East Asia – Ming, Qing, & Tokugawa Japan
World History and Geography East Asia Ming China, 1368-1644
3 Ming Dynasty-Eradicating the Mongol Past
Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress Support study of Confucian classics Civil service examinations renewed
4 Foreign relations: Most dynamic dynasty
Population growth based on new American crops Corn Potato Sweet potato (Cotton)
Ming peasant with wheelbarrow The Great Wall of China
6 Great Wall
Final & lasting reconstruction Built last 1000 kilometers
http://www.free-beauty-tips.com/bw3.html Ming porcelain
Emperors were biggest customers Prized by wealthy across Eurasia Rougher, more durable pieces sold to foreigners For silver American silver gave Europeans much greater access to Chinese markets 7 Voyages of Zheng He
http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~tliu/chinese/zhenghe.html Compared to Europeans
Zheng He’s ships 400 feet long Santa Maria 85 feet Why did they stop?
Interesting but not practical Giraffes, zebras Glamorous but expensive
Analogy: US cut back space program Chinese/European point of view
Chinese: Emperor: curious, ambitious Merchants opposed—China is rich already Scholar gentry opposed waste of money threat to their power Confucian bias against merchants & trade
Europeans: wide support Increase national & personal wealth, power Spread Christianity Europeans began arriving
Portuguese, then Spanish China was too big to conquer Established trading houses
Chinese image of 18th-century European sailor Ming Dynasty
Contact with Europe: Marco Polo first aroused European interest in China in the late thirteenth century (1200s). Rumors of a great society in the East grew as other travelers made their way along the overland Silk Road between China and the West. It was those tales of the riches of the East that spurred Columbus and other adventurers to find a sea route to China. Marco Polo Ming Dynasty
The Chinese desire to remain unknown was shattered when the Portuguese arrived in 1514. Soon, the Portuguese soon outraged Chinese officials with their behavior and were expelled from Canton (the Chinese called them “ocean devils” Direct trade between Europe & China was limited Christian Jesuit missionaries were most effective & active in the exchange of ideas between Europe & China. Portuguese in China – Limited to Macau Fall of Ming
Poor leadership Internal corruption Peasant revolts Manchu (Northern nomads) invaded Founded Qing dynasty
http://www.regenttour.com/china/history/qing.htm Ming Collapse
Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century Rebels take Beijing in 1644 Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynasty Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty
19 The Qing empire, 1644-1911
20 The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall Chieftan Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China War with Ming loyalists to 1680 Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty
21 Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
Lady from Qing Dynasty Ruler from Qing Dynasty The “Son of Heaven”
Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi- divine Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch servants Clothing designs, name characters forbidden to rest of population The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks
23 M/C Question:
Which of the following statements about the Manchus after the mid-1600’s is accurate? a. they lived in a highly urbanized society in Manchuria b. they rejected Confucianism and its rules c. they founded the long-lasting Qing Dynasty in China d. they concentrated on creating an independent and productive peasant class e. they focused on domestic Manchu affairs and did not attempt to expand their territory Classes in Chinese Society
Privileged Classes Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry Distinctive clothing with ranks Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service Working classes Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants Merchant activity not actively supported Lower classes Military, beggars, slaves
25 The Scholar-Bureaucrats
Ran government on a day-to-day basis Graduates from intense civil service examinations Open only to men Curriculum: Confucian classics, calligraphy, poetry, essay writing Also: history, literature
26 The Civil Service Examinations
District, provincial, and metropolitan levels Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level Multiple attempts common Students expected to bring bedding, chamber pots for three-day uninterrupted examinations Students searched for printed materials before entering private cells
27 Examination System and Society
Ferocious competition Qing dynasty: 1 million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions Remainder turn to teaching, tutoring positions Some corruption, cheating Advantage for wealthy classes: hiring private tutors, etc. But open to all, tremendous opportunity for social mobility 28 The Patriarchal Family
Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor Eldest son favored Clan-based authority groups augment government services
29 Gender Relations
Males receive preferential status Economic factor: girls join husband’s family Infanticide common Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches Men control divorce Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much
30 Footbinding
Origins in Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) Linen strips binds and deforms female child’s feet Perceived aesthetic value Statement of social status and/or expectations Commoners might bind feet of especially pretty girls to enhance marriage prospects
31 Woman with Bound Feet
32 Population Growth and Economic Development
Only 11% of China arable Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary American food crops introduced in 17th century Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts Rebellion and war reduce population in 17th century Offset by increase due to American crops
33 Chinese Population Growth
34 Government and Technology
During Tang and Song dynasties (7th-13th centuries), China a world leader in technology Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese invention of gunpowder Government suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result Mass labor over productivity
35 Neo-Confucianism
Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) Confucian morality with Buddhist logic Education at various levels promoted Hanlin Academy, Beijing Provincial schools Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia
Development of popular novels as well 36 Christianity in China
Nestorian, Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China Disappeared with plague and social chaos of 14th century Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601 Brought western mechanical technology Prisms, harpsichords, clocks
37 Foreign Trade
Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware Chinese in turn import relatively little Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles Paid for exports with silver bullion from Americas After Emperor Yongle’s early maritime expeditions (1405-1433), Ming dynasty abandons large-scale maritime trade plans
In part to appease southern populations 38 Confucianism and Christianity
Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism Differences due to Neo-Confucian distortions Yet few converts in China Approx. 200,000 mid 18th century, about 0.08 percent of population Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept Franciscans and Dominicans convince Pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship) Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China
39 Matteo Ricci Jesuit priest & scholar Respected by Chinese Traveled in China 1583-1610 Adopted Chinese dress Learned language Appointed court mathematician & astronomer Little success in spreading Christianity M/C Question:
The adoption of Neo-Confucianism by the Ming Dynasty during the fourteenth century was primarily motivated by the a. rejection of traditional Chinese thinkers b. need for competent government administrators c. desire to continue Mongol practices in China d. arrival Jesuit missionaries in China e. goal of becoming a sea-based empire The Decline of the Qing
By 1800s, Westerners had been in contact with China for more than 200 years, although Western merchants were restricted to a small trading outlet at Canton. The Chinese were not interested in purchasing British goods, but the British people very much wanted tea, silk, porcelain, etc. so they were sending increasing quantities of silver to China. The Decline of the Qing
When negotiations about trade imbalance failed, the British solution was opium. The British East India Company shipped opium directly to the Chinese market. Silver began flowing back to the British The Chinese reacted strongly – they appealed to the British Queen Victoria to stop the sale of opium on moral grounds – Great Britain refused. The Chinese government then blockaded Canton to force traders to hand over their opium, to which the British responded by starting the Opium War. The Opium War The Decline of the Qing
Internal Rebellions: Economic problems led to major peasant revolt known as the Taiping Rebellion (1850 to 1864) Led by Hong Xiuquan, a Christian convert who viewed himself as a younger brother of Jesus Christ. He was convinced God had given him the mission of wiping out the Manchu dynasty. Joined by great crowds of peasants, he captured the town of Yongan and proclaimed a new dynasty – the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. He demanded social reforms such as land reform, outlaw of foot binding, eliminating use of alcohol & tobacco, giving up private property (the Chinese Communist Revolution of 20th C. would have many of the same goals). The Decline of the Qing
Opening the Door to China As foreign pressure on the Manchu dynasty became stronger, both Great Britain & the United States feared the collapse of the empire. In addition to preserving the unity of China, the United States wanted equal access to Chinese markets & resented the existing “spheres of influence” The Decline of the Qing
Economic problems, corruptions of the imperial court, foreign colonialism… would lead ultimately to the fall of the Manchus. Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867
48 Japan
Governed since 1100s by shogunates Military governments 1300-early 1400s Order breaking down Independent feudal states in conflict Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)
1st of 15 Tokugawa shoguns 1603 Capital at Edo (Tokyo) Brought all daimyos under his authority Civil wars ended
http://samourais.free.fr/S_HistoireJapon.html Edo castle
http://dougukan.jp/B24.html Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”)
Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc. From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations Travel, import of books forbidden Policy strictly maintained for 200 years
52 Tokugawa years
Great Peace through dictatorship Monopoly on gunpowder technology Rigid class system
http://www.hogaku.it/storia/azuchi_momoyama/map2.gif Neo-Confucianism in Japan
Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period Chinese language essential to curriculum Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains popular “Native Learning” also popular in 18th century Folk traditions, Shinto
54 Restricted Europeans’ access to Japan
1500s: Portuguese, Spanish Dutch arrived Traders & missionaries Francis Xavier By 1614, up to 300,000 converts 10% of population • http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=3993
“Portuguese arrive in Japan” Thomas Kostecki http://www.kostecki.de/en/chegada.htm Shoguns distrusted Christianity
Restrictions began 1580s Missionaries ordered to leave 1590s persecution began Banned 1614
Monument to Nagasaki martyrs
http://cue.stanford.edu/journal/entry.cgi?index=382 Christianity in Japan
Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 Remarkable success among daimyo Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans Government backlash Fear of foreign intrusion Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639
restricts Christianity, executes staunch 57 Christians Sometimes by crucifixion 1649 Japan closed to foreigners
By 1630s, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas Only Nagasaki open to foreign merchants Dutch post on Deshima Island Western books banned
http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/images/deshima.jpg Shogunate’s accomplishments
Peace restored Population grew Roads, canals, internal economy grew
Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700s Inflexibility Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers (U.S. Commodore Perry) Tokugawa rule ended 1868