HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT TWO RIVERS FARM

PORTIONS 1 TO 15 OF WELTEVREDEN FARM N0 1646 & PORTION 5 OF JERICO FARM NO 1014 GROOT DRAKENSTEIN

Prepared for Submission to SAHRA & HWC in terms the NHR Act (Prepared as a Heritage Specialist Study in terms of an EIA process)

Prepared for the Two Rivers Development Company (Pty) Ltd

Prepared by Sarah Winter and Nicolas Baumann

With input from Harriet Clift, Mary Patrick, Dr Hans Fransen, Marianne Gertenbach & Paul Andrews

November 2007

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 1 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

NICOLAS BAUMANN AND SARAH WINTER HERITAGE CONSULTANTS P O BOX 281 MUIZENBERG 7950 Nicolas Baumann Sarah Winter Tel: (021) 423-6743 Tel: (021) 788-9313 Fax: (021) 423-5713 Fax: (021) 788-2871 Cell: 083 3083 900 Cell: 082 4210 510 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT TWO RIVERS FARM

PORTIONS 1 TO 15 OF WELTEVREDEN FARM N0 1646 & PORTION 5 OF JERICO FARM NO 1014 GROOT DRAKENSTEIN

Prepared for Submission to SAHRA & HWC in terms the NHR Act (Prepared as a Heritage Specialist Study in terms of an EIA process)

Cover page images: Courtesy of Boschendal Ltd Archives; Topographical Diagram of Rhodes Fruit Farms Inner cover photo: Courtesy of Drakenstein Heenkring (Ray Ryan Photographer); Weltevreden Rhodes Fruit Farms

Prepared for the Two Rivers Development Company (Pty) Ltd

Prepared by Sarah Winter and Nicolas Baumann

With input from Harriet Clift, Mary Patrick, Dr Hans Fransen, Marianne Gertenbach & Paul Andrews Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 2 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS pages

SECTION A: INTRODUCTION 1-7

A.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE A.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT A.2.1. Alternative 2A: 7 Farms with Clustered Resort and Golf Trail A.2.2. Alternative 2B A.2.3. Alternative 3 A.3. PLANNING MOTIVATION A.3.1. Community Benefits outlined in the Boschendal Sustainable Initiative A.4. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS A.5. STUDY METHODOLOGY A.6 EVALUATION FRAMEWORK & ASSESSMENT CRITERIA A.6.1 Assessment of Heritage Significance A.6.1.1. Broad Categories of Heritage Significance A.6.1.2. Criteria used in the NHR Act A.6.1.3 System for Grading Significance A.6.2. Criteria for Assessing Vulnerability A.7.3. Assessment of Heritage Impacts

SECTION B: OUTCOME OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS 8-10

B.1. COMMENTS ARISING FROM FIRST SCOPING MEETING DATED 2ND MARCH 2005 B.2. COMMENTS ARISING FROM THE REVISED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT AND MEETING DATED 3RD AUGUST 2006 B.3. COMMENTS ARISING FROM A MEETING WITH THE FRANSCHHOEK CONSERVATION TRUST DATED 10TH AUGUST 2006 B.4. COMMENTS FROM THE CAPE INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS DATED FEBRUARY 2006 B.5. INTERVIEWS RELATING TO SITES OF SOCIAL-HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE DATED JULY AND AUGUST 2007 B.6. COMMENTS ARISING FROM THE DRAFT EIA/HIA REPORT B.7. COMMENT FROM THE HERITAGE CONSULTANTS ON ISSUES RAISED DURING THE CONSULTATION PROCESS

SECTION C: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 11-14

C.1. FARM HISTORY C.1.1. Welterveden C.1.2. Bellegham C.1.3. Jerico

SECTION D: REVIEW OF OTHER RELEVANT HERITAGE STUDIES 15-19

D.1. VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT D.1.1. Recommended Mitigation Measures (VIA)

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D.2. HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT D.3. SOCIAL-HISTORICAL INTERVIEWS D.4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCOPING SURVEY D.5. BOSCHENDAL FARMLANDS HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

SECTION E: STATEMENT OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE AND EMERGING 20-25 PLANNING AND DESIGN INFORMANTS

E.1. OVERALL VALLEY SCALE E.1.1. Landscape Character E.2. SITE AND ITS IMMEDIATE CONTEXT E.3. INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS E.4. EMERGING HERITAGE INFORMANTS

SECTION F: ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 26-30

F.1. ALTERNATIVE 2A F.2. ALTERNATIVE 2B F.3. ALTERNATIVE 3

SECTION G: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31-33

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Archaeological Impacts Table 2: Summary of Overall Impacts

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Regional Context Figure 2: Local Context Figure 3: Aerial Photograph of the Site Figure 4: Existing Subdivision Figure 5: Valley Landscape Perspective Figure 6: Provisionally Protected Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape (now lapsed) Figure 7: Historical Amfarms Landholdings Showing 3 Core Project Areas Figure 8: Alternative 2A; Illustrative Land Use Plan Figure 9: Alternative 2A; Aerial Photograph Overlay Figure 10: Alternative 2A; Zoning and Subdivision Plan Figure 11: Alternative 2B; Illustrative Land Use Plan Figure 12: Alternative 2B; Aerial Photograph Overlay Figure 13: Alternative 2B; Zoning and Subdivision Plan Figure 14: Alternative 3; Aerial Photograph Overlay Figure 15: Alternative 3; Zoning and Subdivision Plan Figure 16: Proposed Landscape Interventions around Weltevreden Werf Figure 17: Clubhouse Precinct Layout Figure 18: Clubhouse Precinct Elevation Figure 19: Village Units Typical Layout Plan Figure 20: Village Units Elevation Studies Figure 21: Groot Drakenstein c 1700 (Courtesy of Drakenstein Heenkring) Figure 22: Groot Drakenstein c 1808 (CA M3/405) Figure 23: Groot Drakenstein c 1850 (courtesy of Drakenstein Heenkring) Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 4 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

Figure 24: Rhodes Fruit Farms Ltd Topographical Plan of the Farms Weltevreden, Zondernaam, Watergat, Lubeck & Werda Situated at Groot Drakenstin in the Paarl Division (early 1900s) (Courtesy of Boschendal Ltd) Figure 25: Rhodes Fruit Farms Ltd Topographical Plan of the Farms Good Hoop, Nieuwedorp, Rhone & Boschendal Situated at Groot Drakenstein in the Paarl Division (early 1900s) (Courtesy of Boshendal Ltd) Figure 26: Historical diagram of Farm Weltrevreden Figure 27: Historical diagram of Farm Bellegham Figure 28: Historical diagram of Farm Jerico Figure 29: Historical Photographs of Weltrevreden Farm Werf & Setting (early 1900s) (Courtesy of National Archives, Gribble Collection, Boschendal Ltd Archives) Figure 30: Historical–Architectural Survey of Weltevreden Farm Werf (Dr Hans Fransen) Figure 31: Archaeological Sensitivity; Weltevreden farm werf (Cape Archaeological Survey) Figure 32: Heritage Resources Map (Valley Scale) Figure 33: Valley Landscape Perspective Figure 34: Heritage Resources Map (Site and Individual Element Scales) Figure 35: Views from R45 (Courtesy of CNdV Africa 2007)

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Architectural Guidelines Appendix 2: Assessment Criteria Appendix 3: Historical Research Appendix 4: Social-Historical Interviews Appendix 5: Historical-Architectural Survey Appendix 6: Archaeological Survey

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SECTION A: INTRODUCTION

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants were appointed by the Two Rivers Development Company (Pty) Ltd to undertake a heritage impact assessment (HIA) of development proposals for a landholding known as Two Rivers Farm and comprising 13 portions situated at Groot Drakenstein in the Western Cape. This HIA report forms the heritage specialist component of an Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and is undertaken in terms of Sections 27 and 38 (8) of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999; NHR Act).

A.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE

Figure 1: Regional Context Figure 2: Local Context Figure 3: Aerial Photograph of the Site Figure 4: Existing Subdivision Figure 5: Valley Landscape Perspective Figure 6: Provisionally Protected Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape Figure 7: Historical Amfarms Landholdings Showing 3 Core Project Areas

Two Rivers Farm, formerly known as the Berg River Lands measures 478 hectares and includes Portions 1, 2, 4, 6-15 of Farm Weltevreden No 1646. These landholdings form one of the three project areas comprising the historical Amfarms landholdings situated at Groot Drakenstein, the others being Founders Estates and the Residual Lands at Boschendal which are subject to separate HIA and EIA processes. The landholding is zoned agriculture 60 hectares of which are under cultivation.

The land to the west of the Berg River falls within the provisionally protected area by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) which is dated June 2005 and has since lapsed. SAHRA has notified relevant owners of its intent to now proceed with the declaration of this area as a National Heritage Site.

A.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

The following description is extracted from a document entitled “Two Rivers Farm Description of Development Alternatives” dated 14.02.2007 and prepared by Planning Partners.

As part of the environmental and heritage scoping process various development alternatives for Two Rivers Farm were considered, namely:

Alternative 1: Farm, resort, residential & golf trail Alternative 2A: 7 farms with clustered resort and golf trail (Figures 8, 9, 10) Alternative 2B: 7 farms and golf trail (Figures 11, 12 & 13) Alternative 3: No-go (Figures 14 and 15)

Based on feedback from the various authorities and role players during the environment and heritage scoping phase Alternative 1 was withdrawn as a viable and appropriate alternative. Alternative 1 included an 18-hole golf trail and associated golf facilities, tourist facilities (guest house, restaurant and club house) structured around the historical Weltevreden farm werf, a village of 24 holiday resort units, rehabilitation of important natural features (wetlands, river, fynbos communities), Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 6 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

175 hectares of agriculture and a residential estate of 170 houses located on large erven ranging in size from 3000m2 to 10 000m2 and a development footprint of 500m2. This latter residential component that has been withdrawn as a development concept and is thus not included in the remaining alternatives. It should be noted that Alternative 1 includes a much larger area than the remaining alternatives, i.e. Alternatives 2A and 2B. Farm portions 1646/1, 1646/2, 1646/4, 1646/6, 1646/7 and 1646/13 are excluded from Alternative 2A and 2B.

