EARTH SCIENCES 3313A – Igneous Petrology

Earth Sciences 3313A: IGNEOUS PETROLOGY ˗ Fall 2020

Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica Trachytic Syenite, Yukon

Instructor: Robert Linnen, email: [email protected] Teaching Assistants: Stephanie Kobylinski, email: [email protected]; Josh Laughton, email: [email protected] Pre-requisites: ES 2206a/b - Mineral Systems, Crystallography and Optics

Office Hours: There are no specific office hours. There will be time to ask questions during the lecture time slot. Alternatively, contact the instructor Robert Linnen, by email and questions will either answered by email or a Zoom session will be set up to answer the questions.

Course Organization 3313A Igneous Petrology will be taught ‘synchronous on-line’. Students must participate in on- line sessions on Zoom, at the assigned lecture time indicated in Western Timetable. If anyone has issues connecting to Zoom, please email the instructor. Recorded presentations will be posted before the lecture time slots and it is mandatory that students watch the appropriate presentation before the associated time slot. It is also mandatory that students attend the Zoom lectures. The time slots will be used to discuss the material in the associated presentation as well as to complete exercises, forums, group assignments etc. during the on-line time slot. The labs are in person and all labs are mandatory to attend.

Participants in this course are not permitted to record the discussions in the synchronous time slot, except where recording is an approved accommodation, or the participant has the prior written permission of the instructor.

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Schedule Lectures: Tuesdays & Thursdays: 12:30-13:20 (on-line). Labs: Thursday 2:30-5:20 & 6:00-9:00 Room: B&GS 1065

CALENDAR DESCRIPTION OF EARTH SCIENCES 3313A

“IGNEOUS PETROLOGY" Study of igneous processes using rock and thin section descriptions (petrography). Discussion of how different compositions and conditions influence the phases present in a rock (phase equilibria). Association of different rock types with plate tectonic setting.

WHY STUDY IGNEOUS PETROLOGY? Volcanoes are one of the main natural hazards to mankind and volcanic emissions are linked to past climate change. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms and processes controlling volcanic eruptions. It is also clear that the materials which constitute the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and crust ultimately originated from the Earth’s interior and were brought to the Earth’s surface via igneous processes. Consequently, igneous petrology is a key component to understanding how the Earth works as a system. Igneous rocks are also the source of metals in many types of ore deposits, thus understanding the behavior of metals in igneous processes is fundamental to mineral exploration.

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE? To outline the physical and chemical properties of magma, to introduce the techniques that are used to interpret the origin and evolution of different series of magmas and to examine in more detail magma evolution in specific igneous/tectonic environments. The laboratory is an integral part of the course and students will learn to identify common igneous rocks and textures in hand specimen and in thin section using a petrographic microscope. In class, we will discuss: - The origin and conditions for production and crystallization of melts - How different compositions and conditions influence the phases present in a rock (phase equilibria) - The association of different rock types with plate tectonic settings - The major and trace element behavior in igneous systems which is used to understand the formation and evolution of the crust-mantle system on Earth and other planets During the labs: The focus is on learning how rock hand samples and thin sections are described and how textures are interpreted (petrography).

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Learning Outcomes:

Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: • explain magmatic processes and igneous rock formation within the Earth’s crust and mantle using elemental geochemistry, phase diagrams, and petrography. • describe the geochemical and physical processes responsible for producing magmas and the diversity of igneous rock types by using real and theoretical examples. • classify igneous rocks based on their petrography or geochemistry and associate these characteristics with plate tectonic settings. • observe and identify key minerals, and important features of igneous rocks in thin section and hand specimen and apply their observations to rock forming processes. • use numerical, graphical, and synthesizing techniques to solve igneous petrological problems.

LEARNING RESOURCES The required text for this course is Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (2010) 2nd Edition, by John Winter, A 180 day ebook is available for $46.90 from the bookstore. This textbook is also used in the course Earth 3315B – Metamorphic Petrology, so you may prefer to purchase a hard copy book. It is strongly recommended to read the book chapters associated with the corresponding lectures prior to class to be better familiarized with the contents and technical vocabulary of the lecture. Materials from other sources will be also included in lectures and discussed in class. All lectures will be uploaded to the OWL website For additional information and power point copies of the figures, see http://www.whitman.edu/geology/winter/ (the website also has a list of errata to fix in your own book) There are several other excellent textbooks of Volcanology, Igneous Petrology and related subjects in the library. These include: Philpotts, A.R. (2009), Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Best, M.G., and Christiansen, E.H. (2001) Igneous Petrology Frost, B.R and Frost, C.D. (2014) Essentials of igneous and metamorphic petrology Rollinson, H. (1993) Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation

LABORATORIES All laboratories are required, but if a student has a valid reason for missing a lab, up to 2 labs can be missed and the lab mark will be pro-rated based on the completed labs. Material will be uploaded to the OWL website before the lab. Students are responsible for printing out each

