AMBER Child Protection System

Final Project Report

ECE 492/493

Prepared by Jeffery B. Russell Hossein Ghaffari Nik Ramtin Kangarloo Sulaiman Nooristany

Prepared for Dr. Ronald Barnes Dr. Peter W. Pachowicz Dr. William Sutton

December 4, 2006

1 Executive Summary

United Parcel Service (UPS) remains us daily that no matter what the size, type, shape, or color of your personal package their global network will allow them to verify the final delivery, notify them if the item is lost, or provide feedback indicating that it has been routed to the wrong destination. Yet with these technological advances our children – who are our most treasured merchandise – have no such global network. The America’s Missing Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) system which serves to protect our missing children relies on word of mouth, and radio broadcast of information which in some cases are hours old. This system has no unique way of identifying each child or tracking the movement of known abductees, and with the system’s dependence on human interaction many children are lost never to be found. Based on public opinion regarding existing technologies we seek to address the concerns related to the lack of advancement for systems which safeguard our children. We propose to provide a unique global positioning device to enhance the AMBER alert system. The system will include but is not limited to the following features: 1. An Identification tag consisting of encoded digital finger-print embedded on a circuit board with a microprocessor capable of two-way communications through either GPS or RF systems. 2. A global position tracking system which provides data such as temperature, altitude, and speed direction. Due to the nature of the project and its humanitarian concerns it will be necessary to campaign for private and corporate donations to ensure cost are kept minimal thus making the system affordable for all income groups.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 1 2 Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 2 3 TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...... 4

3.1 FIGURES ...... 4 3.2 TABLES ...... 4 4 DESIGN APPROACH ...... 5

4.1 ORIGIN OF THE PROJECT ...... 5 4.2 PROPOSED SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM ...... 5 4.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS ...... 7 4.3.1 Different Designs of RF Transmitter Unit ...... 7 4.3.2 Use of Altitude Sensor Instead of GPS Calculated Data ...... 8 4.3.3 Team Members’ Contributions ...... 9 5 TECHNICAL DESIGN ...... 10

5.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ...... 10 5.2 MICROPROCESSOR - GUMSTIX CONNEX 400XM-BT ...... 11 5.2.1 Functional Description ...... 11 5.2.2 Technical Summary ...... 12 5.2.3 Expantion Boards and Parts ...... 12 5.3 GPS RECEIVER - GLOBALSAT EM406 ...... 13 5.3.1 Functional Description ...... 13 5.3.2 Technical Summary ...... 13 5.4 RF MODULES - RADIOMETRIX...... 14 5.4.1 Functional Description ...... 14 5.4.2 Technical Summary ...... 14 5.5 CHASSIS DESIGN ...... 16 5.6 FULL INTEGRATION IN TO THE CHASSIS...... 17 5.7 MONITORING SYSTEM ...... 19 5.8 AMBER DATABASE ...... 20 6 EXPERIMENT VALIDATION USING EVALUATION CRITERIA ...... 21

6.1 FINAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION TESTING ...... 22 6.1.1 Objective ...... 22 6.1.2 Procedure ...... 22 6.1.3 Results ...... 25 6.2 GPS ACCURACY TESTING ...... 25 6.2.1 Objective ...... 25 6.2.2 Procedure ...... 25 6.2.3 Results ...... 25

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 2 6.3 BLUETOOTH COMMUNICATION TESTING ...... 27 6.3.1 Objective ...... 27 6.3.2 Procedure ...... 27 6.3.3 Results ...... 27 7 OTHER ISSUES ...... 28 8 ADMINISTRATIVE PART ...... 30

8.1 PROJECT PROGRESS AND COMPLETION ...... 30 8.2 PROJECT FUNDING ...... 30 8.3 FUNDS SPENT ...... 31 8.4 MAN-HOURS DEVOTED ...... 32 9 LESSONS LEARNED ...... 33 10 REFERENCES ...... 34 APPENDIX A ...... 35

