.96 2.47541 4943 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 2221.49 3747.46 2.44877 4944 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 3946.22 6604.36 2.47748 4945 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 528.12 884.17 2.47597

216 4946 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 809.13 1354.58 2.47676 4947 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1803.77 3024.84 2.47015 4948 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 3801.76 6358.36 2.47992 4949 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 2232.51 3736.56 2.47767 4950 PN 106 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3330.98 5646.04 2.43200 4951 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 23.4 0.99747 18115.16 30733.11 2.42968 4952 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 23.4 0.99747 10575.33 17685.44 2.48108 4953 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 23.6 0.99742 3412.02 5691.01 2.49087 4954 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 5518.96 9231.56 2.47989 4955 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 5268.97 8920.71 2.43642 4956 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 3925.73 6560.65 2.48252 4957 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1352.94 2269.85 2.46889 4958 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1191.53 2013.65 2.44370 4959 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 4897.46 8194.29 2.47896 4960 PN 110 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 504.90 846.50 2.47021 4961 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1313.97 2203.85 2.46939 4962 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 286.09 479.51 2.47241 4963 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1324.39 2214.94 2.48023

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 4964 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 662.69 1093.70 2.52992 4965 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 883.40 1481.71 2.46964 4966 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 136.48 228.82 2.47343 4967 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 340.78 571.27 2.47063 4968 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1192.74 1998.30 2.47410 4969 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 81.81 137.23 2.46937 4970 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 132.24 221.50 2.48553 4971 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.97722 270.05 453.12 2.41926 4972 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.97722 592.73 993.51 2.42299 4973 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.97722 883.57 1480.88 2.42279 4974 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.97722 374.51 627.57 2.42340 4975 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.97722 1279.54 2146.32 2.41992 4976 PN 111 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.97722 169.43 284.23 2.41988 4977 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 177.46 297.77 2.46701 217 4978 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 8756.50 15012.18 2.39296 4979 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1066.14 1786.98 2.47224 4980 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1455.76 2439.77 2.47269 4981 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 2840.61 4748.69 2.48144 4982 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 9718.79 16243.93 2.48207 4983 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1596.39 2663.85 2.48791 4984 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1177.18 1976.66 2.46594 4985 PN 112 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 279.91 468.54 2.48070 4987 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 518.13 871.19 2.46072 4988 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 2455.60 4086.86 2.49839 4989 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 596.49 1003.50 2.45620 4990 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 834.11 1398.30 2.47162 4991 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 9714.59 16264.50 2.47608 4992 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 285.85 480.90 2.45782 4993 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 858.90 1457.36 2.42793 4994 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 1706.14 2857.80 2.47436 4995 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 9517.52 15944.83 2.47361 4996 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1233.32 2081.59 2.44602

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 4997 PN 113 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 17712.38 29592.66 2.48381 4998 PN 114 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 17252.12 28753.33 2.49287 4999 PN 114 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 15640.60 26901.13 2.38178 5000 PN 114 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 18677.18 31498.20 2.44956 5001 PN 114 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 475.08 797.40 2.46678 5002 PN 114 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 499.76 836.38 2.47767 5003 PN 114 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 3258.51 5446.36 2.48208 5004 PN 114 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 423.91 711.07 2.46942 5005 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 3058.78 5112.69 2.47966 5006 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1229.56 2053.09 2.48514 5007 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 2733.43 4565.75 2.48429 5008 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 902.75 1506.61 2.48724 5009 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 285.60 476.83 2.48691 5010 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 350.41 586.14 2.47808

218 5011 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 820.62 1371.16 2.48475 5012 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 138.89 232.89 2.47044 5013 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.4 0.99722 263.82 441.64 2.47690 5014 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 7420.51 12400.56 2.48291 5015 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1311.76 2191.14 2.48336 5016 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 25.2 0.99702 165.01 277.16 2.46237 5017 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 25.2 0.99702 864.18 1444.31 2.48204 5018 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3253.46 5437.29 2.48317 5019 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 347.38 579.88 2.48652 5020 PN 115 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1334.83 2230.02 2.48469 5021 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 241.07 404.60 2.46615 5022 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 67866.40 113557.20 2.47821 5023 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 898.61 1505.36 2.47413 5024 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 399.36 669.90 2.46971 5025 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1032.04 1727.34 2.47794 5026 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 9442.19 15816.07 2.47451 5027 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 1903.99 3186.34 2.47742 5028 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 381.47 641.65 2.45857

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 5029 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1653.42 2766.52 2.47804 5030 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1048.73 1756.71 2.47401 5031 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 2306.00 3894.77 2.44457 5032 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 345.21 578.25 2.47484 5033 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 250.58 420.16 2.46944 5034 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3507.59 5879.72 2.47171 5035 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 11453.69 19188.95 2.47390 5036 PN 116 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 9785.89 16373.49 2.47858 5037 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.3 0.99725 73.34 123.13 2.46270 5038 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.3 0.99725 156.48 263.72 2.45317 5039 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.3 0.99725 8986.11 15017.16 2.48315 5040 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.3 0.99725 1466.91 2453.95 2.47958 5041 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 2597.04 4351.85 2.47328

219 5042 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 6072.31 10151.51 2.48174 5043 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 3803.61 6355.13 2.48566 5044 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 8771.84 14663.71 2.48212 5045 PN 118 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 18773.31 31396.46 2.48053 5047 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 7550.31 12604.12 2.48710 5048 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.1 0.99730 5999.94 10073.17 2.46634 5049 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 23.8 0.99737 9794.03 16358.83 2.48532 5050 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 23.8 0.99737 11374.84 18999.84 2.48516 5051 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1952.75 3264.76 2.48183 5052 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1159.96 1975.58 2.41501 5053 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 385.92 646.64 2.47345 5054 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 2397.17 4014.26 2.47589 5055 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 565.00 946.56 2.47483 5056 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 3303.93 5524.15 2.48134 5057 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 6048.54 10091.19 2.48937 5058 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 6434.16 10799.85 2.46697 5059 PN 120 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 20358.42 34066.58 2.47850 5060 PN 122 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 344.61 579.25 2.46110 5061 PN 122 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 191.98 320.92 2.47921

