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Petrological Forensics of the Mount Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia Magma Reservoir Before May 2016 Dome Collapse

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Petrological Forensics of the Mount Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia Magma Reservoir Before May 2016 Dome Collapse AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jade Bowers for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on May 23, 2019. Title: Petrological Forensics of the Mount Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia Magma Reservoir before May 2016 Dome Collapse Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Shanaka L. de Silva Mount Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia initiated eruptive activity in 2010 with the addition of a magmatic component in 2013, after a 3 year period of quiescence. Observations of magmatic activity began with phreatomagmatic eruption starting July 2013 closely followed by extrusion of andesitic lava in December 2013. Lava effusion has persisted through the eruptive phases (December 2013 – present) with periodic dome building events with partial to complete failure of the dome and production of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Since a magmatic component began erupting in 2013, Mount Sinabung has been producing predominately andesite lavas that evolve in composition as the eruptive phases progress (from 57 wt% SiO2 in 2013 to 65 wt% SiO2 in 2015). In May 2016, when the lava dome collapsed and successively generated PDCs, the resulting magmatic clasts contained intermingled enclaves. This was the first reported observation of these magmatic enclaves and were thought to be evidence for magmatic recharge that may affect eruptive style and longevity of subsequent activity. This microanalytical forensic investigation was an effort to determine if magmatic enclaves from the May 2016 dome collapse were evidence of mafic recharge in the system. Petrographic analysis was used to for detailed textural description of the samples collected. Phase chemistry was collected on electron microprobe to discern multiple compositional populations of mineral constituents. Sample textures are highly variable are resulted in the division of the samples into four textural units: andesite host (AH), enclave type-I (ET1), enclave type-II (ET2), and enclave type-III (ET3). Mineral compositions were probed to assess if there were multiple mineral populations present and displaying exchange between the enclaves and host. These analyses found that phenocrysts in all four units were broadly similar with small deviations in plagioclase core composition and amphiboles analyzed in ET3. Multiple geothermobarometers were employed to determine pressure and temperature conditions of pre-eruptive magmas at Mount Sinabung. Temperature estimates for Fe-Ti oxides, pyroxene, and amphibole range from ~825 to 1100 °C. Pressure estimates from pyroxene and amphibole indicate crystallization depths from ~5 to 32 km, with two main regions of crystallization occurring between ~5 to 16 km and ~24 to 32 km. Magmatic inclusions and pyroxene-rich glomerocrysts likely represent magma of a similar composition crystallizing deeper in the system. Ascent of this magma where it intermingled with the AH magma. Mingling was long enough to grew similar composition rims on plagioclase in all four units before it was erupted on the surface during dome formation. The complex data presented here builds an image of the intricate petrological processes occurring beneath Mount Sinabung and contributes to our understanding of pre-eruptive conditions at the volcano. ©Copyright by Jade Bowers May 23, 2019 All Rights Reserved Petrological Forensics of the Mount Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia Magma Reservoir before May 2016 Dome Collapse by Jade Bowers A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented May 23, 2019 Commencement June 2019 Master of Science thesis of Jade Bowers presented on May 23, 2019 APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Geology Dean of the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Jade Bowers, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been fortunate enough to have worked with such bright, motivating, and inclusive thinkers and teachers during my time at Oregon State University. My greatest appreciation goes out to everyone in the CEOAS community and especially the VIPER group for their support and resources during the pursuit of my M.S. First, to my advisor, Dr. Shan de Silva, Terima Kasih, for bringing me in and offering me this incredible opportunity. Your continued guidance has truly molded me into the volcanologist I am today, and I will always be thankful for everything you have taught me and the opportunities you provided me. To all of my friends and colleagues in Indonesia: thank you for welcoming me with open arms and