PROJECT PROPOSAL ...... 35 APPENDIX B ...... 51

DESIGN DOCUMENT ...... 51

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 3

3 Table of Illustrations

3.1 Figures

FIGURE 1: AMBER CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM NETWORK TOPOLOGY ...... 6 FIGURE 2: ORIGINALLY PROPOSED RF TRANSMITTER UNIT ...... 7 FIGURE 3: MOTOROLA MPX4100A/MPXA4100A SERIES (MAP) SENSOR ...... 8 FIGURE 4: SYSTEM LEVEL DESCRIPTION OF AMBER MONITORING SYSTEM ...... 10 FIGURE 5: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF AMBER MOBILE DEVICE ...... 11 FIGURE 6: GUMSTIX CONNEX 400XM-BT FRONT AND BACK PICTURES ...... 11 FIGURE 7: CFSTIX EXPANSION BOARD; INCLUDING THE CF CARD AND RUBBER BLUETOOTH ANTENNA ...... 12 FIGURE 8: BREAKOUT-GS EXPANSION BOARD ...... 12 FIGURE 9: TWEENER EXPANSION BOARD ...... 12 FIGURE 10: GLOBALSAT EM-406 GPS MODULE ...... 13 FIGURE 11: GLOBALSAT EM-406 GPS MODULE PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS ...... 13 FIGURE 12: RADIOMETRIX RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER ...... 14 FIGURE 13: RADIOMETRIX TX2 BLOCK DIAGRAM ...... 14 FIGURE 14: RADIOMETRIX TX2 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS...... 15 FIGURE 15: RADIOMETRIX RX2 BLOCK DIAGRAM ...... 15 FIGURE 16: RADIOMETRIX RX2 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS ...... 16 FIGURE 17: AMBER CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM CHASSIS ...... 16 FIGURE 18: CHASSIS’S INTERNAL PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS ...... 17 FIGURE 19: COMPONENTS LAYOUT IN THE CHASSIS ...... 17 FIGURE 20: FULLY INTEGRATED SYSTEM PARTS IN THE CHASSIS ...... 18 FIGURE 21: AMBER CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM INTEGRATED CHASSIS ...... 18 FIGURE 22: COMPLETE MONITORING SYSTEM ...... 19 FIGURE 23: MONITORING SYSTEM UNIT ...... 19 FIGURE 24: MAIN PAGE OF AMBER DATABASE...... 20 FIGURE 25: REGISTRATION FORM OF AMBER DATABASE ...... 20 FIGURE 26: SEARCH SCREEN OF AMBER DATABASE ...... 21 FIGURE 27: RS232 DB9 PINOUTS...... 22 FIGURE 28: MAX233CPP LEVEL SHIFTER ...... 23 FIGURE 29: RF RECEIVER TEST CIRCUIT ...... 23 FIGURE 30: RF TRANSMITTER TEST CIRCUIT ...... 24 FIGURE 31: 5V VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT ...... 24 FIGURE 32: AMBER CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM MONITORING SCREEN ...... 26 FIGURE 33: GOOGLE MAP REPRESENTATION OF ACQUIRED DATA ...... 26 FIGURE 34: SNAPSHOT OF BLUETOOTH PAN NETWORK BETWEEN GUMSTIX AND A BLUETOOTH ENABLED DEVICE ...... 28

3.2 Tables

TABLE 1: RF TRANSMITTER INPUT MEASUREMENTS ...... 25 TABLE 2: AMBER CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM'S FUNDS SPENT ...... 31 TABLE 3: MAN-HOURS DEVOTED TO THE PROJECT ...... 32

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 4

4 Design Approach

Based on national statistics the A m erica’s M issing B roadcast E m ergency R esponse (AMBER) which was still reporting a figure of 797,000 cases of missing children at the end of the decade in which this system was implemented. Therefore some enhancements that would offer real-time locating or tracking of children with long/short range communication is required if an abduction occurs, were the main focus of this design. This design approach addresses the stated problem and seeks alternative methods to provide portable, reliable and accurate global positioning system to enhance the AMBER network.

4.1 Origin of the Project

“T he A M B E R P lan w as created in 1996 as a pow erful legacy- toyear 9 -old Amber Hagerman, a bright little girl who was kidnapped and brutally murdered while riding her bicycle in Arlington, Texas. The tragedy shocked and outraged the entire community. Residents contacted radio stations in the Dallas area and suggested they broadcast special “alerts” over the airw aves so that they could help prevent such incidents in the future… ”(“A m erica’s M issing B roadcast E m ergency R esponse”Para 1). If successful, this project w ill m ake stories like A m ber’s a thing of the past. Despite the noble ideal of this Texas community the Amber plan has failed to evolve with changes in technology. This system relies on word of mouth and is not responsive to time critical situation and there are no methods for uniquely identifying each child or tracking the movement of known abductees.

4.2 Proposed Solution to the Problem

This approach seeks to enhance the A m erica’s M issing B roadcast Em ergency R esponse (A M B E R ) by engineering a device to capture and digitize each child’s finger print electronically, store this information and provide encoding of this data for a transmit/receive device via GPS locating. The design approach will be to offer: 1. Identification tag consisting of encoded digital finger-print

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 5 2. two-way communication via GPS or RF systems This design differs from other approaches in that it links to the AMBER database, and has onboard memory that provides a history of target movement, altitude, temperature, and speed direction.