The alternatives which are subject to further heritage and environment assessment and thus the subject of this HIA report include Alternatives 2A, 2B and 3. A description of each of these alternatives is provided below.

The various components of the alternatives are illustrated in a series of plans including:

 An Illustrative Land Use plan showing the pattern of development including landscape, agricultural and built form components.  Aerial Photograph Overlay  Zoning and Subdivision Plan

A.2.1. Alternative 2A: 7 Farms with Clustered Resort and Golf Trail

Refer to Figures 8-10.

 An 18-hole golf trail will traverse the resort and a number of farm portions, i.e. 1646/8, 1646/9, 1646/10, 1646/11, 1646/12 and 1646/15. o The golf trail will run across the river, alongside the forest and fields of the farms and then return to the resort site. The intention is for the golf trail to meander through the rural landscape with wetland areas, orchards, woodlands and fynbos as an integral part of the course. This differs from a traditional golf course with its monoculture and extensive areas of open areas. o The Golf Trail will be incorporated into the Resort and Agricultural properties by means of a servitude measuring a total of 87 hectares being registered across these properties. This will ensure that the golf course is sustained as a complete course. No rezoning is required for the servitude itself. o Associated golf facilities will include a golf club house, golf practice range, an estate and golf trail maintenance facility (± 2000m2) and an estate and golf trail administration office (±300m2). o The golf clubhouse will be designed on a ‘domestic scale’ as opposed to a large commercial operation involving the upgrade of the historical Weltevreden homestead and consisting of a bar, small restaurant, pro-shop and halfway house, and guest suites. o The golf trail will not be golf cart orientated. The golf club will train and employ 30 caddies on a full time basis. It will be obligatory for each player to make use of a caddy for a round of golf.

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 7 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

 Portion 1646/14 will be rezoned to Resort.

o An area measuring 0.7 hectares around the historical farm werf will be rezoned to Resort 1 for tourist facilities, i.e. a golf club house, small restaurant (± 60 seats), pro-shop and 6 guest suites.

o A village with 25 units will be situated overlooking the practice driving range and 1st tee. This area measures 1.2 hectares and will be rezoned to Resort 1 and Resort 2 for Holiday Accommodation and Holiday Housing purposes, respectively. As per the latest resort guidelines, up to 50% of these units may be alienated, although they will remain in a centrally managed rental pool. The intention is for the developer to construct the Resort 1 tourist units, comprising 13 units. The other 12 units will be rezoned Resort 2 to permit alienation. These units may be constructed by the developer or they may be constructed by individual owners subject to architectural guidelines enforced by the Homeowner’s Association. The is envisaged that the resort units will be 125m2 in extent and will be developed in accordance with the architectural guidelines attached as Appendix 1.

o 45.8 hectares will be rezoned to Private Open Space for the golf trail and other associated uses.

Concept proposals for the resort component are illustrated in the following figures:

Figure 16: Proposed Landscape Interventions around the Historic Werf Precinct Figure 17: Clubhouse Precinct Layout Figure 18: Clubhouse Precinct Elevation Figure 19: Village Units Typical Layout Plan Figure 20: Village Units Elevation Studies

Architectural guidelines for the village units and any buildings on the farms are attached as Appendix 1.

 Of the total area measuring 280 hectares across 7 farms approximately 228 hectares will remain zoned Agriculture. Excluding golf trail servitude, river and farmhouse components, this leaves approximately 130 hectares on the existing farms for cultivation purposes. An additional 9 hectares will also occur on the resort site. The agriculture will be managed and maintained by the Two Rivers Master Farmers Association that will be put in place by the Two Rivers Development Company. It is envisaged that a farming management company will be employed to manage the implementation and day-to day responsibilities of the Two Rivers Farmers Association on behalf of the farm owners.

 Environmental conservation opportunities identified include the rehabilitation of the river and wetlands, including a selective alien clearance programme along the river. Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 8 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

A.2.2. Alternative 2B

Refer to Figures 11-13.

As per Alternative 2A:

 An 18-hole golf trail will traverse a number of farm portions and will be incorporated into the Agricultural properties by means of a servitude. Associated golf facilities and tourist facilities will be established around the historical homestead.

 The land comprising approximately 280 hectares will remain zoned Agriculture, and of this 150 hectares may be cultivated. Architectural guidelines will apply to buildings on the farms as attached as Appendix 1. The maintenance and management of agriculture will be the same as Alternative 2A.

 Environmental conservation opportunities will be less than Alternative 2A but will include the rehabilitation of important environmental features such as the river.

There is no resort component in this Alternative.

A.2.3. Alternative 3

Refer to Figures 14 and 15.  The sale of the existing 13 farms.  Development on these farms would be in accordance with the architectural guidelines for Alternatives 2A and 2B.

Two Rivers Farms has existing development rights in place, which are associated with 13 approved agricultural subdivisions. This would allow for 13 principal dwellings or farmsteads. Based on certain consent uses being granted in terms of Agricultural I zoning of the land, 41 additional dwellings could also be allowed.

A.3. PLANNING MOTIVATION

The motivation for the alternative development proposals are the following overall benefits to the region and its inhabitants:

 Net gain in the area of land under sustainable and intensive agriculture from 60 to 130 hectares.  Optimum utilization of the higher potential soils for agriculture. The agricultural soils potential of the site has been assessed by Scholms, Ellis and Lambrechts (September 2003).  Employment generation during the construction phases and also as part of the ongoing services to the golf club, golf trail and farming elements. This aspect is addressed in the EIA process in terms of separate economic and social assessments prepared by Urban Econ (June 2007) and Octagonal Development (May 2007), respectively.  Infrastructure upgrade: treatment of sewage and the availability of treated effluent for irrigation purposes.

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 9 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

 Protection and management of large areas regarded as environmentally significant including the river, wetlands, and hillside and fynbos areas. These environmental aspects are addressed in the EIA process in terms of separate fresh water and botanical assessments.  The golf trail component complies with Provincial policy guidelines for golf course and polo field developments. The resort component complies with recent Provincial policy guidelines for Resorts, including limitations on the number and size of units, and ownership limitations.  The settlement form is generally consistent with the settlement pattern in the Valley, with a small village set among fields and rural landscape. This aspect is addressed in some detail in this heritage study.  The project will contribute to community development with a 5% grant on the first time sales on all farms that are sold and a 0.5% grant on the re-sales of farms to the BTT. This is discussed in more detail below. However, this does not apply to Alternative 3: No go option

A.3.1. Community Benefits outlined in the Boschendal Sustainable Initiative

In 2003 the three landowners of the historical Amfarms landholdings, i.e. Amfarms, Boschendal Ltd and the Two River Development Company (Pty) Ltd commissioned the formulation of an overall development framework for their respective landholdings. This culminated in a document entitled “The Boschendal Sustainable Development Initiative” (SDI). In accordance with Consultative Draft No. 5 dated November 2005 the overarching objectives included the sustainable economic community upliftment in the Valley, sustainability of agricultural resources and the rehabilitation and conservation of the natural and cultural resources. A number of community-based conservation and development programmes and related projects are envisaged which are subject to further clarification and negotiation. The vehicle through which these programmes and projects are to be implemented is the Boschendal Treasury Trust (BTT) and through which benefits will be devolved to various beneficiaries and stakeholders. The BTT is to be funded by a cash contribution made available through sales agreements, i.e. 5% of the proceeds of initial sales and 0.5% of all subsequent sales. There is also to be a land donation to the BBT including 23 hectares of land along the Dwars River Valley for pedestrian access, 36 hectares on the Simonsberg slopes and 26 hectares on the Drakenstein slopes for conservation purposes. Initially it was envisaged that a portion of the Two Rivers landholding, i.e. 47 hectares be donated to the BTT for agricultural purposes. This was dependent on being granted further development rights for the land to the east of the River as per Alternative 1. As it is now the intention to sell this land as per the existing subdivisions there will be no land donation for the remaining alternatives. The sales revenue provided to the BTT is applicable to Alternatives 2A and 2B. It does not apply to Alternative 3 or the “No Go” option.

The social-economic benefits to be derived from the various alternatives in the form of cash donations are the subject of a separate economic assessment and are not discussed further in this heritage study.

A.4. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

The proposed Alternatives 2A and 2B are subject to the following heritage and environmental statutory requirements:

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 10 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

 Approval (or comment) from the South African Heritage Resources (SAHRA) in terms of provisions of the NHR Act for a proposed change in use from Agriculture I to Resort I and II and subdivision of agricultural land for internal development purposes. This statutory requirement refers to proposals for the land situated to the west of the Berg River, which falls within the former SAHRA provisionally protected Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape. This provisional declaration lapsed in June 2007. However, it is SAHRA’s stated intention to now proceed for the formal declaration of the area as a National Heritage Site.

 Authorisation from the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&DP) in terms of the Environmental Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989) for a number of activities including a resort, construction of a playing field (i.e. 18 hole golf course and related facilities) covering an area of 20 hectares or more and a change in use of agricultural land.

 Authorisation in terms of Section 38 of the NHR Act for the construction of an 18- hole golf course across the land situated to the east of the Berg River. As a listed activity in terms of the Section 38(1) (i.e. a development exceeding 5000m2 which will change the character of a site) the golf trail is subject to the legal requirements for HIA’s. In fulfilling the requirements of Section 38 (3) as a heritage component of an EIA process, Section 38 (8) requires that DEA&DP consult with Heritage Western Cape (HWC) on the heritage component of the EIA before a Record of Decision (ROD) is issued.