being so kind. Thank you for sharing your beautiful country and wonderful culture with me. I hope to see you all again soon! A special thank you to the researchers at other universities. Martin Danišík, thank you for your helpful advice and point of view on life, graduate school, and being a scientist while working in Toba. Axel Schmitt, thank you for helping me find my footing in the world of U-Th-Pb and for your kind generosity during my stay in Heidelberg. To Nicole Rocco, thank you for always listening. Thank you for providing encouragement and a shoulder to lean on. Your kindness has played an integral role in my time here, especially this last year. To the Dawes House Crew: your knowledge and input has been some of the most valuable. I appreciate that someone was always interested in listening about the quirks in my data. Our back and forth branched into some great scientific discussions. Science may never come up with a better office communication system than the coffee break. – Earl Wilson A huge thank you to my dedicated work wife, Katharine Solada. Your presence was always a comfort, even with you’re a million and one questions about math and computers. Your kindest and contagious laughter helped me through some of the hardest days and I will be forever grateful. Ado Mucek, my favorite Harley Quinn-loving, Indonesian tutoring, puppy video sending best friend, thank you for always being available to bounce ideas off of. Thank you for all the guidance you have given me and continue to give me. For your endless conversations over Skype, WhatsApp, and other social platforms. I appreciate everything you both have done for me and I wouldn’t have wanted to start my graduate journey without you both. To the BGC! Last but not least, a heartfelt thank you to my family. Kyle Hirata, thank you for standing by me through all the highs and lows. Your love and support have made all the difference. Oh, and thank you for those histograms and statistical consultations. To my best friend, Taylor Howard, you always found a way show up when I needed you most. I couldn’t be more thankful. A final thank you to my parents, Kim and Brandon and my siblings, Hailey and Quintin. Mom and Dad, thank you for providing me this life and all of the endless opportunities it has to offer. The strength, courage, and perseverance I witnessed growing up has always been my greatest inspiration. Thank you for raising me to be curious, strong, and independent. Hailey and Quin, thank you for always bragging about your volcanologist of a sister. Knowing you were proud of me meant the world to me and I only hope that you both get to follow your heart and pursue your passions. Thank you, Lucky Crew, for believing in me and cheering me on when the going got tough. I love you all so much. Graduate school without my family by my side would have been impossible. Also, I would like to thank Kala for all her fur therapy. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction...……….……………………………………………………………… 1 2 Geologic Background……………………………………………………………… 4 3 Methods ……………………………………………………………………………13 4 Petrography ..………………………………………………………………………15 Host Andesite ……..…………………………………………………………15 Mafic Enclave Types …...…………………………………………………...15 Glomerocrysts …….………………………………………………….……..17 5 Mineral Chemistry ..……………………………………………………………….23 Plagioclase ………………..………………..………………………………..23 Amphibole ………………………………….……………………………….25 Pyroxene ...……………………………………………………………..…....27 Fe-Ti Oxides …...……..……………………………………………………..27 Glass ………..……………………………………………………………….28 6 Properties of Magma System ……………………………………………………..42 Fe-Ti Oxides Geothermometry ………….………………………………….42 Two-pyroxene Geothermobarometry ………………….……………………43 Amphibole Geothermobarometry ……..…………………………………….44 7 Summary of Petrology ...…………………………………………………………..56 8 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………58 Origin of Glomerocrysts ………………..…………………………...………58 Origin of Mafic Enclaves ..……..…………………………………...………60 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Pre-eruptive Storage Conditions ………..……………………..……………….62 Amphibole Textures …………………………..……………………….……....64 9 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………….………68 References Cited .……………………………………………………………….……..70 APPENDICES ..……………………………………………………….………………76 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Geographic Setting of Mount Sinabung …………………………………………8 2.2 TAS Diagram for Sunda-Banda Arc ..…………………………………………...9 2.3 Toba-Sinabung Relation ………………………………………………………...10 2.4 Toba-Sinabung Mixing Trend ………………………………………………….11 4.1 Dome lavas photomicrographs ………………………………………………….19 4.2 Glomerocrysts and megacryst photomicrographs ………………………………20 5.1 Plagioclase classification ………………………………………………………..29 5.2 Plagioclase anorthite frequency diagrams ………………………………………30 5.3 Plagioclase trace element variations …………………………………………….31 5.4 Amphibole classification ………………………………………………………..32
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