Figure 1: AMBER Child Protection System Network Topology

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 6 4.3 Alternative Designs

All the devices and components that were used for this project were chosen based on the ability to meet design requirements, overall compatibility, and price. There are a variety of higher quality GPS receivers, RF transmitters and receivers with longer range of communication, available on the markets that were not considered because of price and the acquisition of authorized frequencies that supports the existing cellular RF towers. The following is some of alternative designs that were considered in course of this project:

4.3.1 Different Designs of RF Transmitter Unit The following circuit was originally proposed to serve as the RF transmitter unit, however upon testing and laboratory work done on this circuit and the donation of Radiometrix RF transmitter/receiver pair this design was not implemented in the final project.

Figure 2: Originally Proposed RF Transmitter Unit

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 7

In future completion of this project, it would be possible to use other RF transmitter units so that a larger range of transmission is covered, and with larger coverage it may be proposed to use excising cellular RF towers as receiver units to create an ideal AMBER network.

4.3.2 Use of Altitude Sensor Instead of GPS Calculated Data Originally it was proposed to use Motorola MPX4100A/MPXA4100A series Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor to calculated and obtain altitude information. After researching the perspective GPS, it was determined that accurate data via GPS triangulation could be calculated, thus eliminating the need for this sensor in the final implementation of the project.

Figure 3: Motorola MPX4100A/MPXA4100A Series (MAP) Sensor

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 8 4.3.3 Team Members’ Contributions

Jeffery B. Russell (Project Manager)

 Phase 1 (Finger-print Processing)

 Software Modeling

 Hardware Design

Hossein Ghaffari Nik (Technical Manager)

 Phase 1 (Finger-print Processing)

 Software Modeling

 Hardware Evaluation and Testing

 Programmer

Ramtin Kangarloo

 Financial Manager

 GPS Research and Study

 RF research

Sulaiman Nooristany

 System Engineering

 Microprocessor Research and Study

 Programmer

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 9 5 Technical Design

In this system a client (child) is registered in the AMBER Database and by becoming a registered user, they will be assigned a unique mobile device. This device is uploaded with personal/emergency contact information of the each child and gives the possibility of global positioning logging and tracking over RF connection for AMBER Child Protection System. The monitoring system is connected via RF link to each device and capable of real-time global tracking of each device. In addition to long range tracking, the device is capable of short range communication over Bluetooth link. This feature allows for safe interrogation of the device for law enforcement officers in the case that the client was discovered unattended.

5.1 System Description

This project was designed based on multiple phases and sections to fulfill the overall AMBER Child Protection System network topology illustrated in figure 1: 1. AMBER Child Protection System Database 2. AMBER Child Protection System Mobile Device 3. AMBER Child Protection System Monitoring System 4. AMBER Child Protection System Bluetooth Accusation Device

The following shows the system level descriptions of the monitoring system and the AMBER device:

Figure 4: System Level Description of AMBER Monitoring System

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 10

Figure 5: System Description of AMBER Mobile Device

The following sections describe the system components used for this project:

5.2 Microprocessor - Gumstix Connex 400xm-bt

5.2.1 Functional Description Intel PXA255 - driven Gumstix motherboard with extended memory and a Bluetooth option. Has one 60-pin connector for connecting one basix-side expansion board as well as a 92-pin bus header on the other side for connecting one connex-side expansion board.

Figure 6: Gumstix Connex 400xm-bt Front and Back Pictures

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 11 5.2.2 Technical Summary  Speed: 400 MHz -(Intel XScale® PXA255)  16MB Flash memory  Bluetooth wireless connectivity  Connections: 60 pin Hirose I/O connector  92-pin bus header  Includes Bluetooth antenna

5.2.3 Expantion Boards and Parts

5.2.3.1 CFStix Used for reading type II Compact Flash adapter that connects to the Gumstix Connex via 92-pin bus header. Including a 3.5V - 5V power jack and a through hole for the Bluetooth antenna.

Figure 7: CFStix Expansion Board; Including the CF Card and Rubber Bluetooth Antenna

5.2.3.2 Breakout-gs Breaks out the Hirose 60 pin to a series of GPIO lines through twenty-four 50mil pitch holes. It includes a USB client (Mini-B socket) and a 3.5V - 5V power jack.