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 5062 PN 122 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1065.55 1769.26 2.50697 5063 PN 122 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 674.95 1129.81 2.47668 5064 PN 122 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 781.93 1311.62 2.46924 5065 PN 122 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 2784.74 4663.01 2.47557 5066 PN 123 Balata dei Turchi 24.6 0.99717 2566.75 4307.85 2.46730 5067 PN 124 Balata dei Turchi 24.5 0.99720 2605.50 4363.82 2.47486 5068 PN 124 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1964.90 3282.12 2.48449 5069 PN 124 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 726.46 1216.24 2.47595 5070 PN 124 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1295.42 2205.21 2.41706 5071 PN 124 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 4125.47 6949.12 2.45409 5072 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 584.46 988.08 2.44036 5073 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 2090.35 3600.95 2.37679 5074 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1406.13 2419.94 2.38001 5075 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1349.50 2260.94 2.47076

220 5076 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 395.11 662.71 2.46822 5077 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1999.86 3336.87 2.48852 5078 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 3698.65 6201.91 2.47035 5079 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 7466.63 12533.62 2.46648 5080 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 2209.71 3723.74 2.45233 5081 PN 125 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1853.14 3106.03 2.47161 5082 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1818.54 3037.29 2.48536 5083 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 2133.67 3561.29 2.48684 5084 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1276.71 2123.01 2.50156 5085 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1657.94 2767.83 2.48690 5086 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 2802.38 4678.90 2.48573 5087 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1290.69 2159.07 2.47901 5088 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1756.69 2935.56 2.48289 5089 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1246.34 2079.93 2.48771 5090 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1205.49 2015.39 2.48094 5091 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1838.10 3071.24 2.48346 5092 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1380.67 2304.97 2.48640 5093 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1965.31 3281.60 2.48709

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 5094 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 2990.30 5015.63 2.46959 5095 PN 126 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 2558.27 4268.98 2.48753 5096 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1061.40 1802.92 2.42278 5097 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1811.42 3038.33 2.46970 5098 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 2263.35 3796.35 2.46948 5099 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 805.02 1702.94 1.88985 5100 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 3049.80 5094.27 2.48496 5101 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1002.92 1754.09 2.32880 5102 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1588.92 2666.01 2.46952 5103 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 2345.63 3942.46 2.46231 5104 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1142.42 1935.35 2.43304 5105 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 1807.53 3022.84 2.47861 5106 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 259.66 445.28 2.38923 5107 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 1347.42 2443.85 2.21883 5108 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 6985.28 11665.86 2.48603 221 5109 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 2405.20 4031.56 2.47263 5110 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 2472.00 4128.49 2.48506 5111 PN 127 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 3013.73 5047.06 2.47532 5123 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1044.15 1750.83 2.47302 5124 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.8 0.99712 1235.62 2060.14 2.49209 5125 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 3112.50 5208.30 2.47795 5126 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1834.61 3066.16 2.48279 5127 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1555.84 2594.48 2.49043 5128 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1898.17 3169.72 2.48558 5129 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1742.96 2909.24 2.48714 5130 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1671.70 2792.91 2.48376 5131 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 991.35 1654.23 2.48839 5132 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 703.27 1176.97 2.47566 5133 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1571.92 2630.57 2.47782 5134 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 2809.68 4705.07 2.47518 5135 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1270.17 2123.80 2.48091 5136 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 1949.73 3265.93 2.47418

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 5137 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.7 0.99715 2339.62 3899.18 2.49309 5138 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1311.42 2191.97 2.48214 5139 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1648.95 2742.05 2.50107 5140 PN 128 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1958.96 3271.59 2.48534 5141 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 4904.88 8205.71 2.47889 5142 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1465.61 2450.05 2.48124 5143 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 645.45 1083.90 2.46423 5144 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 352.33 590.14 2.47600 5145 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 1053.77 1767.89 2.46936 5146 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 148.39 248.02 2.47676 5147 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 169.95 284.83 2.47470 5148 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 165.96 278.05 2.46976 5149 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 4073.38 6808.58 2.48221 5150 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.9 0.99735 15103.55 25323.90 2.47118

222 5151 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.6 0.99742 3992.27 6669.89 2.48404 5152 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.5 0.99744 24024.01 40204.48 2.47835 5153 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.0 0.99732 700.77 1172.12 2.47861 5154 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.6 0.99742 1759.50 2921.68 2.50533 5155 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.6 0.99742 1313.79 2196.08 2.48154 5156 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.6 0.99742 8217.30 13732.00 2.48369 5157 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 20132.74 33701.61 2.47761 5158 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 1521.82 2550.15 2.47366 5159 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 1659.26 2781.27 2.47300 5160 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 1220.00 2038.45 2.48455 5161 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 1030.86 1728.60 2.47218 5162 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 1283.69 2146.98 2.48062 5163 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 1053.18 1764.16 2.47504 5164 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 2188.85 3668.47 2.47315 5165 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.2 0.99752 771.76 1294.51 2.47063 5166 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 23.3 0.99749 8480.38 14174.94 2.48288 5167 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1383.40 2349.20 2.42808 5168 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1138.90 1902.20 2.48498