A.5. STUDY METHODOLOGY

The HIA of the proposed development alternatives is based on the following study approach:

 The need for the study to meet minimum requirements for HIA’s as outlined in Section 38 (3) of the NHR Act, namely: o The identification and mapping of all heritage resources in the area affected by the proposals. o An assessment of the significance of such heritage resources in terms of the criteria prescribed in the NHR Act. o An assessment of the negative and positive impacts of the development on such resources and an evaluation of such importance relative to the sustainable social and economic benefits to be derived from the development. o The outcome of consultation with Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) regarding the impact of the development on heritage resources. o If heritage resources will be adversely affected then the consideration of alternatives. o Plans for the mitigation of adverse impacts during and after the completion of the proposed development.

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 11 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

 The need for a clearly defined Statement of Heritage Significance based on the criteria outlined in the NHR Act. These criteria are outlined in Section A.6 below. A more detailed set of criteria are attached as Appendix 2. Arising from this statement of heritage significance, a set of heritage indicators has been formulated to guide the planning and design process and against which the impacts of the proposals have been assessed.

 The need for the HIA to take into account the broader cultural landscape context of the site especially in terms of its role within the Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape which is currently under consideration by provincial and national government for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has already been placed on the Tentative List for World Heritage Site status. The extent to which the site contributes to this potential role needs to be assessed against the core criteria of Authenticity and Integrity. These concepts are internationally accepted ones in heritage management terms as outlined in the Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) and reproduced in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (2005).

 The need for a multidisciplinary approach to address the range of heritage issues including the following fields of expertise: o Architectural-history o Historical research o Archaeology o Landscape character analysis. o Social history o Visual assessment

While the Boschendal HIA process is a separate process from the Two Rivers EIA/HIA process, there are important linkages between Two Rivers and Boschendal Farmlands, specifically in terms of forming part of an interconnected Valley and historical settlement system and both being part of the former Rhodes Fruit Farms. Therefore, some the findings and recommendations arising from the broader Boschendal HIA have been incorporated into this heritage study.

A.6 EVALUATION FRAMEWORK & ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

A.6.1 Assessment of Heritage Significance

A.6.1.1. Broad Categories of Heritage Significance

As per the NHR Act, the broad categories of heritage significance used in this study are Historical, Architectural, Environmental/Aesthetic, Social and Technical/Scientific. They are unpacked in Appendix 2.

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A.6.1.2. Criteria used in the NHR Act

The NHR Act outlines the following broad criteria for assessing the heritage significance of a place:  Its importance in the community or pattern in South Africa’s history.  Its possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage.  Its potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage.  Its importance in demonstrating the principle characteristics of a particular class of South Africa’s natural or cultural places or objects.  Its importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group.  Its importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement during a particular period.  Its strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.  Its strong or special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation of importance in the history of South Africa.  Sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa.

A.6.1.3 System for Grading Significance

The NHR Act makes provision for a three-tier system for grading heritage resources, namely: Grade 1: significant within a national context Grade 2: significant within a provincial or regional context Grade 3: significant within a local context

A further system has been developed for Grade 3 heritage resources, i.e. 3A, 3B, and 3C depending on their degree of intrinsic, associational and contextual value within a local context. Grade 3A heritage resources are of high local heritage value while Grade 3C heritage resources have mostly contextual value.

A.6.2. Criteria for Assessing Vulnerability

The vulnerability of heritage resources is based on a number of factors including past damage and the irreversibility thereof and their ability to accommodate growth and change. The resources’ inherent fragility and the degree of protection required, also need to be considered.

A.7.3. Assessment of Heritage Impacts

In this study, heritage impacts are assessed according to the following criteria:

 Extent (spatial);  Duration in the short-, medium- and long-term;  Intensity of impact measured qualitatively, quantitatively and in terms of community response;  Status, i.e. positive, negative or neutral;  Significance; and  Probability of occurrence.

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SECTION B: OUTCOME OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS

Two scoping meetings were held; at the Groot Drakenstein Games Club on the 2nd March 2005, and at the Pniel Community Hall on the 3rd August 2006. The second meeting was held in response to the range of reactions to the preliminary proposals which indicated a substantial residential component. The second meeting was also held as a result of a number of wide ranging changes to the initial proposals in response to the Provincial Government of the Western Cape’s Guidelines for Golf Courses and Golf Estates and the Guidelines for Resort Developments.

In addition to comments received at the scoping meetings, a meeting was also held with the Franschhoek Conservation Trust (FCT) at the Franschhoek Municipal offices on the 10th August 2006.

A series of interviews with ex-residents of the estate and the local community were also conducted by Marianne Gertenbach as part of the heritage study.

A draft HIA and EIA open house meeting was held at the Pniel Community Hall on the 9th October 2007.

B.1. COMMENTS ARISING FROM FIRST SCOPING MEETING DATED 2ND MARCH 2005

 The Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa expressed concern in general about golf estate developments in agricultural settings. It stressed the necessity for developments to be in accordance with the recently published guidelines.  The Groot Drakenstein Games Club submitted a detailed comment emphasizing the heritage significance of the Club. It was the first turf cricket laid in South Africa and is located in an environment of high scenic and environmental value. Its unique qualities are acknowledged both nationally and internationally. Concern was expressed regarding the impact of any potential development on existing views from the clubhouse. The Club commented favourably on the continued use of agriculture as part of the development and noted that the golf trail should be located on land of low agricultural potential and that the development should not compromise agricultural viability.  Opposition was expressed regarding the proposed development on the ridge to the east of the property and the inevitable visual impact on views from the R45.  The need for an appropriate buffer between the development and the existing farms to the east was stressed.  The Groot Drakenstein Farming Community raised concerns regarding the dissemination of reports and the public participation process as a whole. It was also queried whether the development was aligned with the policy guidelines of the IDP for the Dwars River Valley.

B.2. COMMENTS ARISING FROM THE REVISED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT AND MEETING DATED 3RD AUGUST 2006

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 The Drakenstein Heritage Foundation expressed its concern that the development proposal appeared to be dictating the studies undertaken, rather than the studies determining an appropriate development. Concern was also expressed regarding the cumulative impact of the proposals, particularly with regard to the Boschendal development proposals. Tourism and agriculture are regarded as the mainstays of the local economy and it was vital that these economic drivers should not be damaged in any way.  The FCT queried the extent to which the development related to the provincial guidelines that had recently been published. It was pointed out that while Alternative 2 was in broad compliance with the Guidelines, Alternative 1 was not. Alternative 1 was thus not being taken forward into the EIA process.  The decision to abandon Alternative 1, which was the golf residential estate option, was welcomed.  Concern was expressed regarding the visual impact on the rural and agricultural landscape of any form of development viewed from the R45.  The FCT stressed that the architectural and landscaping guidelines should encourage an environmentally sensitive development. A contemporary form of architecture was encouraged.  The representivity of the Boschendal Interim Forum (BIF) was questioned by the FCT. The public participation process had to include the concerns of the local community.

B.3. COMMENTS ARISING FROM A MEETING WITH THE FRANSCHHOEK CONSERVATION TRUST DATED 10TH AUGUST 2006

Only those comments relating to heritage issues other than those referred to above are included below.

 In the no-go development alternative, the existing 13 farm subdivisions could be sold off and developed within the framework of the guidelines approved by the Stellenbosch Municipality.  Amfarms had not been able to sustain agricultural activity on a large portion of the site. There are presently 60 hectares of unsustainable plantings on the land. Planned agriculture for both alternatives would be sustainable because the land cost would be subsidised by development property sales and homeowners would subsidise the agricultural activity as required (Alternative 1). The developers would put in place a Master Farmers Association (MFA) to undertake farming activities and service the agricultural component of the farm.  The golf course concept was for a walking golf trail through the natural environment rather than the ornamental manicured courses prevalent in the USA.  The village component of the development is sufficiently distant from the R45 and shielded by the topography not to have a visual impact on the view from the road.  The land to the north of the Berg River constituted a relatively recent land grant (circa late 19th century) and has been used predominantly as grazing land.  The FCT would not support any development that would prejudice the area- gaining National and World Heritage Site status.

B.4. COMMENTS FROM THE CAPE INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS DATED FEBRUARY 2006

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The Institute stressed the need for detailed site analysis to precede design development. Well considered design proposals should be prepared in response to such site analysis and this should hopefully obviate the necessity for additional studies at a late stage in the EIA process.

B.5. INTERVIEWS RELATING TO SITES OF SOCIAL-HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE DATED JULY AND AUGUST 2007

Marianne Gertenbach was requested to conduct additional research and to interview people who had originally lived on the farm to augment the social impact assessment conducted as part of the EIA process.

The interviewing process is regarded as a form of public consultation in that it was specifically aimed at gaining a better understanding of the nature of heritage significance related to Weltevreden and its immediate context from people who were directly associated with the farm.

During the process comments were made regarding traditional access to the river and how this had now shifted to sites adjacent to the Dwars River. The interviewees, particularly the older generation, indicated nostalgia for farm life as compared to the more urban life associated with villages such as Lanquedoc but generally felt positive that development could have positive benefits and could lead to the socio-economic upliftment of the community. It is obviously difficult to establish the extent and depth of the sentiments expressed.

B.6. FURTHER COMMENTS ARISING FROM THE DRAFT HIA/EIA REPORT

Specific heritage related comments submitted in response to the draft EIA/HIA report dated August 2007 included the following:

 The development must respect the heritage position of the club house and cricket pitch at the Groot Drakenstein Games Club.  Traditional movement and access to the river recreational area will be cut off.