Figure 8: Breakout-gs Expansion Board

5.2.3.3 Tweener It is used to get console access via RS-232 serial connection with 60-pin connectors on both sides, the tweener connects between a 60-pin expansion board and the Gumstix. Includes a serial port, 60-pin Hirose male/female and a 3.5V - 6V input power jack.

Figure 9: Tweener Expansion Board

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 12 5.3 GPS Receiver - Globalsat EM406

5.3.1 Functional Description Is a GPS Engine Board with an integrated patch antenna making it perfect for solution providers looking to either integrate GPS into an existing device or to assemble their own GPS products using the latest SiRF Star III GPS technology.

Figure 10: Globalsat EM-406 GPS Module

5.3.2 Technical Summary

 Weight: 16g including cable  20-Channel Receiver  Extremely high sensitivity : -159dBm  10m Positional Accuracy / 5m with WAAS  Hot Start : 8s  Warm Start : 38s  Cold Start : 42s  70mA at 4.5-6.5V  Outputs NMEA 0183 and SiRF binary protocol  Smallest complete module available: 30mm x 30mm x 10.5mm

Figure 11: Globalsat EM-406 GPS Module Physical Dimension

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 13 5.4 RF Modules - Radiometrix

5.4.1 Functional Description The TX2 transmitter module is a two stage, surface acoustic wave (SAW) controlled FM transmitter operating between 2 and 6 V and is available in 433.92MHz and 418.00 MHz versions and measures 12 x 32 x 3.8 mm.

Figure 12: Radiometrix RF Transmitter and Receiver

The RX2 module is a double conversion FM super heterodyne receiver capable of handling date rates of up to 160kbit/s. The SIL style RX2 receiver measures 48 x 17.5 x 4.5 mm. It will operate from a supply of 3-6V and draws just 14mA when receiving. A fast-acting carrier detects and a power-up enable time of less than 1ms. This allows effective duty cycle power saving and a -107dBm sensitivity. This combined with a SAW front-end filter results in an excellent RF performance and EMC conformance. Note: used for system testing only not part of final product.

5.4.2 Technical Summary

5.4.2.1 Transmitter

 2 stage crystal controlled, FM modulated at up to 160kbps  Operation from 2.2V to 6V @ 10mA  +9dBm RF output on 433.92MHz  High power efficiency, typically 35% DC  RF@ 3V supply  Improved frequency and deviation accuracy  2nd harmonics <-60dBc

Figure 13: Radiometrix TX2 Block Diagram

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 14

Figure 14: Radiometrix TX2 Physical Dimensions

5.4.2.2 Receiver

 Double conversion NBFM superhet  SAW front end filter, image rejection >50dB  Supply 3.3V to 6.0V @ 13mA  -107dBm sensitivity @ 1ppm BER @ 14kbps  Carrier Detect output  LO leakage <-60dBm

Figure 15: Radiometrix RX2 Block Diagram

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 15

Figure 16: Radiometrix RX2 Physical Dimensions

5.5 Chassis Design The following is the dimensions and components layout of Chassis. This was designed and fabricated by Less Wolf (ACG Security).

Figure 17: AMBER Child Protection System Chassis

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 16

Figure 18: Chassis’s Internal Physical Dimensions

5.6 Full Integration in to the Chassis Complete layout and integration of system parts in to the chassis is shown in figure below:

Figure 19: Components Layout in the Chassis

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 17

Figure 20: Fully Integrated System Parts in the Chassis

Figure 21: AMBER Child Protection System Integrated Chassis

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 18 5.7 Monitoring System Consisted of the RF receiver unit, level shifted with MAX233CPP chip set connected to a DB9 port. Monitoring system will be used to monitor each client of AMBER Child Protection System individually over HyperTerminal. Providing real-time GPS tracking information transmitted from the RF transmitter and Gumstix.

Figure 22: Complete Monitoring System

Figure 23: Monitoring System Unit

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 19

5.8 AMBER Database An Oracle based program that enables AMBER system to register individuals in to the AMBER Database. This database was created with the help of Waleed Nooristany. The following are snapshots of the working AMBER Database which highlights its features:

Figure 24: Main Page of AMBER Database

Figure 25: Registration Form of AMBER Database

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 20

Figure 26: Search Screen of AMBER Database

6 Experiment Validation Using Evaluation Criteria

To prove the working principles of this project the following set of tests and experiments were scheduled and performed: 1. Unix/Linux environment was created to be able to program and compile programs for microprocessors. 2. GPS receiver was tested via serial connection to the laptop to verify operation of the module. 3. RF transmission and communication from ET-1000 Circuit Design Trainer to Circuit Design Trainer with sample periodic signals. 4. RF transmission and communication from laptop to laptop with HyperTerminal configurations on both devices. 5. RF transmission and communication from Gumstix to laptop with HyperTerminal configurations on the receiver side. 6. Data acquisition of GPS via serial port with Gumstix. 7. RF transmission of acquired GPS data to and from Gumstix to laptop with HyperTerminal configurations on the receiver side. 8. Short-range Bluetooth communication between Gumstix and Bluetooth enabled laptop with personal area networking (PAN) configurations on both devices. 9. System load testing for power cells.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 21 10. Long-range RF communication of fully configured system over 150 meters distance. 11. Accuracy test of fully configured system.