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 5169 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 757.58 1271.80 2.46778 5170 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 328.16 548.00 2.49052 5171 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 2052.67 3427.10 2.48616 5172 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1057.70 1792.40 2.42582 5173 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 603.30 1008.40 2.48108 5174 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 484.90 829.80 2.39750 5175 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 24.9 0.99710 1232.08 2060.30 2.48038 5176 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 422.57 706.00 2.48446 5177 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1420.02 2409.41 2.42788 5178 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1919.53 3209.24 2.48112 5179 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1568.40 2628.09 2.47294 5180 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1063.78 1776.57 2.48529 5181 PN 129 Balata dei Turchi 25.0 0.99707 1539.55 2570.25 2.48585 5182 PN 130 Salto la Vecchia 25.9 0.99684 1702.00 2838.19 2.49006 5183 PN 130 Salto la Vecchia 25.9 0.99684 1395.95 2328.96 2.48792 223 5184 PN 130 Salto la Vecchia 25.3 0.99699 1502.25 2506.58 2.48777 5185 PN 130 Salto la Vecchia 25.3 0.99699 2451.31 4088.31 2.48998 5186 PN 130 Salto la Vecchia 25.4 0.99697 354.73 594.84 2.46762 5187 PN 130 Salto la Vecchia 25.4 0.99697 3762.45 6270.79 2.49240 5188 PN 130 Salto la Vecchia 25.3 0.99699 2851.75 4752.62 2.49246 5224 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.1 0.99704 2151.60 3660.76 2.41846 5225 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 1860.47 3149.74 2.43566 5226 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 2343.45 3923.85 2.47554 5227 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.8 0.99712 1258.33 2134.01 2.43006 5228 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.4 0.99697 1894.77 3171.32 2.47727 5229 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.3 0.99699 1932.23 3234.58 2.47619 5230 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.2 0.99702 511.05 959.68 2.13263 5231 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.1 0.99704 560.52 929.67 2.50995 5232 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.7 0.99689 1492.87 2485.53 2.49672 5233 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.6 0.99691 794.91 1403.98 2.29781 5235 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.6 0.99691 2219.71 3695.77 2.49622 5236 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.6 0.99691 2968.89 4942.15 2.49690

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 5237 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.6 0.99691 2705.77 4626.16 2.40149 5238 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.5 0.99720 1707.88 2851.55 2.48681 5239 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.5 0.99720 2117.78 3618.99 2.40376 5240 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.5 0.99720 2102.03 3577.89 2.41657 5241 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.5 0.99720 2454.99 4091.79 2.49241 5242 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.3 0.99699 1072.45 1780.07 2.50814 5243 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.2 0.99702 1304.39 2172.19 2.49549 5244 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.1 0.99704 1334.73 2223.57 2.49406 5245 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 1230.51 2059.92 2.47623 5246 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 883.96 1479.53 2.47658 5247 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 1697.76 2840.66 2.47786 5248 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 612.46 1019.36 2.49851 5249 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 656.49 1109.84 2.44118 5250 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 1964.71 3284.86 2.48066

224 5251 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 1667.87 2790.51 2.47830 5252 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 1958.69 3362.70 2.38772 5253 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 25.0 0.99707 1666.13 2787.24 2.47896 5254 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 23.9 0.99735 1841.91 3263.72 2.28900 5255 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 23.9 0.99735 2288.34 3829.80 2.47780 5256 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 23.9 0.99735 2674.40 4454.95 2.49573 5257 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 23.9 0.99735 4873.61 8227.73 2.44634 5258 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.0 0.99732 1719.20 2874.92 2.48115 5259 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.0 0.99732 1867.60 3168.60 2.42749 5260 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.0 0.99732 1445.20 2715.80 2.13260 5261 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.5 0.99720 3942.99 6595.07 2.47977 5263 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 23.9 0.99735 1280.51 2151.34 2.46513 5264 PN 131 Salto la Vecchia 24.1 0.99730 1203.55 2026.96 2.45386 5281 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 603.67 1000.71 2.51242 5282 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 794.54 1321.92 2.50008 5283 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 677.22 1157.41 2.40341 5284 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 249.63 415.69 2.49377 5285 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 712.98 1322.30 2.16407

USF# Lot # Location Temp Q1 Susp. Mass Mass Wt. (g) Density 5286 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 428.71 721.38 2.45775 5287 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 817.01 1366.43 2.48005 5288 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 677.36 1130.69 2.48775 5289 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 2187.59 3622.89 2.51681 5290 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 1043.09 1737.69 2.49463 5291 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 668.45 1125.60 2.45508 5292 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.0 0.99707 881.47 1556.57 2.29911 5293 PN 136 Bagno dell'Acqua 25.2 0.99702 1235.32 2029.34 2.54828 5294 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.6 0.99742 1001.37 1671.57 2.48833 5295 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1039.72 1768.90 2.42060 5296 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 470.39 800.20 2.41948 5297 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1932.54 3265.23 2.44376 5298 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1426.82 2446.51 2.39300 5299 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1200.20 2047.48 2.41015 5300 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 964.30 1693.49 2.31598

225 5301 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1665.70 2806.95 2.45274 5302 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1320.25 2192.96 2.50640 5303 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1166.22 1979.26 2.42869 5304 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 23.5 0.99744 1919.91 3264.74 2.42114 5305 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.0 0.99732 1032.18 1779.92 2.37533 5306 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.0 0.99732 1186.43 1999.14 2.45382 5307 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.0 0.99732 1173.46 1979.76 2.44876 5308 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.0 0.99732 1016.03 1878.37 2.17269 5309 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.0 0.99732 738.99 1248.38 2.44378 5310 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.0 0.99732 1287.44 2191.44 2.41816 5311 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.0 0.99732 558.31 945.48 2.43468 5312 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.2 0.99727 1223.53 2036.53 2.49816 5313 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.2 0.99727 930.07 1574.81 2.43570 5314 PN 137 Bagno dell'Acqua 24.2 0.99727 1538.03 2565.13 2.49063

Table 5: Density Analysis for artifacts from Pantelleria

VRC 11 VRC 22 VRC 45 CDB 4 FRK 15 & 16 FRM Punta Fram MGU 11 MRS II 123

2.48482 2.46981 2.48311 2.44009 2.48396 2.47199 2.47799 2.47201 2.47225 2.42124 2.47166 2.51016 2.45997 2.48060 2.47617 2.47355 2.49277 2.45804 2.47482 2.47511 2.48228 2.48166 2.43357 2.51108 2.48429 2.50817 2.46495 2.46949 2.50855 2.47166 2.48026 2.47404 2.48094 2.46151 2.46501 2.50438 2.47198 2.47984 2.48425 2.47431 2.47455 2.48213 2.46327 2.44500 2.47300 2.47469 2.48093 2.48382 2.51089 2.44902 2.46760 2.49753 2.47597 2.47340