3 EARTH SCIENCES 3313A – Igneous Petrology assignment (or bringing the digital lab with them on a laptop computer). All labs are due at the end of the lab period. An optical mineralogy text is required for the lab, suggested books are Nesse (2003) Introduction to Optical Mineralogy. Deer, Howie and Zussman, (1992) An Introduction to Rock-Forming Minerals. Philpotts (1989) Petrography of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Other Required Lab Materials: 10x or better hand lens, a pencil magnet MARKING SCHEME Participation in Zoom lectures 10%

Each lecture time slot will normally have an associated task that will require on-line participation either individually or in groups. Tasks may include submitting the completed work at the end of the lecture time slot. Problem Sets 10%

Four problem sets will be assigned on September 22, October 6, October 22 and November 10. They all have the same weight and are due one week after assigned. Each student is required to complete assignments individually (see academic integrity below). Penalty: 10% off for each late day (only exceptions are if you have a special SSD arrangement, a medical reason, or an exceptional reason approved by counseling), maximum 3 days late. Laboratory Assignments 20%

Nine labs total. All labs are mandatory and are due at the end of the class (only exceptions are if you have special SSD arrangement, or exceptional reason approved by counseling). Each lab will be posted on OWL on Monday of each week, you are responsible for printing (or bringing on a labtop) and reading lab handouts prior to the lab session on Thursday. Each student is required to complete labs individually (see academic integrity below). Lab Essays 15%

There are two laboratory essays, worth 10% each. Both consist of reading a paper(s), synthesizing the textures that are reported in the paper(s) and discussing why/how the textures are important for interpreting igneous rocks and how they are applied. The first essay will focus on volcanic rocks and processes and the second essay will focus on plutonic rocks and processes.

Mid-Term 15% and Final Exam 25% The mid-term and final exam will both be oral examinations, conducted via Zoom between the professor and each individual student. Students are responsible for all material that is presented during lectures, including solving problems. The Mid-Term will be on Saturday, October 24 and each student will answer questions for 10-12 minutes. The Final will also be an oral examination, but students will be questioned for approximately 15 minutes. The date is to be determined.

Completion of this course will require you to have a reliable internet connection and a device that meets the system requirements for Zoom. Information about the system requirements are

4 EARTH SCIENCES 3313A – Igneous Petrology available at the following link: https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us

* Please note that Zoom servers are located outside Canada. If you would prefer to use only your first name or a nickname to login to Zoom, please provide this information to the instructor in advance of the mid-term or final exam.

Important Dates October 24, 9:00-12:00. Saturday. Midterm via Zoom. November 2-6. Fall Reading Week, no classes December 8. Last Lecture December 11-22. Examination period. Final exam, date and location TBA.

All lecture materials will be posted to the OWL course website Lecture Schedule Some topics may not be covered

Lecture Date Title 1 Sept 10 Introduction 2 Sept 15 Structure of the Earth 3 Sept 17 Mineralogical Classification 4 Sept 22 Chemical Classification 5 Sept 24 Volcanic Field Relationships: Flows 6 Sept 29 Volcanic Field Relationships: Pyroclastics 7 Oct 1 Plutonic Field Relationships 8 Oct 6 Physical Properties: Temperature and Density 9 Oct 8 Physical Properties: Viscosity and Diffusion 10 Oct 13 Introduction to Geochemsitry 11 Oct 15 Phase Equilibria 1 12 Oct 20 Phase Equilibria 2 13 Oct 22 Phase Equilibria 3 14 Oct 27 Melting 15 Oct 29 Major Elements 16 Nov 10 Trace Elements 1 17 Nov 11 Trace Elements 2 REE 18 Nov 17 MORB 19 Nov 19 OIB 20 Nov 24 Island Arcs 21 Nov 26 Continental Arcs 22 Dec 1 Granites 23 Dec 3 Alkaline magmatism

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24 Dec 8 Review

General Information

General information is available at http://www.registrar.uwo.ca/. For scholastic offenses, University of Western Ontario policies are listed http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/academic_policies/. Scholastic offences are taken seriously and graduate students are directed to read the policy, specifically, the definition of what constitutes a Scholastic Offence, at the following Web site: http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/scholastic_discipline_undergrad.pdf Information for accommodation for religious holidays can be found at http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/accommodation_religious.pdf The link to learning skills services at the Student Development Centre is http://www.sdc.uwo.ca/ and services provided by the University Students’ Council is http://westernusc.ca/services/

Accommodation Policies Students with disabilities work with Accessible Education (formerly SSD) which provides recommendations for accommodation based on medical documentation or psychological and cognitive testing. The Academic Accommodation for Students with Disabilities policy can be found at: https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/AcademicAccommodation_disabiliti es.pdf

Academic Consideration for Student Absence Students will have up to two (2) opportunities during the regular academic year to use an on-line portal to self-report an absence during the semester, provided the following conditions are met: the absence is no more than 48 hours in duration, and the assessment for which consideration is being sought is worth 30% or less of the student’s final grade. Students are expected to contact their instructors within 24 hours of the end of the period of the self-reported absence, unless noted on the syllabus. Students are not able to use the self-reporting option in the following circumstances: • for exams scheduled by the Office of the Registrar (e.g., December and April exams) • absence of a duration greater than 48 hours, • assessments worth more than 30% of the student’s final grade, • if a student has already used the self-reporting portal twice during the academic year

If the conditions for a Self-Reported Absence are not met, students will need to provide a Student Medical Certificate if the absence is medical, or provide appropriate documentation if there are compassionate grounds for the absence in question. Students are encouraged to contact their Faculty academic counselling office to obtain more information about the relevant documentation.