6.1 Final System Configuration Testing

6.1.1 Objective Verify that all AMBER circuit components are functional and validate circuit measurement for voltages, currents and data levels.

6.1.2 Procedure

1. Set up receiver circuit to include 5 VDC regulator circuit and voltage level shifting. Include digital voltage meter to record circuit currents. 2. Setup transmit network to include TX2-433-160-5V, EM-406 GPS receiver, and Gumstix microprocessor. 3. Monitor data via HyperTerminal connection using standard laptop to USB connectivity.

6.1.2.1 Serial Connection (9 Pin) to USB Port

Figure 27: RS232 DB9 Pinouts

The jumper connections for successful transmission/reception were as follow:

 jumper connections = pins 1,4,and 6  jumper connections = pins 7 and

HyperTerminal connection settings were as follow:

 Bits per second = 4800  data bits = 8  parity = none  stop bits = 1

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 22  flow control = none  zmodem used for text file transfer

Note: No level shifting needed for laptop to laptop testing of RF transmission.

To ensure transistor to transistor levels (TTL) are sufficient for the serial connection at the laptop wire the circuit in figure:

Figure 28: MAX233CPP Level Shifter

6.1.2.2 System Transmission Medium The following schematics were used to construct the RF receiver/transmitter circuits:

Figure 29: RF Receiver Test Circuit

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 23

Figure 30: RF Transmitter Test Circuit

6.1.2.3 Voltage Regulator Design (5V) Using a LM317 or suitable voltage regulator wire the circuit in figure to ensure constant VCC is supplied to the RX2-433-160-5V.

Figure 31: 5V Voltage Regulator Circuit

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 24

6.1.3 Results

Successful transmission over long/short-range communications was obtained. System was capable of acquiring data via GPS connected to Gumstix and processing the NMEA codes to a usable format. The translated data was successfully streamed down on the established RF link between monitoring station and mobile device. These results were achieved in the laboratory environment and recreated during field testing. The following power consumption data was measured during RF transmission testing:

Supply voltages Measured current Measured voltage Elapse time 5 VDC 10 mA 4.89 VDC 6 Hours

Table 1: RF Transmitter Input Measurements

A sample of text file received by the monitoring station is included in the supplementary folder of Project CD and also demonstrations of working AMBER system are included in project video’s folder of Project CD.

6.2 GPS Accuracy Testing

6.2.1 Objective The objective of this testing was to verify the accuracy of GPS data received via RF communication with monitoring system.

6.2.2 Procedure Using the fully integrated system, multiple tests were completed and latitude and longitude data received by the monitoring system was plotted using Google map.

6.2.3 Results Using the following monitoring screen in figure 32 the latitude and longitude data were plotted and the map in figure 33 was obtained from Google map.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 25

Figure 32: AMBER Child Protection System Monitoring Screen

Figure 33: Google Map Representation of Acquired Data

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 26

This test was conducted in Hunter Mill Plaza parking lot, Fairfax VA, and the map’s representation of acquired data is accurate to the specific parking spot on the parking lot. Up to 277 hours of location logging was achieved for the 1Gb onboard memory. The C code that was used to process GPS data is included in supplementary folder in the Project CD.

6.3 Bluetooth Communication Testing

6.3.1 Objective To test the personal area network (PAN) connectivity between the AMBER mobile device and a Bluetooth capable device.

6.3.2 Procedure

The following settings were configured on the Gumstix to enable PAN networking:

The setting in /etc/default/bluetooth was changed to the following:

PAND_OPTIONS="--role PANU --service PANU --connect 00:03:7A:0F:CF:7D -Q10 and then the bnep0 section of /etc/network/interfaces was changed as follows:

iface bnep0 inet static address 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.1.0 gateway 192.168.1.1 broadcast 192.168.1.255

The PA N com m unication netw ork w as passw ord protected by “1234” and a Bluetooth enabled laptop using BlueSoleil Software was connected with Gumstix. This connection was via Bluetooth Serial Port Service.