2.46944 2.47354 2.46799 2.48600 2.48837 2.48396 2.48104 226 2.47772 2.48057 2.52246 2.47422 2.48137 2.47906 2.47663 2.48305 2.30209 2.46736 2.48162 2.48367 2.47691 2.47854 2.46852 2.47941 2.46167 2.48385 2.51075 2.47893 2.51215 2.48123 2.46501 2.47910 2.47564 2.49141 2.48209 2.48125 2.48149 2.45276 2.48809 2.47978 2.50080 2.47706 2.50580 2.47251 2.53453 2.46630 2.47425 2.45212 2.47570 2.48314 2.51319 2.47705 2.52363 2.47825 2.47410 2.48396 2.47113 2.47378 2.47088 2.47755 2.44375 2.47158

Table 6: Density Analysis for artifacts from Zembra (Tunisia)

USF# Lot # Temp Q1 Dry Mass Suspended Mass Density Average Std. Dev.

1247 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 3138.54 1868.53 2.46554 1247 22.5 0.99768 3138.35 1869.84 2.46830 1247 22.5 0.99768 3138.34 1870.35 2.46931 2.46772 0.0016

1248 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 1356.83 818.77 2.51586 1248 22.5 0.99768 1356.89 818.42 2.51405 1248 22.5 0.99768 1357.01 818.35 2.51339 2.51443 0.0010

1249 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 1883.12 1124.78 2.47745 1249 22.5 0.99768 1883.18 1125.74 2.48048 227 1249 22.5 0.99768 1883.15 1125.45 2.47958 2.47917 0.0013

1250 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 1703.53 1016.60 2.47416 1250 22.5 0.99768 1703.45 1016.72 2.47477 1250 22.5 0.99768 1703.49 1017.33 2.47688 2.47527 0.0012

1251 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 2580.19 1542.02 2.47956 1251 22.5 0.99768 2580.29 1542.35 2.48020 1251 22.5 0.99768 2580.23 1541.95 2.47933 2.47970 0.0004

1252 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 1557.74 930.35 2.47713 1252 22.5 0.99768 1557.76 930.84 2.47902 1252 22.5 0.99768 1557.80 930.10 2.47600 2.47738 0.0012

USF# Lot # Temp Q1 Dry Mass Suspended Mass Density Average Std. Dev.

1253 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 919.65 549.75 2.48044 1253 22.5 0.99768 919.57 549.56 2.47949 1253 22.5 0.99768 919.48 549.67 2.48059 2.48018 0.0005

1254 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 911.05 541.74 2.46117 1254 22.5 0.99768 910.96 542.65 2.46761 1254 22.5 0.99768 910.90 542.86 2.46926 2.46602 0.0035

1255 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 2012.74 1192.93 2.44943 1255 22.5 0.99768 2012.73 1192.98 2.44960 1255 22.5 0.99768 2012.69 1192.56 2.44842 2.44915 0.0005

228 1256 -0 x -40 22.5 0.99768 1175.12 699.78 2.46643 1256 22.5 0.99768 1175.12 699.70 2.46602 1256 22.5 0.99768 1175.06 699.86 2.46703 2.46649 0.0004

1258 -23 x -90 22 0.99780 2912.91 1740.69 2.47948 1258 22 0.99780 2912.74 1740.05 2.47835 1258 22 0.99780 2912.74 1740.22 2.47871 2.47885 0.0005

1259 -23 x -90 22 0.99780 3991.62 2386.29 2.48101 1259 22 0.99780 3991.84 2386.35 2.48090 1259 22 0.99780 3991.43 2385.81 2.48044 2.48078 0.0002

1260 -23 x -90 22 0.99780 1478.42 886.16 2.49074 1260 22 0.99780 1477.97 886.30 2.49247 1260 22 0.99780 1477.97 885.96 2.49104 2.49142 0.0008

USF# Lot # Temp Q1 Dry Mass Suspended Mass Density Average Std. Dev.

1261 -23 x -90 22 0.99780 1412.98 843.44 2.47546 1261 22 0.99780 1413.06 843.54 2.47568 1261 22 0.99780 1412.97 843.46 2.47557 2.47557 0.0001

1262 22 0.99780 413.27 246.05 2.46598 1262 22 0.99780 413.42 245.78 2.46069 1262 22 0.99780 413.20 245.68 2.46114 2.46260 0.0024

1263 22 0.99780 1117.12 666.69 2.47466 1263 22 0.99780 1117.08 666.83 2.47556 1263 22 0.99780 1117.06 666.90 2.47601 2.47541 0.0006

229 1264 22 0.99780 442.26 264.92 2.48837 1264 22 0.99780 442.18 265.21 2.49312 1264 22 0.99780 442.20 265.07 2.49098 2.49082 0.0019

1265 22 0.99780 978.74 583.66 2.47187 1265 22 0.99780 978.69 584.00 2.47419 1265 22 0.99780 978.71 583.90 2.47349 2.47318 0.0010

1266 22 0.99780 2187.50 1308.49 2.48312 1266 22 0.99780 2187.52 1308.09 2.48196 1266 22 0.99780 2187.59 1307.96 2.48147 2.48218 0.0007

1267 22 0.99780 468.44 280.37 2.48530 1267 22 0.99780 468.39 279.82 2.47844 1267 22 0.99780 468.36 279.99 2.48091 2.48155 0.0028

USF# Lot # Temp Q1 Dry Mass Suspended Mass Density Average Std. Dev.