B.7. COMMENT FROM THE HERITAGE CONSULTANTS ON ISSUES RAISED DURING THE CONSULTATION PROCESS

 The development proposals illustrated in Alternative 2A are considered to be generally congruent with the Provincial Guidelines for Golf Courses and Resort Developments. Alternative 1 is not considered to be congruent with the Guidelines.  The area immediately to the east of the Drakenstein Games Club will remain undeveloped. Care will have to be taken to ensure low-level lighting related to the driving range of the north to ensure no light pollution. Agriculture remains the dominant use in Alternative 2 (82% in Alternative 2A and 98% in Alternative 2B). The golf course in the form of a servitude will occupy 30% of the total area. Agreements with the Department of Agriculture will need to ensure that the continuing agricultural potential of the farmland will not be jeopardised by the golf trail. A legally binding farm management agreement to this forms one of the recommendations of this HIA

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 The development proposals have changed dramatically since the inception of this study in response to a range of concerns raised by the heritage consultants and the public consultation process. The proposals have also changed in response to the Provincial Guidelines on Golf Courses, Golf Estates and Resort Developments.  The public process followed has been in accordance with established practice. Scoping meetings have been widely advertised and the second meeting was held in the Pniel Community Hall to facilitate access.  The heritage and environmental specialists provided input into the design development process by means of baseline assessments which were then used to provide an overall constraints plan which has informed the development proposal.  No new building work (Alternative 2A and 2B) will be visible form the R45 apart from the farm buildings permitted in terms of the existing farm subdivisions. Agriculture will remain the predominant visual element as viewed from the R45.  An attempt has been made to establish local opinion regarding the heritage values associated with the area, including traditional patterns of movement and access. Their comments have been incorporated into this HIA.

SECTION C: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

This section of the report provides an overview of the origins and history of the site and its broader Valley context. It is drawn mainly from historical research undertaken by Harriet Clift. It is also drawn from additional research undertaken by Marianne Gertenbach. Copies of their reports are attached as Appendices 3 and 4, respectively.

The history of Drakenstein-Simondium Valley reflects a number of key historical events/phases, which in turn reflect significant changes in the cultural landscape.

 PRECOLONIAL PERIOD (pre 1652): The area was occupied by hunter-gatherer and nomadic pastoralist communities. Archaeological sites dating to the Early Stone Age, Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Ages have been recorded in the area, e.g. recently very important archaeological remains dating to Late Stone Age and Contact Periods were discovered in the vicinity of the historical werf on the nearby Solms Delta farm and is the focus of an archaeological excavation being carried out by UCT Archaeological Contracts Office. Historical documents confirm that the Khoekhoe herders were the predominant inhabitants in the Cape at the time that the first Europeans started frequenting the Cape. The Drakenstein region, including Paarl and Franschhoek, was ‘discovered’ by Europeans while on expeditions to barter for cattle with the Khoekhoe.

 EARLY COLONIAL PERIOD (c 1687 to late 1700s): Dutch and Huguenot settlers and free blacks were granted freeholdings along the banks of the Berg and Dwars Rivers from the late 17th century. This provided the foundations for the establishment of a distinctive pattern of settlement. The pattern of early colonial settlement in the Valley consisted of rectangular grants placed perpendicular to the Berg River. Farm werfs were strung out in relation to the Berg and Dwars Rivers. Due to favourable conditions for habitation and cultivation, settlement tended to be concentrated along these river courses as opposed to the flat and exposed valley floor to the east of the Berg River. Refer to Figure 21: Groot Drakenstein 1700.

 COLONIAL EXPANSION PERIOD (late 1700s to early 1800s): a period of great agricultural prosperity and expansion, especially in the wine industry. It was Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 17 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

during this period that most of the larger, grander historical farm werfs were established, either newly built or altered/rebuilt, to reflect the status and prosperity of it owners. Examples include Boschendal, Rhone, Lekkerwijn, Delta and Meerrust. Refer to Figure 22: CA M3/405 1808.

The use of the eastern valley floor occurred during the mid to late 19th century. It was predominantly used for grazing purposes. The resulting extensive land use pattern to the east is thus in contrast to more intensive, the fine grained pattern to the west of the Berg River. Refer to Figure 23: Groot Drakenstein 1850.

 EMANCIPATION PERIOD (Mid to late 1800s). After slavery was abolished in 1834 slave labour was resettled in farm villages or in mission settlements such as Pniel c 1842

 INSTITITIONAL PERIOD (early 1900s to 2000): During the 18th and 19th century, Drakenstein was well known for its mixed farming; grain fields, grazing lands and vineyards but with an increasing emphasis on wine production. Up until the 1850s wine was one of the most important sources of income for the Cape Colony and the Drakenstein became a major wine production area. In the late 19th century the wine industry at the Cape collapsed as a result of phylloxera. By the 1880s, 80% of the vineyards of Drakenstein had been destroyed. The Drakenstein Valley was chosen as a viable area for a demonstration project for a scheme introduced by CJ Rhodes to develop the deciduous fruit export industry. Under the instruction of CJ Rhodes, 29 farms including Weltevreden were bought up in the Valley and in 1902 were consolidated under Rhodes Fruit Farms, which from the 1960s until recently was owned by Anglo American Farms. The institution associated with Rhodes Fruit Farms lasted more than a century and had a major impact on the cultural landscape of the Valley. It lead to a number of significant changes: improvements to the road and railway network; the restoration/rebuilding of a number of historical farm werfs, most notably the work designed by Sir Herbert Baker; an increased demand for farm labour and the construction of labourer’s villages such a Baker designed village of Lanquedoc and Kylemore; the establishment of pine forests; an increase in cultivation from vineyards to orchards; the development of a range of agro-cultural activities, e.g. saw-mill and fruit cannery; and the establishment of a number of social institutions to serve a newly emerging community, e.g. St Georges Anglican Church c 1906 and Drakenstein Games Club. The powerful institutional memory associated with Rhodes Fruit Farms is very much evident in the landscape in terms of its settlement form, architecture, social institutions, patterns of planting and labour.

Refer to Figure 24: The Rhodes Fruit Farms Ltd Topographical Plan of the Farms Weltevreden, Zondernaam, Watergat, Lubeck & Werda Situated at Groot Drakenstein in the Paarl Division (Courtesy of Boschendal Ltd)

Refer to Figure 25: The Rhodes Fruit Farms Ltd Topographical Plan of the Farms Good Hoop, Nieuwedorp, Rhone & Boschendal Situated at Groot Drakenstein in the Paarl Division (Courtesy of Boschendal Ltd).

C.1. FARM HISTORY

Two Rivers Farm has its origins in three historical landholdings:

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 A portion of Lubeck c 1692 (later Weltevreden)  A portion of Bellegam c 1692.  A portion of Jerico c 1850s.

Historically, the portions of land were not only agriculturally marginal but were also geographically marginal; being situated on the outskirts of Franschhoek and Simonidium. This land would have been used mainly for grazing and was granted in quitrent relatively late in the history of the Drakenstein Valley.

C.1.1. Welterveden

In 1692 61 morgen 51 square roods were granted in freehold to Ernst Frederick Water as the freedhold place Lubeck. In 1771 Lubeck was owned by Eduard Christian Haumann (who also owned Simonsvlei, Simondium). At this time the farm was subdivided and the remainder of the farm (Portion B) was sold after Haumann’s death to Pieter Marais in 1782. This is the portion which later became part of Weltevreden.

In 1813 a portion of land measuring 3 morgen 421 square roods was granted in perpetual quintrent to Hendrick Jacobus Louw. The transfer deed describes the land stretching towards the dwelling house but the survey diagram does not indicate the position of structures.

In 1818 Lubeck B is sold by the estate of the late Daniel David Marias (Pieter’s son) to Hugo Hendrick van Niekerk. By 1822 Portion B and the 1813 old quitrent was owned by HH van Niekerk. He consolidated these pieces of land through an additional quitrent grant of 355 morgen 488 square roods. The whole, now known as Weltevreden, is subdivided in 1860, when a portion measuring 40 morgen and 79 square roods is sold to Daniel Brink and is described as a “certain piece of quitrent land with buildings thereon…bounded by the remainder of Rhone, Lanqueodc, Lomarins and Lubeck.” Refer to Figure 26: Survey Diagram of Farm Weltevreden.

The remainder of the farm seems to have remained relatively stable. In 1897 Barend Johannes sold Weltevreden to Lewis Lloyd Mitchell, who was in the process of buying up farms for the establishment of Rhodes Fruit farms.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the brother of Herbert Barker (the favoured architect of CJ Rhodes) lived at Weltevreden. CJ Rhodes had Weltevreden rebuilt in the Cape Revival style after it was destroyed by fire. According to Eric Lloyd William’s unpublished manuscript (1980s) on the history of RRF (based on the research undertaken by Marian Robertson), the old homestead was burnt down in 1919 and further destroyed by heavy rains in 1920. According to a letter from Janet Baker, whose father Lionel Baker farmed at Weltrevreden, the new house was designed by Henry Adams in the Baker style. In 1930 the newly built homestead was damaged by a fire and repaired with a tin roof.

C.1.2. Bellegham

Bellegham C & D (being portions of Two Rivers) originated as a quitrent grant issued in 1822 and measuring 451 morgen 554 square roods. Refer to Figure 27: Survey Diagram of Farm Bellegham. While the freehold place of Bellegam was granted in 1695, the relevant portions Bellegam C & D did not form part of the original grant.

Some time after the farm Bellingham/Bellegam was transferred to Abraham Coenraad de Villiers in 1834 there appears to be a break in the transfer history. Between 1898 and 1927 (perhaps as a result on the Phylloxera epidemic) Bellegam quintrent was Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 19 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007 alienated from Bellingham and abandoned. In 1927 a claim was made for Bellegham resulting in Bellegam A & C being granted to HC Orton and Bellegham B & D being granted to JJ Gray.

Bellegham C & D were not incorporated into the initial landholding of Rhodes Fruit Farms but was acquired much later in 1957.

C.1.3. Jerico

Jerico also originated as a quitrent grant in 1822. Refer to Figure 28: Survey Diagram of Farm Jerico.

In 1818 Johannes van Niekerk (owner of Bellegam Freehold since 1810) transferred a portion of the freehold to his son Albertus Petrus Bernadus van Niekerk. This was transferred as Klein Bellegam. In 1822 another parcel of quitrent parcel of quitrent land to Albertus PB van Niekerk. This farm was referred to as Jerico. For the next 30 or odd years the farm boundaries remain relatively constant. From 1854 and 1863 the farm is subdivided. In 1954 Jerico, Portions 1 and 2 were incorporated into Rhodes Fruit Farms.