6.3.3 Results Figure 34 shows the resulting snapshot of Bluetooth connection between a Bluetooth enabled laptop and the Gumstix, joined via a password protected PAN network.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 27

Figure 34: Snapshot of Bluetooth PAN Network Between Gumstix and a Bluetooth Enabled Device

7 Other issues

Questions related to project issues associated with ECE-493 Final Project Report: Reason for the project. Who would benefit, how would they benefit and what would the benefit be? What could be the impact of success? Engineers solve problems to the benefit of humanity. a. B ased on national statistics the A m erica’s M issing B roadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) which was still reporting a figure of 797,000 cases of missing children at the end of the decade in which this system was implemented. Therefore some enhancements that would offer real-time locating or tracking of children with long/short-range communication is needed if an abduction occurs were the main focus of this design. Potential use of the project. Could the project lead to a marketable product, service or function? Who might the users or purchasers of this product/service/function be? Would the product/service/function serve only local needs or could it be applicable on a wider, potentially global, range of users? a. Over the course of this project several relationships were established with private companies who have expressed an interest

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 28

in continued development of this design. Plans are currently underway with ACG security to initiate a time table for the possible use of this device as a personal security feature for their clients. If successful these negotiation would lead to this device being supplied to local and overseas clients. Cost figures for the project. Include parts, rough assembly/coding time/costs, student time spent on design and implementation of the project, and (based on the student time spent) estimated cost of design and this first prototype. a. All associated cost for this design was addressed in the administrative section of this report. Time spent writing or debugging code were part of the totals for man-hours under implementation and final design testing headings. Alternatives to the implemented design that could impact costs and effects on resources use and the environment and community, and alternatives to the chosen design solution. a. The only alternatives being considered at project end were the use of alternative power sources. Based on advances in this area our research indicates that these cost may be driven down, thus generating a positive impact to the overall design. Maintainability/maintenance of the final design solution. (Note, software must be maintained as well as hardware.) a. Consideration for annual updates of software packages for each proposed database would also be a maintained on a schedule and could become a function of the respected Information Technology (IT) department. Retirement, replacem ent, or disposal of the project at the end of its “lifetim e”, i.e. environmental disposal of parts such as batteries, recycle ability of parts at time of disposal, documentation needed to allow a replacement or upgrade to be designed. a. This device was design to use Li/MnO2 power cells which will require disposal. The microprocessor used is comprised of components which adhere to Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS). The Final Report must include the ECE 492 Proposal as an Appendix A, and Design Document as an Appendix B. a. See Appendices A and B.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 29

8 Administrative Part

8.1 Project Progress and Completion

Did you complete all tasks successfully? a. The final design for this project was successful with one or two modification. Additional work related to anti-theft protection and power consumption was still being evaluated and tested at project’s end. It w as determ ined that since this project was planned for multiple phases enhancement for these features would be more appropriate for future work. Did you have to change the design, tasks, or schedule? What were the changes and why? a. No changes were made for the design, tasks, or the schedule. Thanks to several donations some original scheduled tasks were eliminated and these efforts were redistributed to other functions. Any extra (not-planned) activities you had to carry out? a. To allow for up-to-date progress reporting between our faculty advisor and the design team a project website was established. Weekly schedules and project documentation as well as photographs were uploaded on a regular basis. Additionally, weekly meetings were held throughout the course of the semester with our faculty to review details of the project and obtain feedback.

8.2 Project Funding

Tables 2 represents a list of project cost which include items used in the project as well items which were only evaluated for possible use. From this list it was noted that the cost associated with administrative related functions negatively impacted on the ability to purchase additional equipment.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 30

8.3 Funds Spent

AMBER Child Protection System Project Fund Spendings ECE 493 Spring 2006 - Fall 2006

Amount Discription Date $9.00 2 x MAX233CPP Chipset 11/02/06 $3.00 Copy Charges 11/02/06 $3.76 2x RS232 9-pin connectors 10/26/06 $43.58 Breakout-gs Expantion Board 10/26/06 $20.99 1Gb CF Memory Card 10/19/06 $1.20 Copy Charges 10/13/06 $5.78 Nuts and Volts Magazine 10/06/06 $0.50 1N4148 - Diode Purchase 09/28/06 $6.60 Copy Charges 09/22/06 $169.00 Gumstix Connex 400xm-bt 09/21/06 $25.00 CFStix Expantion Board 09/21/06 $20.00 Tweener Expantion Board 09/21/06 $28.00 Accessories and Shipping Charges 09/21/06 $21.29 FM Oscillator Kit 09/20/06 $94.32 EM-406 - GPS Receiver 09/16/06 $4.00 Copy Charges 09/08/06 $0.70 Copy Charges 09/05/06 $2.00 Copy Charges 08/05/06 $78.73 Holux GPS/Bluetooth Receiver 08/05/06 $1.40 Copy Charges 04/21/06 $1.87 Folder Purchase 04/21/06 $26.70 Print Charges 03/31/06 $8.30 Folder Purchase 03/31/06 $2.70 Print charges 03/21/06 $5.85 Folder Purchase 03/20/06