1268 22 0.99780 519.36 311.22 2.48975 1268 22 0.99780 519.32 310.87 2.48586 1268 22 0.99780 519.35 311.18 2.48935 2.48832 0.0017

1269 22 0.99780 591.82 354.46 2.48786 1269 22 0.99780 591.87 354.61 2.48912 1269 22 0.99780 591.85 354.59 2.48903 2.48867 0.0006

1270 22 0.99780 837.07 497.73 2.46133 1270 22 0.99780 837.08 497.92 2.46267 1270 22 0.99780 837.01 498.34 2.46602 2.46334 0.0020

230 1271 22 0.99780 540.74 320.95 2.45484 1271 22 0.99780 540.77 320.98 2.45498 1271 22 0.99780 540.85 321.02 2.45490 2.45491 0.0001

1272 22 0.99780 312.95 186.76 2.47453 1272 22 0.99780 312.97 187.12 2.48138 1272 22 0.99780 313.06 187.07 2.47933 2.47842 0.0029

1273 -40 x -80 22.6 0.99766 339.82 203.74 2.49136 1273 22.6 0.99766 339.75 203.62 2.48994 1273 22.6 0.99766 339.84 203.47 2.48621 2.48917 0.0022

1274 -40 x -80 22.6 0.99766 388.19 233.64 2.50587 1274 22.6 0.99766 388.14 233.48 2.50376 1274 22.6 0.99766 388.15 233.51 2.50415 2.50459 0.0009

USF# Lot # Temp Q1 Dry Mass Suspended Mass Density Average Std. Dev.

1275 -40 x -80 22.6 0.99766 1070.05 634.59 2.45154 1275 22.6 0.99766 1069.99 634.58 2.45168 1275 22.6 0.99766 1069.97 634.56 2.45163 2.45162 0.0001

1276 22.6 0.99766 27.58 16.54 2.49234 1276 22.6 0.99766 27.55 16.30 2.44316 1276 22.6 0.99766 27.45 16.31 2.45833 2.46461 0.0206

1277 22.6 0.99766 197.76 119.18 2.51078 1277 22.6 0.99766 197.70 119.08 2.50874 1277 22.6 0.99766 197.77 119.14 2.50931 2.50961 0.0009

1278 22.6 0.99766 247.82 147.51 2.46476 1278

231 22.6 0.99766 247.78 147.31 2.46044 1278 22.6 0.99766 247.80 147.52 2.46530 2.46350 0.0022

1279 22.6 0.99766 67.69 40.37 2.47187 1279 22.6 0.99766 67.63 40.66 2.50173 1279 22.6 0.99766 67.56 40.32 2.47437 2.48266 0.0135

1280 22.6 0.99766 2896.33 1732.47 2.48273 1280 22.6 0.99766 2896.32 1732.22 2.48221 1280 22.6 0.99766 2896.25 1732.38 2.48264 2.48253 0.0002

Table 7: NAA Test Results

USF # Location LA LU ND SM U YB CE CS EU FE HF RB TA TB TH ZN ZR CL DY K MN NA 2380 PN 6 204 3 175 32 18 10 441 3 4 58174 43 186 21 5 33 402 1688 3306 31 35879 2354 50164 2383 PN 6 207 3 167 32 17 10 442 3 4 58727 43 185 21 5 33 409 1760 3389 32 32751 2347 49976 2384 PN 6 204 3 167 32 17 9 449 3 4 59686 44 189 22 6 34 418 1779 3219 33 31333 2341 49483 2388 PN 6 204 2 164 32 17 8 446 3 4 59371 44 189 22 6 33 417 1720 3241 31 30736 2349 49625 2395 PN 6 193 2 167 30 17 9 417 2 4 55249 41 178 20 5 31 388 1625 3102 33 31057 2295 48231 2433 PN 11 141 2 112 22 13 6 301 1 4 44928 33 140 16 4 25 303 1329 2510 21 38121 2185 45373 2440 PN 11 208 3 171 32 18 9 445 3 4 59320 44 191 22 6 34 438 1802 3423 32 36273 2351 49999 2441 PN 11 113 1 96 20 10 5 241 1 3 59328 23 115 12 3 17 276 956 1794 16 41214 2579 51921 2447 PN 12 161 2 127 24 16 8 343 2 3 53626 37 165 18 4 28 289 1496 3212 24 37925 1972 45377 2450 PN 12 203 2 165 32 17 9 423 2 4 57054 42 182 21 5 32 416 1645 3226 33 29109 2349 49884 2451 PN 12 205 3 168 34 19 10 447 3 4 58756 44 187 22 6 33 417 1726 3315 32 33830 2383 50234 2453 PN 12 206 3 173 33 18 10 452 3 4 59283 44 192 22 6 34 427 1785 3376 33 31206 2377 50115

232 2463 PN 14.2 120 2 115 21 10 5 260 1 4 63655 25 123 13 3 18 288 1024 1796 19 33964 2686 52193 2468 PN 15.1 142 2 136 26 10 4 262 1 4 60401 25 120 13 4 19 282 1060 2040 21 39098 2498 50549 2471 PN 15.1 121 2 107 21 11 5 260 1 4 62733 25 118 13 3 18 290 1006 1745 19 33920 2697 52144 2477 PN 15.2 189 2 157 31 18 9 410 2 5 67804 42 187 20 5 33 444 1671 3149 30 32986 2779 54697 2487 PN 15.2 196 2 165 32 17 9 398 3 5 66712 41 182 19 5 33 434 1676 3054 28 32584 2747 53888 2491 PN 15.2 91 1 89 16 9 4 194 1 3 58248 18 100 9 2 14 235 764 1239 14 40486 2471 50905 2493 PN 15.2 108 1 96 20 10 5 227 1 3 59200 22 105 11 3 16 280 892 1652 16 33342 2630 52116 2554 PN 18.2 205 3 166 34 21 9 440 3 4 59082 43 190 21 5 33 409 1715 3305 32 32568 2362 50102 2556 PN 18.2 207 3 177 33 20 10 450 3 4 59892 44 192 22 6 34 422 1785 3411 32 33823 2361 49514 2564 PN 18.3 211 3 179 35 20 9 460 3 4 60450 45 191 22 6 34 421 1826 3373 32 31795 2370 48492 2565 PN 18.3 208 3 180 35 20 9 434 3 4 58753 43 188 21 5 33 412 1761 3366 32 33951 2379 46941 2571 PN 18.3 208 3 181 35 20 10 447 3 4 58924 43 185 22 6 33 411 1751 3083 30 40114 2285 48971 2572 PN 18.3 207 3 174 35 20 9 444 3 4 59498 44 192 22 6 34 416 1766 3147 34 31582 2362 50303 2573 PN 18.3 203 2 168 34 19 9 448 3 4 59339 44 186 22 6 33 412 1742 3268 30 32999 2370 48571 2575 PN 18.3 208 3 176 35 19 9 460 3 4 60121 45 191 22 6 34 440 1760 3108 31 33951 2347 48808