According Eric Lloyd William’s unpublished manuscript (1980s) the strategic purchase of the Berg River Lands to the east of Weltervreden by the company was due to the access to riparian rights on the Berg and Wemmershoek Rivers that these farms secured. This provided for the first time exclusive, reliable and sufficient supply of water for the new cannery.

The landholding known as Berg River Lands came to comprise Weltevreden, Northberg, the lands across the Berg River from Weltevreden, Jerico, which is the central wedge crossing the Berg River to the slopes of the Kleinberg, and Packwood to the east across the Wemmershoek River.

Figure 29 shows a collection of historical photographs of Weltevreden homestead dating to the early 1900s.

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SECTION D: REVIEW OF OTHER RELEVANT HERITAGE STUDIES

This section of the report reviews the findings and recommendations of other relevant heritage studies undertaken in terms of this EIA/HIA process or within the broader Valley context. The following studies are included:

 Visual Impact Assessment  Historical Architectural Assessment  Social-Historical Survey  Archaeological Survey  Boschendal HIA

D.1. VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The visual impact assessment (VIA) undertaken by CNdV Africa as part of the EIA process concluded that all three options will be visually acceptable within the Valley provided that the architectural guidelines and recommended mitigation measures are strictly applied.

 Overall visual impact for Alternative 2A is expected to be medium negative during construction and medium to low negative thereafter.

 For Alternative 2B the overall visual impact is expected to be medium negative during construction period and low thereafter.

 Alternative 3 is expected to have a medium to low overall significance during the construction period (of the individual farmsteads and other buildings) and low thereafter. It will be experienced as positive because the agricultural landscape will be little changed. However, in the long term it may be perceived as slightly negative if the eradication of alien vegetation and rehabilitation of the river does not go ahead.

The VIA maintains that because of the relatively large number of trees in the Valley, especially along the roads, views of the site from the surrounding scenic routes, the R45, R310 and R301, are limited. And it is anticipated that with the low-key type of development planned only relatively low visual impacts will be incurred.

Furthermore, while the site is visible from many elevated vantage points on the surrounding mountains, the visual impacts on these views are also anticipated to be low due to the mitigation effect of distance.

The visual impacts on the properties surrounding the site could be higher but the possibility exists for these to be satisfactorily mitigated by the vegetation screening and controls on lighting. The relatively flat topography of the area surrounding the farm ensures this.

D.1.1. Recommended Mitigation Measures (VIA)

The main mitigation measures recommended in the VIA are for the retention of the existing vegetation cover, especially the trees along the R45, and the long term replacements of all invasive alien species with suitable indigenous trees or non-

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 21 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007 invasive exotic trees that form part of the cultural landscape. This heritage study endorses the following recommended mitigation measures:

 A tree planting plan including a timeline must be established in which the phased removal of alien species is complimented by the planting of new trees where necessary, so that the vegetation screening is maintained.

 A Landscape Master Plan must be drawn up which takes into account the lines of sight between the surrounding properties and the development and shields these views with appropriate vegetation. It is suggested that around the village and farm werf the vegetation used include patterns of planting and tree types which reflect the cultural landscape of the Valley, e.g. oaks, plane, pines.

 The provisions of the two architectural guidelines documents must be strictly applied, especially with respect to massing, finishes and textures.

 Access from the R45 must be low key with the entrance structures and signage complimenting the rural character of the surrounds. Special care needs to be taken in the placement, design and landscaping of public parking areas needs. It should not be visible from the R45 and surrounding properties.

 To avoid the impact of lighting: o The use of streetlights is to be avoided, and if for safety reasons should only be low level lighting. o No external up-lighting of any parts of structures. External lighting should be the use of down-lighters and shielded to minimise light spillage. o No permanently lit or activated spot lights for security should be allowed. o Internal lights should ensure that no naked light sources are directly visible from a distance.

 No backlit signage is to be allowed. All signage should be limited in size and its colours and finishes should be appropriate to the rural context.

 Only visually permeable fencing should be allowed, e.g. steel palisade or wire mesh. High security walls should not be allowed. No barbed wire should be used.

D.2. HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

As part of this heritage study Dr Hans Fransen was requested to prepare a statement on the historical architectural value of Weltevreden farm werf. A copy of his report is attached as Appendix 5. An accompanying photographic survey is included as Figure 30. The main findings and recommendations of his report are as follows:

 The cultural landscape context within which the Weltevreden farm werf is situated has high heritage significance. Within a 2km radius of the site are the important historical farm werfs of Delta, Lekkerwijn, L’Ormarins, Bellingham, L’ Arc de Orleans, Boschendal, Rhone, Meerlust, Bien Donne. One of the biggest threats to the integrity of this context is the tendency for new housing estates to be designed in a pseudo Cape Dutch style. Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 22 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

 Weltevreden has a conventional farm werf with the homestead situated at the head of a forecourt flanked by the two elongated outbuildings. The homestead is U-shaped with a series of well executed concave-concave gables clearly dating to the period of Rhodes Fruit Farms, probably c 1910. Its simple Cape Revival style shows a good understanding of the vernacular, not unlike the Lanquedoc cottages, and is possibly the work of Sir Herbert Baker. The homestead is a good example of the sympathetic “Rhodes Fruit Farms” style and valuable reminder of the history of the place as a Rhodes Fruit Farm. It should be retained and repaired. It should not be given a thatch roof and care should be taken not to turn the new structures into clones of early Cape Dutch houses.

The outbuilding to the north is dated to the 19th century, several decades older than the homestead. There is little about this building worth retaining. The outbuilding to the south appears to be of considerable age possibly early 19th century or even earlier. Its ceiling is of sparretjies laid on round beams, now an almost extinct type. The entire back wall too, show great age, built of rubble and clay bricks and pierced by narrow loopholes. The outbuildings are probably too ruinous to warrant being retained and restored.

 The immediate setting of the werf is spectacular being situated on a terrace with heavily treed surroundings and overlooking vineyards towards the Wemmershoek Mountains beyond.

D.3. SOCIAL-HISTORICAL SURVEY

As part of this heritage study, Marianne Gertenbach was requested to undertake a survey of places and linkages of social-historical significance, which involved a series of interviews with ex-residents of Weltevreden and other residents who have knowledge of the local history. A copy of her report is included as Appendix 4. Accompanying map information has been incorporated into Figure 34. The main findings of this survey are outlined below.

 The Bakers were responsible for establishing the magnificent garden at Weltevreden including camellias, a ficus tree, palm trees, oaks and a camphor tree shading the old ruin (Wendy Pickstone pers com).

 Lionel Baker lived at Weltvereden and was a member of the Anglican congregation at St Georges, which was designed by his brother Sir Herbert Baker. Lionel Baker left Weltevreden in the 1920s (Wendy Pickstone pers com).

 In the 1930s the homestead was subdivided into two units and was occupied over the years by various families of employees of Rhodes Fruit Farms (Hannah Alexander pers com).

 The old barn on the south side of the werf was used as a community hall during the 1980s and early 1990s for functions and meetings and eventually by churches (Mr & Mrs Klaase, Mrs Francel and Mr Frank Pekeur pers com).

 The Company drew water from the Berg River by means of a furrow which took water past Weltevreden to Delta. This became known as the Slawe Sloot, so called because of the discovery of human remains when it was being cleaned and which were thought to be those of slaves. It has fallen into disuse but its course Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 23 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

can still be traced. It was constructed in c 1910 (Eric Lloyd William’s Manuscript 1980s, Hannah Alexander (nee Papier) & Mrs Dresler pers com).

 The Berg River was used by members of the community on RFF and from the villages along the Dwars River for recreational purposes and who had easy access to it across RFF lands. The river was used for swimming, picnicking and fishing. It was a popular meeting place for youngsters. The use of the Berg River near Weltereven was also used for baptisms. Special places included the concrete causeway, the swing-bridge, the drift near Packwood farm and the Blou Gat on the Wemmerhoek River. Access to the river was recently closed (Quinton Fortuin, Dudley Lackay, Paul Klaasens, Johnny Scheepers & the Papier sisters pers com).  The Bleskop monument situated on the R45 commemorates the fallen soldiers in World War I and lists local persons who died in action. Lionel Baker was supposedly the driving force behind the establishment of the monument being erected on a corner of Weltereven (Wendy Pickstone pers com).

 Most of the ex-labourer’s cottages scattered across the farm were built in the 1950s and 60s, e.g. the cottages behind the Weltevreden homestead, on the hillside at Jerico and below the Drakenstein Games Club (Charles Arton pers. com). A distinct sense of community developed amongst the families living on the farms. There was close social interaction between families, many of whom were members of the same church congregation, attended the same schools at Simondium, Lanquedoc or Lubeck and were employed together at the cannery, food factory or Wemmershoek and Meerust Bosbou forest stations (Wendy Pickstone pers com).

Families were able to supplement their incomes with produce from their gardens where they had free access to water, electricity and wood (Gert and Jean van Rooyen, Frank Pekeur per com).

Prior to the sale of Amfarms landholdings, the farm labour community was resettled at the new housing development at Lanquedoc. According to Dudley Lackay, the Lanquedoc officer for Anglo American and Boschendal, people from different sections of the farm are getting used to their new neighbours at Lanquedoc. According to the interviews, it appears that the elderly are finding it hardest to adapt to their new environment, especially in terms of a loss of the sense of social intimacy associated with farm life.

D.4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCOPING SURVEY

As part of this heritage study, an archaeological scoping survey was undertaken by Cape Archaeological Survey. A copy of the archaeological report is attached Appendix 6. A diagram showing in-situ historical fabric and archaeological sensitivity areas is included as Figure 31. The main findings and recommendations of this survey are outlined below.

 Several important buildings comprising the Weltevreden farm werf will be affected by the proposed development. Of equal importance is an unidentified stone structure located immediately to the west of one of the outbuildings. The land on which the farm is situated was granted in the late 17th century (1692) and was subdivided in the 18th century (1782) and has a complex transfer history. It is therefore possible that the footings of earlier buildings associated with this land may be exposed during the construction phase. The area surrounding the farm

Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 24 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

werf could also contain rubbish dumps, especially towards the front and rear of the house which was the distinctive pattern of disposing refuse in the 17 th, 18th and 19th century.