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Students should also note that individual instructors are not permitted to receive documentation directly from a student, whether in support of an application for consideration on medical grounds, or for other reasons. All documentation required for absences that are not covered by the Self-Reported Absence Policy must be submitted to the Academic Counselling office of a student's Home Faculty.

For policy on Academic Consideration for Student Absences - Undergraduate Students in First Entry Programs, see: https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/Academic_Consideration_for_absences.pdf and for the Student Medical Certificate (SMC), see: http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/medicalform.pdf

Religious Accommodation Students should consult the University's list of recognized religious holidays, and should give reasonable notice in writing, prior to the holiday, to the Instructor and an Academic Counsellor if their course requirements will be affected by a religious observance. Additional information is given in the Western Multicultural Calendar: https://multiculturalcalendar.com/ecal/index.php?s=c-univwo

You may also be eligible to write the Special Exam if you are in a “Multiple Exam Situation” (see http://www.registrar.uwo.ca/examinations/exam_schedule.html).

[optional] If a student fails to write a scheduled Special Examination, the date of the next Special Examination (if granted) normally will be the scheduled date for the final exam the next time this course is offered. The maximum course load for that term will be reduced by the credit of the course(s) for which the final examination has been deferred. See Academic Calendar for details (under Special Examinations).

Academic Policies The website for Registrarial Services is http://www.registrar.uwo.ca.

In accordance with policy, http://www.uwo.ca/its/identity/activatenonstudent.html, the centrally administered e-mail account provided to students will be considered the individual’s official university e-mail address. It is the responsibility of the account holder to ensure that e-mail received from the University at his/her official university address is attended to in a timely manner.

Contingency plan for an in-person class pivoting to 100% online learning In the event of a COVID-19 resurgence during the course that necessitates the course delivery

7 EARTH SCIENCES 3313A – Igneous Petrology moving away from face-to-face interaction, all remaining course content will be delivered entirely online, either synchronously (i.e., at the times indicated in the timetable) or asynchronously (e.g., posted on OWL for students to view at their convenience). The grading scheme will not change. Any remaining assessments will also be conducted online as determined by the course instructor.

Scholastic offences are taken seriously and students are directed to read the appropriate policy, specifically, the definition of what constitutes a Scholastic Offence, at the following Web site: http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/academic_policies/appeals/scholastic_discipline_undergrad.pdf.

The term paper may be subject to submission for textual similarity review to the commercial plagiarism detection software under license to the University for the detection of plagiarism. All papers submitted for such checking will be included as source documents in the reference database for the purpose of detecting plagiarism of papers subsequently submitted to the system. Use of the service is subject to the licensing agreement, currently between The University of Western Ontario and Turnitin.com (http://www.turnitin.com).

Support Services Please visit the Science & Basic Medical Sciences Academic Counselling webpage for information on add/drop courses, academic considerations for absences, appeals, exam conflicts, and many other academic related matters: https://www.uwo.ca/sci/counselling/

Please contact the course instructor if you require lecture or printed material in an alternate format or if any other arrangements can make this course more accessible to you. You may also wish to contact Student Accessibility Services (SAS) at (519) 661-2147 if you have any questions regarding accommodations.

Western University is committed to a thriving campus as we deliver our courses in the mixed model of both virtual and face-to-face formats. We encourage you to check out the Digital Student Experience website to manage your academics and well-being: https://www.uwo.ca/se/digital/.

Learning-skills counsellors at the Student Development Centre (http://www.sdc.uwo.ca) are ready to help you improve your learning skills. They offer presentations on strategies for improving time management, multiple-choice exam preparation/writing, textbook reading, and more. Individual support is offered throughout the Fall/Winter terms in the drop-in Learning Help Centre, and year-round through individual counselling.

This course is supported by the Science Student Donation Fund. If you are a BSc or BMSc student registered in the Faculty of Science or Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, you pay the Science Student Donation Fee. This fee contributes to the Science Student Donation

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Fund, which is administered by the Science Students’ Council (SSC). One or more grants from the Fund have allowed for the purchase of equipment integral to teaching this course. You may opt out of the Fee by the end of September of each academic year by completing the online form linked from the Faculty of Science’s Academic Counselling site. For further information on the process of awarding grants from the Fund or how these grants have benefitted undergraduate education in this course, consult the chair of the department or email the Science Students’ Council at [email protected].

Mental Wellbeing Students who are in emotional/mental distress should refer to Mental Health@Western (http://www.health.uwo.ca/mental_health) for a complete list of options about how to obtain help.

Additional student-run support services are offered by the USC, http://westernusc.ca/services.

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