USF # Location LA LU ND SM U YB CE CS EU FE HF RB TA TB TH ZN ZR CL DY K MN NA 2587 PN 19.1 205 2 171 34 21 9 445 3 4 58636 43 188 21 5 33 410 1750 3249 33 34155 2362 49951 2606 PN 19.1 209 3 182 33 20 10 459 3 4 60125 45 192 22 6 34 418 1816 3296 33 32244 2331 49392 2616 PN 19.2 207 3 179 35 22 10 454 3 4 60011 44 192 22 6 34 427 1745 3502 32 30576 2345 49576 2617 PN 19.2 202 3 166 33 20 10 444 3 4 59267 44 193 22 6 33 410 1755 3490 36 33960 2319 49416 2618 PN 19.2 226 3 165 32 19 10 437 3 4 58120 43 182 21 5 33 402 1717 3553 39 33283 2383 46470 2619 PN 19.2 227 3 170 32 18 10 440 3 4 58121 43 179 22 5 33 407 1686 3399 32 31826 2372 49232 2620 PN 19.2 225 3 157 32 20 10 433 3 4 57241 42 184 21 5 33 402 1677 3258 31 32045 2334 49531 2624 PN 19.2 224 3 154 32 19 10 434 3 4 57258 42 182 21 5 33 409 1664 3329 30 29691 2302 49027 2628 PN 19.2 230 3 161 33 20 10 443 3 4 58273 43 186 21 5 33 395 1679 3460 37 30198 2339 47851 2630 PN 19.2 226 3 160 33 19 10 433 3 4 57519 43 189 21 5 33 394 1692 3617 32 34958 2375 50326 2633 PN 19.2 227 3 161 32 20 10 435 3 4 57634 43 180 21 5 33 409 1690 3570 32 34710 2329 49568 2640 PN 19.2 228 3 153 32 19 10 444 3 4 59121 44 183 22 6 34 425 1723 3425 37 31129 2351 48391 2643 PN 19.2 226 3 162 32 19 9 439 3 4 58367 43 188 21 5 33 405 1716 3373 34 34863 2346 49420 2659 PN 25.1 228 2 165 32 20 10 448 3 4 59225 44 184 22 6 34 409 1722 3283 36 31854 2363 50949 233 2661 PN 25.1 224 3 156 32 21 10 437 3 4 57510 43 186 21 5 33 398 1672 3275 38 34617 2341 50050 2670 PN 25.2 228 3 159 33 19 10 442 3 4 58551 43 183 21 5 33 408 1690 3470 33 35226 2362 50505 2674 PN 25.2 225 2 159 32 20 10 437 3 4 57991 43 182 21 5 33 399 1683 3289 31 39506 2304 49693 2679 PN 25.2 228 3 161 33 20 10 438 3 4 58551 43 187 21 5 33 407 1711 3327 36 34099 2345 50050 2683 PN 25.2 224 2 166 32 21 9 429 3 4 57582 42 186 21 5 32 397 1678 3334 36 37861 2357 50164 2690 PN 25.2 217 2 154 31 19 10 422 2 4 56387 41 179 21 5 32 398 1610 3371 31 40070 2330 49807 2697 PN 25.2 224 2 159 32 21 10 432 3 4 58065 43 182 21 5 33 397 1692 3337 32 30469 2353 49703 2699 PN 25.2 226 2 156 32 21 10 433 3 4 57802 43 184 21 5 32 403 1681 3277 33 35746 2348 50184 2700 PN 25.2 226 3 164 32 21 10 438 3 4 58185 43 182 21 5 33 394 1716 3439 32 34392 2336 49606 2705 PN 25.2 228 3 162 33 21 10 431 3 4 57527 43 182 21 6 33 396 1673 3232 34 37290 2367 50375 2706 PN 25.2 225 2 171 32 20 11 431 2 4 57619 43 185 21 5 33 401 1706 3186 34 33084 2308 49332 2707 PN 25.2 227 3 164 32 22 10 438 3 4 58136 43 182 21 5 33 405 1676 3431 32 30608 2324 49659 2711 PN 25.2 178 2 114 24 20 9 337 2 2 43383 42 170 19 4 31 313 1609 5115 24 37914 1946 42633 2725 PN 25.4 228 3 159 33 22 9 436 3 4 57707 43 182 21 5 33 390 1701 3410 33 32110 2301 49417 2728 PN 25.4 226 3 173 33 21 10 434 3 4 57690 43 187 21 5 33 402 1692 3421 32 34427 2337 49399 2733 PN 26.1 225 3 164 33 22 12 451 3 4 59807 44 191 22 6 34 407 1767 3440 32 33491 2332 49038