 Given the archaeological sensitivity of the area around the historical farm werf, i.e. within a 100m radius from the centre of the werf, and the potential high to medium impact on archaeological features, a First Phase Archaeological Excavation of the unidentified structure is recommended prior to the finalisation of any plans for the alteration thereof. An archaeological monitoring brief is also recommended once the planned development phase commences.

 Minimal evidence of Stone Age artefacts dating to the precolonial period was found. No further investigations or mitigation measures are recommended.

D5. BOSCHENDAL FARMLANDS HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT DATED JANUARY 2006

While the Boschendal HIA process is a separate process from the Two Rivers EIA/HIA process, there are important linkages between Two Rivers and Boschendal Farmlands, specifically in terms of forming part of an interconnected Valley and historical settlement system and both being part of the former Rhodes Fruit Farms.

For this reason, some of the findings and recommendations arising from the broader Boschendal HIA have been integrated in this heritage study, most notably the overall statement of heritage significance and emerging heritage indicators which is dealt with in Section E of the report.

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SECTION E: STATEMENT OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE AND EMERGING PLANNING AND DESIGN INFORMANTS

The assessment of heritage significance has been undertaken at various scales, i.e. the overall valley, site and individual element scales. Emerging from this statement of significance a set of planning and design informants has been identified.

Refer to Figure 32: Heritage Resources Map (Valley Scale) Refer to Figure 33: Valley Landscape Perspective Refer to Figure 34: Heritage Resources Map (Site and Individual Element Scales)

E.1. OVERALL VALLEY SCALE

The site forms part of the Groot Drakenstein-Simondium Valley which has exceptional heritage significance within a national, regional and local context. The Valley reflects the temporal and thematic layering of South African history and also provides the essence of the Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape which is currently under investigation by the South African government for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. More specifically the Valley comprises the following heritage values:

 Its role as an enduring productive agricultural landscape located outside the metropolitan area spanning more than 300 years.  Its role in the history of the wine industry spanning more than 300 years. On a national and regional level the Drakenstein is still conceptualised as an integral part of the Cape Winelands.  Its role in the history of farm labour, i.e. wage labour, indentured labour, slavery and related shifts from a feudal to a corporate to the more democratic order.  Its role in the history of the fruit industry spanning more than 150 years.  Its distinctive historical pattern of settlement which has evolved over time in response to natural landform, water courses and the movement network.  Its role in the architectural history of South African strongly reflecting the evolution of the Cape farm werf tradition, the influence of the Arts and Crafts Movement and the work of one of South Africa’s foremost architects, Sir Herbert Baker.  Its role as a landscape of outstanding scenic beauty which is experienced via the scenic route network including the R45, R310 and R310.  Its role as Rhodes Fruit Farms, a subsidiary of a major institution, i.e. De Beers/Anglo American, which had a major influence on the social, economic and Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 26 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

settlement history of the area and which lasted for more than a century. Also, its association with Cecil John Rhodes, a key figure in the history of Southern African.  Its role as a major tourist attraction within the Western Cape.

E.1.1. Landscape Character

A number of structuring elements have informed the cultural landscape character of the Valley, namely:

 The visual dominance of the character of a working agricultural landscape (as opposed to a passive green or peri-urban one). It is this overarching quality together within its wilderness mountain backdrop which gives the Winelands their high iconic value.  The integration of the built form (farm werfs and villages) with the main movement routes and in relation to the river courses through the Valley.  The compact nature of the built form which is embedded within broad uninterrupted swathes of agricultural dominance as opposed to being scattered across the landscape.  The orthogonal pattern of use formed by tree alignments and field patterns and overlaid with axes and focal points.  The built form typology ranging from a collection of farm werfs and farm- managers houses which reflect classical principles of order, hierarchy, symmetry and axiality, to a series of linear and nodal villages which are all connected to primary and secondary movement routes.

This landscape character has been eroded by changes in the landscape that occurred in more recent decades, such as:

 The scattering of farm labourer’s cottages across the landscape which have little or no locational logic from a historical settlement pattern perspective.

 The intrusion of suburban type residential development which has had a negative impact on agricultural qualities of the landscape and its historical homestead settings.

 The extension of existing settlements, which have threatened their sense of scale within an agricultural landscape and their settlement structure.

E.2. SITE AND ITS IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

On a site scale, two character zones can be identified which have varying heritage values. Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 27 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

The area to the west of the Berg River has high heritage value in terms of the following:

 Its strategic location at the confluence of the Berg and Dwars Rivers, which has informed a distinctive and highly representative historical pattern of settlement with a collection of historical farm werfs strung out along their courses and overlooking an intensive pattern of cultivation along their river plains. Weltervreden farm has been largely severed from its historical agricultural context by residential suburban development along its northern boundary and also the barrier effect of an elevated berm.  Its historical role as a place of settlement and cultivation dating from the late 17th century.  The role of Weltevreden farm werf in forming part of a collection of historical farm werfs and other heritage places within the nearby vicinity, e.g. Delta, Lekkerwijn, Meerust, St Georges Church and Drakenstein Games Club.  The role of Weltevreden in the establishment of Rhodes Fruit Farms in the late 19 th century and also as a residence for company employees.  Its potential role as part of the core area of a possible Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape World Heritage site.  Its proximity to the Groot Drakenstein Games Club, which was the first turf wicket to be laid out in South Africa and has a unique Country Club architecture and environmental setting.  Its spatial and historical connection to St Georges Church, which is linked via the tree lined avenue, now closed.  Its location adjacent to the R45 which is a major scenic route through the Valley.  The community role of the site in terms of a sense of community that developed over a period of 50 or more years, a sense of social intimacy associated with a past way of life and associated institutional and recreational memories. Social- historical linkages between the site and the communities of Lanquedoc and Pniel are evident. Related to this is also a sense of interconnectedness between people, places and the landscape, which were eroded by the resettlement of the farm working community off the farms and the increasing “privatisation” of the former Amfarms landholdings with access across the landscape becoming more restrictive. The area to the east of the Berg River has little or no intrinsic heritage value but has contextual heritage value in terms of the following:

 Its potential role in providing an agricultural frame to the core area of a possible Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site. The area does not warrant being included in this core area, which is consistent with the fact that it was not included in the provisionally protected area by SAHRA in 2005. However, it has a potential role in forming part of a “buffer” area.  Views from the R45 across this agricultural landscape.  The distinctive and landmark quality of the Kleinberg which is exposed to views from the R45.  Its historical use as mid to late 19th century grazing lands.  Distinctive dynamic landscape conditions created by the confluence of two riverine systems, i.e. the Berg River and Wemmershoek River. Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 28 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

E.3. INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS

Embedded within the site are a number of individual heritage resources, namely:

 The Weltevreden farm werf and its associated tree-lined avenue, mature garden, riverine and agricultural setting, and upward views towards the Drakenstein and Wemmerhoek Mountains. This is a suggested Grade 3B heritage resource in terms of its architectural quality as a good and intact example of a “Rhodes Fruit Farm” style, its role as a residence to employees of Rhodes fruit Farms for more than a century and the quality of its setting.  The archaeological sensitivity of the farm werf including the remains of an earlier structure and forming a 100m radius from the centre of the werf.  The R45 scenic route with its series of open and closed views at various scales. This is a suggested Grade 1/2 heritage resource.  The historical social value of the Bleskop War Memorial and its association with the work of Herbert Baker.  The Kleinberg Spur and its landmark quality and its role in forming a threshold between the Wemmershoek and Berg River Valley systems.  The surmised route of the Slawe Sloot, so called because of the past discovery of human remains along its course and the speculation amongst local residents that these belonged to the remains of slaves.  Other structures on the site are of relatively low heritage significance including the farm labourer’s cottages dating to the 1960s.

E.4. EMERGING HERITAGE INFORMANTS

Arising from the above statements of heritage significance as well as the overarching guiding principles of authenticity and integrity, future conservation and development should respond positively to the heritage indicators identified below.

At a valley scale:

 Respect the role of the Valley within the metropolitan context, especially in terms of its agricultural role and its potential to form part of a World Heritage Site.

 Ensure continuity of the dominance of an agricultural productive landscape.

 Control incremental development and ensure a balance between appropriate development and the working agricultural landscape. Resist urban-suburban expansion. Consolidate existing settlements and use new growth to define the edges of such settlements.

 Concentrate infrastructure. Scattering of settlement leads to the spread of infrastructure, which in term leads to increased pressures for subdivision.

 Ensure the continuity of the historical settlement pattern with respect to the compact nature of its built form, integration of the built form with movement routes and water networks, and broad interrupted swathes of agricultural dominance which prevent historically discrete settlements fusing together. Also

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respect the historical settlement typologies evident in the Valley; farm werfs, linear and nodal villages.

 Ensure a positive response to the orthogonal landscape structure which is informed by the movement routes, axes, windbreaks, avenues, and field patterns.

 Ensure a positive response to the patterns of planting and planting types of the valley which are an integral component of cultural landscape character.

 Ensure a positive response to the unique scenic qualities of the Valley; dominant view lines must be not be obstructed and as a general principle a 300m buffer strip along the R45 must be respected and within which no new building development should be located.

 Ensure a positive response to the existing use patterns, particularly: o The existing agricultural base, i.e. working agricultural landscape as opposed to a passive or ornamental one. o Network of routes across and into the landscape and connecting places of social and historical significance.

 No buildings are to occur in riverine corridors/flood plains and recommended building lines.

 No building development on slopes greater than 9º or on ridgelines.

 No building on good agricultural soils.

 Retain and enhance places of heritage significance, including their landscape settings and linkages.

 Ensure that the siting, scale, massing, form, architectural treatment and landscaping of new building development are appropriate to the historical context. Do not mimic or reproduce past styles or introduce “foreign” stylistic interpretations.

