Contemporary Cinematic Portrayals of Female Sexuality In
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CONTEMPORARY CINEMATIC PORTRAYALS OF FEMALE SEXUALITY IN TOP-GROSSING R-RATED U.S. FILMS (2000-2009) THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of ARTS by Marisa Reyes, B.J. San Marcos, Texas August 2013 CONTEMPORARY CINEMATIC PORTRAYALS OF FEMALE SEXUALITY IN TOP-GROSSING R-RATED U.S. FILMS (2000-2009) Committee Members Approved: ____________________________ Kate Peirce, Chair ____________________________ Audrey McKinney ____________________________ Rebecca Bell-Metereau Approved: ________________________ J. Michael Willoughby Dean of the Graduate College COPYRIGHT by Marisa Reyes 2013 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Marisa Reyes, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of thesis would not have been possible without the constant love, support, patience, and assistance from my fiancé, Scott Zertuche. I would also like to thank my thesis committee for their support, guidance, and diligence throughout this process. This manuscript was submitted on May 28, 2013. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM...................................................................................................1 II. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE .............................................................3 III. SIGNIFICANCE ..............................................................................................17 IV. METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................20 V. RESULTS .........................................................................................................25 Comparison of Numbers (Hypothesis 1) ...................................................26 Scenes ............................................................................................26 Body Parts ......................................................................................29 Characters ......................................................................................31 Imagery (Hypothesis 2) ..............................................................................35 Scene Characteristics .....................................................................35 Demographics of Characters ..........................................................43 Age .....................................................................................43 Ethnicity .............................................................................46 Body Types ........................................................................48 The Male Gaze (Hypothesis 3) ..................................................................52 Overview of Male-Directed Movies ..............................................56 The Male Gaze in Male-Directed Movies .....................................62 Overview of Female-Directed Movies ...........................................98 The Male Gaze in Female-Directed Movies ................................101 vi VI. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................127 Limitations ...............................................................................................129 Future Research .......................................................................................130 APPENDICES .....................................................................................................133 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................140 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Number of Sex and Nude Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...............................................................................................................26 2. Number of Characters in Sex and Nude Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ........................................................................................27 3. Number of Characters in Nude Scenes Only in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) .........................................................................................................28 4. Number of Body Parts in Nude Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ..........................................................................................................30 5. Type of Characters in Nude and Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ........................................................................................32 6. Number of Partners in Implied and Actual Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...........................................................................35 7. Consensual and Nonconsensual Sex in Implied and Actual Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...............................................37 8. Orientation of Sex in Implied and Actual Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...........................................................................38 9. Type of Sex in Actual Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ..........................................................................................................40 10. Sexual Assertiveness of Characters in Actual Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...........................................................................43 11. Ages of Characters in Nude and Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ........................................................................................44 viii 12. Ethnicities of Characters in Nude and Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ........................................................................................47 13. Body Types of Characters in Nude and Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...........................................................................48 14. Number and Types of Nude Characters in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) .....................................................................................................53 15. Types of Female Nude Characters in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...............................................................................................................54 16. Types of Male Nude Characters in Highest Grossing R-rated Movies in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...............................................................................................................54 17. Characters in Nude and Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Male-Directed Films in the U.S. (2000-2009) ...................................................................61 18. The Male Gaze in Highest Grossing R-rated Male-Directed Films in the U.S. (2000-2009) ........................................................................................................................97 19. Characters in Nude and Sex Scenes in Highest Grossing R-rated Female-Directed Films in the U.S. (2000-2009) .............................................................100 20. The Male Gaze in Highest Grossing R-rated Female-Directed Films in the U.S. (2000-2009) .............................................................................................................126 ix ABSTRACT CONTEMPORARY CINEMATIC PORTRAYALS OF FEMALE SEXUALITY IN TOP-GROSSING R-RATED U.S. FILMS (2000-2009) by Marisa Reyes, B.J. Texas State University-San Marcos August 2013 SUPERVISING PROFESSOR: KATE PEIRCE Researchers contend that sex in the mass media typically degrades and objectifies women, as the majority of modern mainstream films is produced and directed by men who portray women’s bodies in ways that appeal to the “male gaze.” These portrayals include using stereotypical images and representations, including observable “gazing” and objectification of female bodies, utilizing visually consistent and unattainable images of female beauty, and ignoring or discouraging the consideration of women's sexual needs, experiences, and pleasures in filmic texts and imagery. In this thesis, I examine women’s sexual images in top-grossing R-rated U.S. contemporary cinema from 2000 to x 2009 to compare how male and female directors represent women’s sexuality and imagery, and investigate whether female directors offer more balanced nudity, more diverse imagery, and less gazing of female bodies than their male