USF # Location LA LU ND SM U YB CE CS EU FE HF RB TA TB TH ZN ZR CL DY K MN NA 2740 PN 26.1 225 2 159 32 22 10 453 3 4 59789 44 186 22 6 34 404 1734 3479 32 33951 2345 49859 2753 PN 26.2 225 2 166 32 21 10 464 3 4 61934 46 195 23 6 35 430 1810 3337 32 36293 2325 49976 2755 PN 26.2 225 3 171 32 21 10 406 2 4 53707 40 173 20 5 30 380 1598 3484 32 34322 2342 50087 2765 PN 26.5 227 3 171 33 21 9 441 2 4 58533 43 192 22 6 33 399 1742 3589 38 39023 2377 50552 2768 PN 26.5 229 2 170 33 22 10 445 3 4 59306 44 189 22 5 33 409 1764 3474 31 33504 2403 50019 2772 PN 26.6 229 3 170 33 23 10 445 3 4 59180 44 190 22 5 33 418 1730 3350 35 30929 2351 49856 2779 PN 27 243 3 187 36 17 18 484 7 5 63651 47 232 24 6 36 484 1872 287 34 38881 2238 28344 2780 PN 27 212 2 155 29 15 15 437 3 4 57723 42 182 21 5 32 419 1662 123 32 34901 2204 32496 2782 PN 27 228 2 166 34 15 16 453 2 4 58885 44 182 22 6 34 438 1765 289 33 35117 2335 31218 2785 PN 27 223 2 176 33 15 16 449 3 4 58879 44 191 22 6 33 430 1786 3402 32 31303 2327 49486 2787 PN 27 223 2 174 32 16 16 425 3 4 58900 44 189 22 6 33 440 1726 3448 32 31822 2363 49840 2789 PN 27 215 2 161 29 15 15 442 4 4 57815 42 211 21 5 32 424 1674 240 32 31429 2357 35553 2790 PN 27 236 2 161 34 16 17 468 2 4 59640 44 189 22 6 35 434 1789 365 37 35026 2365 34703 234 2792 PN 27 221 2 150 30 16 16 444 2 4 58319 43 185 22 6 33 424 1734 3456 33 30294 2354 50129 2794 PN 27 221 2 152 29 16 16 426 3 4 59430 44 187 22 6 33 431 1717 3689 33 33681 2409 48972 2803 PN 27 226 2 149 33 16 16 449 3 4 59270 44 187 22 6 33 432 1719 3328 37 32002 2317 49947 2804 PN 27 209 2 152 29 16 16 414 3 4 59107 43 195 21 5 35 435 1720 342 30 36031 2203 32658 2808 PN 27 228 3 165 31 16 16 438 3 4 60152 45 195 22 6 34 433 1745 3579 33 36897 2377 50351 2812 PN 27 228 2 158 32 16 17 462 3 4 60979 45 195 22 6 35 465 1730 3522 37 28282 2374 50761 2816 PN 28 225 2 160 34 16 16 442 3 4 58302 43 183 22 6 33 443 1706 3670 32 33665 2377 50611 2820 PN 28 222 2 157 30 17 16 446 3 4 59396 44 190 22 6 33 434 1708 3525 36 36002 2379 50718 2823 PN 28 219 2 159 30 16 16 440 3 4 58034 43 189 21 5 33 421 1676 3223 31 33673 2328 49773

Table 8: XRF Test Results

ANID Location Al Si Cl K Ca Ti Mn Fe Zn Ga Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba La Ce Nd Hf Pb Th U USF50 BT 3- PN 83 126 25300 215000 2745 17070 6819 693 1525 53140 352 30 153 7 172 1924 325 43 471 969 391 36 17 35 11 USF50 BT 3- PN 85 126 21590 174500 1599 16070 4917 771 1651 53750 366 31 167 6 178 1982 337 33 413 836 344 38 17 38 13 USF50 BT 3- PN 87 126 27830 232200 2243 20630 14090 863 1684 53020 342 30 149 9 154 1704 290 40 435 897 365 33 15 32 10 USF50 BT 3- PN 88 126 22370 189600 1851 15930 29320 866 1423 41670 261 23 117 21 132 1466 249 40 420 854 346 22 13 28 9 USF50 BT 3- PN 90 126 32610 266600 2606 19180 3385 712 1555 52000 327 29 149 4 154 1734 294 49 503 1041 408 34 16 33 10 USF50 BT 3- PN 91 126 34500 295000 3104 22470 15880 900 1832 47560 292 25 129 10 158 1790 304 53 522 1078 429 29 13 33 10 USF50 BT 3- PN 93 126 23900 211800 2369 18110 10920 760 1666 52580 356 29 150 7 170 1905 323 44 500 1025 425 37 16 36 13 235 USF50 BT 2- PN 97 127 20830 181000 1742 14190 46710 1048 1419 42340 289 23 119 23 134 1458 252 39 409 830 338 26 13 30 10 USF50 BT 2- PN 98 127 26920 229600 2345 19040 1603 689 1697 54310 359 30 161 4 174 1960 332 40 436 888 352 39 17 35 12 USF51 BT 2- PN 00 127 20530 173900 2019 16980 1360 620 1541 52970 348 32 158 4 167 1902 317 41 409 835 329 35 17 35 12 USF51 BT 2- PN 05 127 27730 217200 1990 17860 7938 729 1585 52380 341 29 153 7 164 1855 313 45 436 893 362 35 17 34 12 USF51 BT 2- PN 08 127 22680 189000 2278 16390 5150 709 1578 54000 361 31 163 5 175 1976 334 32 369 744 285 37 17 36 12 USF51 BT 2- PN 09 127 25170 208400 3269 17720 4573 725 1711 54450 376 32 168 6 180 2002 343 41 441 882 354 37 16 38 12 USF51 BT 2- PN 11 127 18770 162500 2555 16120 4953 697 1646 53290 379 32 170 6 184 2038 347 40 437 881 357 38 18 39 14 USF51 BT 1- PN 25 128 28100 231900 2252 19890 1599 752 1741 52920 342 30 157 3 176 1975 332 43 470 952 388 36 15 37 13

USF51 BT 1- PN 26 128 18550 255800 1463 16000 11600 815 1564 58250 395 32 162 7 174 1886 322 45 449 908 354 40 17 36 12 USF51 BT 1- PN 27 128 29580 239700 3416 19710 1588 720 1638 56280 370 31 161 5 179 1971 335 47 474 923 392 39 17 35 12