 Protect the archaeological resources of the Valley from damage or disturbance. As a general principle preserve any archaeological deposits in situ as a preference or ensure that provision for appropriate excavation and reporting, where disturbance is unavoidable and to record what is found.

 Respect the enduring relationship between the community and the landscape and the manner in which this has evolved over time in response to increasingly privatisation, especially with respect to patterns of access, places of recreational, historical and spiritual significance and linkages between these places.

At site and individual element scales:

 Retain and enhance the potential role of the confluence of the Berg and Dwars Rivers as forming part of a core area of a potential Cape Winelands Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site and the area to the west of the Berg River in providing an agricultural frame to this highly significant landscape.

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 Respect the architectural historical integrity and landscape setting of the Weltrevreden farm werf in terms of the following:

o Retain and enhance the historical homestead and ensure that new additions read as recessive add-on elements in terms of scale, architectural treatment and use of materials.

o Retain and rehabilitate its outbuildings and their contribution to the forecourt qualities created by the positioning in relation to the homestead. Any new additions should read as simple add-on elements and should ensure the primary role of the homestead at the head of the werf.

o Retain and enhance the garden setting of the werf by not removing any mature “heritage” trees forming part of this setting and ensuring that the planting patterns and tree types that form part of the cultural landscape character are used to inform new landscaping interventions.

o Ensure that no new structures impact on views from the werf towards the Drakenstein and Wemmerhoek Mountains.

o Ensure that the forecourt space remains uncluttered and reflects the simple character of the werf, especially in terms of any landscaping interventions and parking.

o Ensure that new development remains secondary to the werf in terms of its location, layout, scale, form, massing.

o Retain the quality of the riverine/agricultural setting of the werf to the east. No new buildings should be located within this flood plain.

o Respect the memory of the historical approach to the Weltevreden farm werf and its associated tree-lined avenue.

o Explore opportunities for the interpretation of the social-historical role of the Weltevreden farm, especially in terms of its role as a residence for employees of Rhodes Fruit Farms and its associated community and institutional memory.

o Ensure that new building development is of a high quality design, craftsmanship and landscaping appropriate to the significance of the site and its setting.

 Respect the unique rural landscape setting of the Drakenstein Games Club. The positioning of new buildings should ensure that they no new structures or related lighting are visible from the club house facility and its associated turf wicket.

 Ensure the protection of archaeological remains within the area of archaeological sensitivity identified around the farm werf. Archaeological remains in the form of structures and artefacts have the potential to reveal important information about the history of the Valley and its inhabitants.

 Retain the natural landmark qualities of the Kleinberg. New buildings should be located below the toe of this hill, especially as viewed from the R45.

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SECTION F: ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

The HIA study process commenced in 2004 and initially involved the formulation of a statement of heritage significance and indicators to guide the planning and design process. A preliminary assessment of initial proposals for a residential development option concluded this option would be inappropriate from a heritage perspective. This was primarily because this option represented an urban/suburban intrusion into a landscape which is predominantly agricultural an also an alien pattern of development in the Valley which is characterised by small settlement nodes embedded within an agricultural context. Furthermore, the development would have a high visual impact from the R45. This option was subsequently withdrawn. The current proposals were developed in response to a range of concerns raised regarding the previous proposals, including the lack of consistency of the proposals with planning policy.

This section of the report assesses the negative and positive impacts of Alternatives 2A, 2B and 3 as described in Section A of the report and illustrated in Figures 8 to 20.

F.1. ALTERNATIVE 2A

Alternative 2A as illustrated in Figures 8 to 11 and Figures 16 to 20 will have the following potential heritage impacts:

F.1.1. The overall concept of the golf trail, i.e. its curvilinear form and non- agricultural use is at variance with a pattern of productive agricultural use and orthogonal landscape structure of the Valley. A mitigating impact is that the golf trail will be largely embedded within an agricultural context and will be largely screened from view from major scenic routes by existing vegetation. Consideration is also given to the fact that the concept is not based on a traditional course with its monoculture and extensive lawns of open space.

F.1.2. Potential negative impacts associated with the loss of 87 hectares of agricultural land for use as a golf trail need to be balanced against potential positive impacts resulting from an envisaged increase in agricultural production from 60 to 130 hectares and also the proposed management of this farmland as a single entity. Determining factors in this regard is that proposed activity does not encroach on good agricultural soils and that the remaining farmland across which the golf trail traverses and the resultant smaller pockets or “islands” of farmland created being effectively farmed and managed, and that the golf trail does not preclude the potential of the land directly affected from being farmed in the future. Based on the assumption that these factors are positive from an agricultural productive potential perspective, the proposed golf trail could be regarded as having a medium-low negative heritage impact.

F.1.3. Of specific concern is the impact of the golf trail on productive agricultural land and orthogonal landscape pattern located within the river plain immediately to the east of the Weltevreden farm werf, which is critical to the quality of its setting. The banding of productive agricultural use in relation to the Dwars and Berg River is also an enduring quality of the broader Valley context. However, in terms of the relatively small footprint within this broader context, this negative impact will be experienced mostly at a site scale.

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Potential impacts of this intervention are regarded as medium negative and therefore the following mitigation measures are recommended:

 A detailed landscape plan for the area in front of the Weltevreden homestead needs to be prepared ensuring the dominance of an agricultural landscape. As far as possible, the alignment of the trail should follow the alignment of the riverine corridors and be screened by associated tree belts.  Land outside the servitude should be farmed and managed as a single entity together with the farmland to the east of the river.

F.1.4. The proposals for the club-house precinct indicate the retention and reuse of the Weltevreden farm werf as a club house facility, which will have a potential positive impact. As indicated by the architectural sketch proposals for the clubhouse precinct, new additions either side of the homestead will read as add-on elements in terms of their height and architectural treatment. The detailing of these alterations need to be subject to further approval by SAHRA/HWC. The primary role of the homestead at the head of the werf and view corridors through the werf to the east will also be retained.

The proposals for the club-house precinct also indicate the retention and reuse of both outbuildings as pro-shop and guest suites, respectively, which will also have a potential positive heritage impact. As indicated in the architectural sketch proposals, new additions will read as add-on elements. Again, the detailing of these alterations need to be subject to further approval by SAHRA/HWC. In accordance with the Archaeological Scoping Survey, the proposed addition to the westernmost outbuilding will have a high negative impact related to the remains of an earlier structure. Recommended mitigation measures are dealt with under Section F.1.6 below.

F.1.5. The proposed landscape interventions around the historical werf respond positively to the qualities of the werf in terms of the following:

 The retention of existing mature trees, including the tree lined avenue situated on the historical approach road and forming part of its distinctive garden setting.  The retention of the forecourt as a simple lawned space.  Parking is located to the rear of the werf space and has been broken up to lessen its impact.

The above mentioned landscape interventions are subject to a detailed Landscape Strategy of Landscape Master Plan for the werf as a whole. This is discussed in more detailed under Section F.1.13 below.

F.1.6. In accordance the Archaeological Scoping Survey, proposed interventions around the Weltevreden farm werf, including alternations and additions and landscaping interventions will have a potential high-medium negative impact on archaeological resources and therefore the following mitigation measures are recommended:

 First Phase Archaeological Excavation of the unidentified structure behind the westernmost outbuilding is to be undertaken prior to the finalisation of detailed plans for the werf, including any alterations and additions to the adjacent outbuilding. Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 33 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007

 An archaeological monitoring brief needs to be commissioned once the planned development phase commences.

Furthermore, the potential uncovering of further human remains in the vicinity of the “Slawe Sloot” needs to be mitigated by ensuring that any ground leveling or excavation within a 25m buffer either side of this alignment is monitored by a professional archaeologist.

In the event that human skeletal remains are identified during the monitoring brief, the archaeologist must report the find to the South African Police and SAHRA. A joint decision between the archaeologist and the SAHRA to determine the context of the burial will form an essential part of the monitoring brief; if the burial is a re-interment then exhumation under permit is the preferred option; if the burial is in-situ then a cease work order in the buffer zone will be implemented and 60y day public participation process will be a mandatory requirement prior to continue excavations. The results of the public participation process will inform the ongoing management of the proposed exhumation and relocation.

F.1.7. The proposed resort village component comprising 25 units is regarded as acceptable in terms of its linear compact village form and its visual-spatial relationship with the historical tree lined approach to the Weltevreden farm werf. The limited footprint of the units, their distance from the main werf, the screening effect of existing trees and proposed tree planting as well as the implementation of architectural guidelines are also regarded as appropriate in terms of mitigating potential negative impacts.

The Architectural Design Manual for Portion 1646/14 (Version 6 dated 16/02/07) is supported from a heritage perspective subject to the following amendments and additions:

 The maximum wall height stipulated from natural ground level to the top of the wall plate vertically above that point should be reduced from 6m to 4.5m. Gables are excluded from this restriction.  Dormer windows should not exceed one third of the roof area.  Garages and carports are not to be located in front of building facades facing onto the street.

F.1.8. The proposals for a club-house facility and resort will not have a major impact on the Drakenstein Games Club. The interventions around the werf will not be visible from the facility. A potential negative impact is the lighting of new buildings and the new Golf Club facilities. Recommended mitigation measures pertaining to the screening and lighting of the club house facility and village units are addressed in Section F.1.13 below.

F.1.9. In accordance with the finding and recommendations of the VIA existing vegetation along the R45 shields the site from view. If these are maintained visual impacts will be low. Consideration is also given to the fact that except for the proposed siting of the new farm werf on Portion 1646/15, there is no new development proposed within the suggested 300m buffer strip along the R45. Refer to Figure 35: Views along R45

F.1.10 The proposed 7 new farmsteads on each of the 7 farms to the east of the Berg River are likely to have a low heritage impact, especially if architectural

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guidelines are strictly applied. A particular consideration is that no building development will intrude onto the toe of the Kleinberg. Consideration is also given to the fact that such development would be in accordance with existing agricultural rights and generally consistent with the cultural landscape character.