$584.27 Total

Table 2: AMBER Child Protection System's Funds Spent

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 31

8.4 Man-hours Devoted

Man-hours related to this project were based on a $12.00 USD scale and reflect two semester effort which include a four member design team. Not reflected in these total are travel time to and from meetings which were conducted outside of the Fairfax campus. These dates and time were part of previously filed progress reports. The following are a list of individuals and companies who either donated equipment or provided technical support to this project: Les Wolfe – ACG Security, Lemos International Co. Inc., Diann Stedman – GMU Office of Laboratory Safety, Waleed Nooristany – Nortel Gov. Solution, Vijay Kadakkal and Dave Hylands

Hours Cost n Design Proposal q Research 140 Hrs $1680 q Preliminary Design & Testing 70 Hrs $840 n Design Implementation q Gumstix 30 Hrs $360 q GPS 20 Hrs $240 q RF 35 Hrs $420 n Final Testing q Testing & Integration 50 Hrs $600

TOTAL (Based on $12 per Hour) $4140

Table 3: Man-hours Devoted to the Project

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 32

9 Lessons Learned

A list of additional knowledge and skills that we learned in our teaming experience in AMBER Child Protection System project is as follow:

 V erification of m anufacture’s docum entation for materials used in the project.

 Join the support groups, mailing lists or communities of the products and parts that are used, to ensure that your information is up-to-date.  It is necessary to implement a testing schedule to validate both hardware and software operations thus eliminating unnecessary troubleshooting.

 Weekly meeting and interaction among the group members are vital.

 Staying current with new technologies such as Gumstix.

 Linux and Unix working environment was learned and experienced.

 Programming in C was learned and practiced.

 Great networking skills were learned, and relationships were formed with individuals working in different fields of technology.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 33

10 References

ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1999 http://216.218.185.154/news/NS8588993347.html http://cnx.org/content/m12062/latest/ http://gpsd.berlios.de/index.html http://nmea-183.qarchive.org/ http://vancouver-webpages.com/peter/idx_nmeaprog.html http://web.tampabay.rr.com/vescovi/gumstix/gumstix.htm http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/MC6800.htm http://www.codeamber.org/ http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/CMSC391/summer04/burt/chipReport s/FKaufman_Chip_Report/index.html http://www.familycow.com/gps.html http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/M68HC11E.pdf http://www.gumstix.com http://www.leadtek.com/ http://www.livescanfingerprinting.com/quest.htm http://www.maxim-ic.com/products/wireless/ook_radio/index.cfm?CMP=361 http://www.motorola.com/mediacenter/news/detail/html http://www.radiometrix.co.uk/products/txrx2p.htm http://www.sirf.com/sirfstar1.pdf http://www.sparkfun.com http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/GPS/EM-406%20Product_Guide1.pdf http://www.supremainc.com/ IEEE Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 KHz to 300 GHz. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (16-Apr-1999).from http://ww.timble.com/gps/ McClellan, Schafer and Yoder, DSP FIRST: A Multimedia Approach. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998 Copyright (c) 1998 Prentice Hall Microcontroller – Motorola 68HC11 Data Sheet The UniFinger SFM3000 series is the latest UniFinger module equipped w ith w orld’s leading fingerprint authentication algorithm (ranked No. 1 in FVC2004) and powerful DSP technology. From http://www.supremainc.com This file is 3.6MB and is the same as the big book distributed in class.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 34

Appendix A

Project Proposal TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...... 35

Table of Illustrations ...... 36

Executive Summary...... 37

Introduction ...... 38

THE ORIGIN OF THE AMBER PLAN ...... 38

DEFICIENCIES OF THE AMBER PLAN ...... 38

PURPOSE ...... 38

Approach ...... 39

PROBLEM ANALYSIS ...... 39

REQUIREMENT ...... 40

PROPOSED APPROACH ...... 41

Preliminary Design ...... 42

PHASE 1 ...... 42 Finger-print Process ...... 43 AMBER Database Registration ...... 43