ANID Location Al Si Cl K Ca Ti Mn Fe Zn Ga Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba La Ce Nd Hf Pb Th U USF51 BT 1- PN 28 128 32780 268100 2642 21020 2008 865 1748 54450 353 32 160 4 164 1857 318 42 456 921 375 35 16 34 12 USF51 BT 1- PN 29 128 31520 256200 2664 21160 7946 882 1792 52520 341 29 156 7 172 1916 328 39 423 861 351 36 15 35 12 USF51 BT 1- PN 30 128 26940 224600 2444 19050 10510 810 1663 50290 333 28 146 13157 1731 297 37 451 913 379 33 15 32 11 USF51 BT 1- PN 33 128 29910 235000 2282 19150 9004 838 1652 53230 349 31 155 7 157 1761 302 43 424 863 344 36 15 32 12 USF51 BT 1- PN 34 128 29760 240900 2504 19590 1958 777 1741 55280 370 32 167 4 177 1993 342 50 433 862 350 38 17 37 12 USF51 BT 1- PN 35 128 30100 227300 2197 18160 33760 1066 1539 46010 281 24 124 19136 1477 253 39 383 770 305 27 14 27 9 USF51 BT 1- PN 36 128 29870 244100 2341 19780 1784 727 1729 52900 342 31 154 4 171 1946 329 37 402 820 325 33 16 35 11 USF51 BT 1- PN

236 37 128 27280 225400 2860 16880 22510 810 1460 45130 271 24 125 13139 1518 255 40 380 793 327 28 14 29 9 USF51 BT 1- PN 38 128 28320 203600 1643 14580 29620 886 1340 47110 290 26 127 15129 1423 238 30 293 599 243 29 14 26 8 USF51 BT 1- PN 39 128 24190 201300 1725 14580 43890 971 1289 39290 243 21 109 23121 1297 222 40 425 859 335 25 12 24 9 USF51 BT 1- PN 40 128 19460 169000 1774 15170 26760 877 1485 44410 284 25 129 17138 1533 261 41 427 866 348 28 13 29 11 USF51 BT 3/4 PN 67 129 16340 139600 2115 13890 28800 884 1459 46010 298 27 136 17 143 1632 276 43 396 799 316 32 14 31 11 USF51 BT 3/4 PN 68 129 30630 251000 2382 17910 2475 702 1604 51290 326 28 147 3 163 1846 310 48 457 939 374 31 15 33 12 USF51 BT 3/4 PN 71 129 23090 188100 1667 15310 38760 945 1349 38770 229 21 103 19 124 1379 230 45 448 932 388 20 12 25 8 USF51 BT 3/4 PN 72 129 28910 204000 1979 16390 11280 815 1606 51870 331 29 151 7 159 1785 302 36 380 786 319 34 16 33 11 USF51 BT 3/4 PN 77 129 26150 218000 3894 18320 4410 691 1515 49700 306 27 141 5 156 1794 299 48 488 1023 411 30 14 33 11 USF51 BT 3/4 PN 78 129 26570 228600 2446 16470 3664 818 1614 53730 359 31 161 5 168 1900 324 36 434 880 355 34 16 35 12 USF51 BT 3/4 PN 81 129 32470 268800 2876 18770 1484 617 1485 52930 330 29 149 3 150 1718 290 36 394 813 315 32 15 30 10

ANID Location Al Si Cl K Ca Ti Mn Fe Zn Ga Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba La Ce Nd Hf Pb Th U USF52 LdV PN 94 137 24140 137500 1144 17420 5446 2377 1766 58350 253 34 105 3 101 1128 196 30 214 446 188 22 10 20 8 USF52 LdV PN 94 137 24140 137500 1144 17420 5446 2377 1766 58350 253 34 105 3 101 1128 196 30 214 446 188 22 10 20 8 USF52 LdV PN 97 137 31820 175700 1350 17970 1668 1737 1533 41420 269 32 132 2 129 1666 274 96 280 558 203 34 13 32 11 USF53 LdV PN 02 137 29840 183100 1304 16880 19250 2014 1627 54380 252 29 107 11 104 1156 202 47 283 589 238 23 12 22 8 USF53 LdV PN 04 137 53600 254000 2733 20130 4555 1882 1473 39710 236 27 113 2 116 1507 245 108 307 627 215 28 13 27 8 USF53 LdV PN 14 137 38010 224500 3552 21780 2740 2248 1872 59300 273 31 114 2 112 1281 221 46 282 584 227 25 12 24 7

237

Appendix B

Pantelleria Artifacts and Geologic Density Analysis Charts

238 BdA 3 BdA BdA 2 BdA 1 In-Situ Surface In-Situ Secondary

Bda 3 BdA Bda 2 BdA 1 In-Situ Surface In Situ Secondary

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Bagno dell’Acqua and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

239

BdA Surface BdA 1 Secondary BdA Surface

BdA 3 BdA BdA 2 BdA 1 In-Situ Surface In-Situ Secondary

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Bagno dell’Acqua and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

240

BdA 3 BdA BdA 2 BdA 1 In-Situ Surface In-Situ Secondary

BdA 3 BdA BdA 3 BdA 1 In-Situ Surface In-Situ Secondary

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Bagno dell’Acqua and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

241 BdA 3 BdA BdA 3 BdA 1 In-Situ Surface In-Situ Secondary

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Bagno dell’Acqua and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

BdT 1 & BdT 2 & BdT 3 BdT 2 BdT 4

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples Balata dei Turchi and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

242 BdT 1 & BdT 3 BdT2 & BdT 4

BdT1 & BdT3

BdT2 & BdT 4

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Balata dei Turchi and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

243

BdT1, BdT2, BdT3, BdT4

BdT1 & BdT3 BdT2 BdT4

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Balata dei Turchi and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

244

BdT1 & BdT3 BdT2 BdT4

BdT1, BdT3 &BdT4

BdT2

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Balata dei Turchi and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

245

BdT1 & BdT3 BdT2 BdT4

Density Analysis of Geologic Samples from Balata dei Turchi and Pantelleria Archaeological Sites

246