The Development Guidelines for the Two Rivers Property Association Private Estates (dated December 2000) are supported from a heritage perspective subject to the following:

 No solid walling is permitted to define the individual estates. All perimeter fencing should be visually permeable.  Fragmented, rather than monolithic, building forms should be encouraged. Buildings should be treated as a series of forms whereby each form’s siting, height and scale should respond to the natural topography and the hierarchical structure evident in traditional werfs. The use of massing, form, materials and colour should ensure that buildings merge with the landscape rather than contrast with it.  The replication of Cape Dutch or Cape Georgian buildings styles should not be permitted. Similarly foreign, imported building styles should not be permitted.

F.1.11. Potential positive spin-offs from the proposed development include the rehabilitation of water courses and wetlands.

F.1.12. An overriding consideration is the potential medium negative visual impact of the proposed building interventions. In this regard, it is essential that architectural guidelines documents are strictly applied in their separate areas, especially with respect to scale, massing, form and use of materials. However, these documents need to be subject to the suggested amendments and additions as suggested under Sections F.1.7. and F.1.10 above.

F.1.13. A further key consideration regarding the potential medium negative visual impact of the proposed interventions is the appropriate treatment of all landscaping interventions including the treatment of entrance structures, signage, removal of alien vegetation, tree planting, boundary treatments and lighting. In this regard the following mitigation measures recommended in the VIA are endorsed:

o A tree planting plan including a timeline must be established in which the phased removal of aliens is complimented by the planting of new trees where necessary, so that the mitigation impact of vegetation screening is maintained.

o Landscaping interventions must take into account the lines of sight between the surrounding properties and the development and shield these views with appropriate vegetation. It is suggested that around the village and farm werf the vegetation used include patterns of planting and tree types which reflect the cultural landscape of the Valley.

o To avoid the impact of lighting: . The use of streetlights is to be avoided, and if for safety reasons should only be low level lighting.

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. No external up-lighting of any parts of structures. External lighting should be the use of down-lighters and shielded to minimise light spillage. . No permanently lit or activated spot lights for security should be allowed. . Internal lights should ensure that no naked light sources are directly visible from a distance.

o No backlit signage is to be allowed. All signage should be limited in size and its colours and finishes should be appropriate to the rural context.

o Only visually permeable fencing should be allowed, e.g. steel palisade or wire mesh. High security walls should not be allowed. No barbed wire should be used.

o Access from the R45 must be low key with the entrance structures and signage complimenting the rural character of the surrounds. No security arrangement should form part of the roadside character.

The above mitigation measures must be addressed in terms of a Landscape Strategy or Landscape Master Plan with specific attention given to landscaping interventions within and around the historical werf precinct.

F.1.14. The proposals for the golf trail, club house and resort make provision for a semi-public use which will have a potential positive impact in terms of the institutional memory attached the site. The potential use of the club house for the interpretation of the social-historical role of the site should also be explored.

Community benefits to be derived from the proposed development are in the form of a cash donation and the creation of employment opportunities. There is also a potential broader social benefit to be derived from the proposed development. This relates to its potential role in enhancing the interconnected relationship between the community and the broader landscape and which has been an enduring pattern for generations and expressed in various ways, i.e. patterns of movement across the landscape, linkages between places and the role of the mountain and river as places of retreat and recreational use. An example in this regard would be for the proposed new recreational facility to incorporate an on-site community based sports development program. Potential also exists for partnerships to be established with other community sports facilities in the Valley.

F.2. ALTERNATIVE 2B

Except for the village resort component, which is not included in Alternative 2B, similar positive and negative impacts and recommended mitigation measures are applicable to both Alternative 2A and 2B.

F.3. ALTERNATIVE 3

Alternative 3 is expected to have a low overall negative impact related to the individual farmsteads and other buildings. It will be experienced as positive because the agricultural landscape will be little changed in the long term. However, it will not Baumann & Winter Heritage Consultants 36 Two Rivers Farm HIA Final Report dated November 2007 experience the potential long term benefits to be derived from the expansion of agricultural activity across the site and upgrading of the environment.

SECTION G: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The following conclusions are made regarding the potential positive and negative impacts of Alternatives 2A, 2B and 3.

 Both Alternatives 2A and 2B will have an overall high-medium negative impact (without mitigation) and an overall medium-low negative impact (with mitigation).

 Alternative 3 will have the least negative impact in the short to medium term but will not experience potential long-term benefits to be derived from an expansion of the agricultural base of the area and upgrading of the environment.

It is recommended that SAHRA and HWC allow one of the two alternatives 2A and 2B to proceed subject to the recommended mitigation measures outlined in Section F, namely:

G.1. A detailed landscape plan for the proposed Golf Trail in the area in front of the Weltevreden farm werf needs to be prepared ensuring the dominance of a productive agricultural landscape. As far as possible, the alignment of the trail should follow the alignment of the riverine corridors and be screened by associated tree belts.

G.2. Land outside the servitude for the golf trail to the west of the Berg River should be farmed and managed as a single entity together with the farmlands to the east of the river.

G.3. Detailed architectural proposals for any alterations and additions to the Weltevreden farm werf (homestead & outbuildings and new structures) need to be submitted to SAHRA/HWC for further approval.

G.4. A detailed landscape plan including a Landscape Strategy and Landscape Master Plan needs to be prepared for the werf precinct as a whole and submitted to SAHRA/HWC for further approval. This plan also needs to address the mitigation measures outlined in Section G.1.13 below.

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G.5. A First Phase Archaeological Excavation needs to be undertaken of the unidentified structure behind the westernmost outbuilding prior to the finalisation of detailed plans for the werf, including any alterations and additions to this outbuilding.

G.6. An archaeological monitoring brief for the area located within a 100m radius of the farm werf needs to be commissioned once the planned development commences within this area.

G.7. An archaeological brief monitoring for the area located within a 25m buffer area either side of the surmised “Slawe Sloot” needs to be commissioned.

G.8. The Architectural Design Manual for Portion 1646/14 (Version 6 dated 16/02/07) should be adopted on condition that: o The maximum wall height stipulated from natural ground level to the top of the wall plate vertically above that point should be reduced from 6m to 4.5m. Gables are excluded from this restriction. o Dormer windows should not exceed one third of the roof area. o Garages and carports are not to be located in front of building facades facing onto the street. o Alterations and additions to the Weltevreden homestead are to be submitted to SAHRA/HWC for approval.

G.9. Specific controls on lighting need to be are implemented to ensure that the lighting of new buildings and the club house facilities do not impact on the environmental quality of the Drakenstein Games Club.

G.10. Development Guidelines for the Two Rivers Property Association Private Estates (dated December 2000) should be adopted on condition that:

o No solid walling is permitted to define the individual estates. All perimeter fencing should be visually permeable. o Fragmented, rather than monolithic, building forms should be encouraged. Buildings should be treated as a series of forms whereby each form’s siting, height and scale should respond to the natural topography and the hierarchical structure evident in traditional werfs. The use of massing, form, materials and colour should ensure that buildings merge with the landscape rather than contrast with it. o The recreation of Cape Dutch or Cape Georgian buildings styles should not be permitted. Similarly foreign, imported building styles should not be permitted.

G.11. An overall Landscape Strategy or Landscape Master Plan needs to be prepared for the site and must address the following:

o A tree planting plan including a timeline must be established in which the phased removal of aliens is complimented by the planting of new trees where necessary, so that the mitigation impact of vegetation screening is maintained.

o Landscaping interventions must take into account the lines of sight between the surrounding properties and the development and shield these views with appropriate vegetation. It is suggested that around the village

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and farm werf the vegetation used include patterns of planting and tree types which reflect the cultural landscape of the Valley.

o To avoid the impact of lighting: . The use of streetlights is to be avoided, and if for safety reasons should only be low level lighting. . No external up-lighting of any parts of structures. External lighting should be the use of down-lighters and shielded to minimise light spillage. . No permanently lit or activated spot lights for security should be allowed. . Internal lights should ensure that no naked light sources are directly visible from a distance.

o No backlit signage is to be allowed. All signage should be limited in size and its colours and finishes should be appropriate to the rural context.

o Only visually permeable fencing should be allowed, e.g. steel palisade or wire mesh. High security walls should not be allowed. No barbed wire should be used.

o Access from the R45 must be low key with the entrance structures and signage complimenting the rural character of the surrounds. No security arrangement should form part of the roadside character.

G.12. The proposed recreational facility must make provision for enhancing social- historical relationships between the community and the broader landscape, possibly in the form an on-site community based sports development programme.

As recommended in the VIA, a review of the final plans and design, including the final architectural design guidelines once they have been completed should be required to ascertain whether they still fall within the assessments of this HIA. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the mitigation measures are consciously applied it is essential that they be entrenched in all documents that pertain to the development and that prospective homeowners and farm owners are made fully aware of these requirements before making a purchase.

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TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PHASES

Probability of Status of the Degree of Level of Significance after Alternative Nature of impact Extent of impact Duration of impact Intensity occurrence impact confidence significance mitigation

2A Destruction of Within a 100m Permanent N/A High Negative High High Low historical buildings radius around the and archaeological historical buildings features during development of club house facility

2B Potential damage to Within a 100m Permanent N/A High Negative High High to medium Low historical buildings radius around the during the historical buildings development of golf club facility

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

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TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF OVERALL HERITAGE IMPACTS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PHASES

Extent of Probability of Status of the Degree of Level of Significance after Alternative Nature of impact Duration of impact Intensity impact occurrence impact confidence significance mitigation

2A Loss of productive Local and site Long term Medium Medium Negative Medium to high Medium to high Medium to low agricultural setting, scale especially related to Weltevreden farm werf

Architectural treatment of village units

Architectural treatment of private estates

Detailed landscaping (soft and hard) interventions

Loss of historical fabric 2B Loss of productive Local and site Long term Medium Medium Negative Medium to high Medium to high Medium to low agricultural setting, scale especially related to Weltevreden farm werf

Architectural treatment of private estates

Detailed landscaping (soft and hard) interventions

Loss of historical fabric

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