PHASE 2 ...... 45

Preliminary Schedule ...... 46

tasks and allocation of responsibilities ...... 48

experimentation plan References ...... 49

References ...... 49

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 35

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures

FIGURE 1: COMPARISON OF INCIDENCE RATES FOR MISSING CHILDREN, 1988

(NISMART–1) AND 1999 (NISMART–2) ...... 39

FIGURE 2: AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY FROM WHERIFY WIRELESS, INC. AND CONSUMERS

SPOTLIGHT REVIEWS...... 40

FIGURE 3: GENERAL OUTLINE OF DESIGN APPROACH ...... 41

FIGURE 4: ILLUSTRATION OF PHASE #1 ...... 42

FIGURE 5: FINGER-PRINT PROCESS ...... 43

FIGURE 6: ILLUSTRATION OF PHASE #2 ...... 45

FIGURE 7: PHASE #1 CASCADED WITH PHASE #2, SYSTEM DESIGN BLOCK DIAGRAM ..... 46

Tables

TABLE 1: SAMPLE OF AMBER REGISTRATION FORM ...... 44

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 36

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Based on public opinion regarding existing technologies we seek to address the concerns related to the lack of advancement for systems which safeguard our children. We propose to provide a unique global positioning device to enhance the AMBER alert system. The system will include but is not limited to the following features:

1. An Identification tag consisting of encoded digital finger-print embedded on a circuit board with a microprocessor capable of two-way communications through either GPS or RF systems.

2. A global position tracking system which provides data such as temperature, altitude, and speed direction.

Due to the nature of the project and its humanitarian concerns it will be necessary to campaign for private and corporate donations to ensure cost are kept minimal thus making the system affordable for all income groups.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 37

INTRODUCTION

The Origin of the Amber Plan

“The AMBER Plan was created in 1996 as a powerful legacy to 9-year-old Amber Hagerman, a bright little girl who was kidnapped and brutally murdered while riding her bicycle in Arlington, Texas. The tragedy shocked and outraged the entire community. Residents contacted radio stations in the Dallas area and suggested they broadcast special “alerts” over the airw aves so that they could help prevent such incidents in the future… ”(“A m erica’s M issing Broadcast Emergency Response” para 1). If successful, this project will m ake stories like A m ber’s a thing of the past.

Deficiencies of the Amber plan

Despite the noble ideal of this Texas community the Amber plan has failed to evolve with changes in technology. This system relies on word of mouth and is not responsive to time critical situation and there are no methods for uniquely identifying each child or tracking the movement of known abductees.

Purpose

This proposal will describe the benefits to prospective users of this device and address public demand for alternative solutions to existing technologies which have proven inadequate for the protection of children. Through the proposed design each child will be uniquely identified and movement tracked via a global positioning system. Future plans for this project would include lobbying for allocation of frequencies and the creation of a national AMBER database.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 38

APPROACH

Problem Analysis

As part of the research conducted for this project the following information was used to evaluate existing conditions for child safety. According to a United States Department of Justice sponsored survey the National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Throwaway Children (NISMART), research project showed that in the “year 1999, an estim ated 797,500 children w ere reported mssing; i 58,200 children were abducted by non-family members; 115 children were the victims of long-term non-family abductions called "stereotypical kidnappings"; and 203,900 children were the victim s of fam ily abductions.” F igure 1 shows Comparison of Incidence Rates for Missing Children, 1988 and 1999.

* The p values are the result of tests that measure the extent to which changes between 1988 and 1999 are statistically significant. Two-tailed tests were conducted to detect a change in either direction (increase or decrease), and the conventional level of significance (.05) was used as the cutoff. Thus, p=.05 or less indicates that the observed change was statistically significant. Details of the statistical tests, including 95-percent confidence intervals for the rate estim ates, w ill be available in O JJD P ’s NISMART–2 Household Survey Methodology Technical Report (Hammer and Barr, forthcoming).

Figure 35: Comparison of Incidence Rates for Missing Children, 1988 (NISMART– 1) and 1999 (NISMART–2)

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 39

Requirement

G P S locator for kids w as m arketed as a device w hich w ouldhelp “ s keep loved ones safe by combining patented technology with the U.S. Department of Defense's multi-billion dollar Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites… ” this available technology has many design flaws pointed out by the customers such as:

 Low battery life and problem with recharging.

 Poor antenna reception.

 Patented safety lock and key fob

Creating an alternative solution to address the above problems will be part of the design requirements.

Spotlight Reviews:

 “W hat a N ightm are”, March 3, 2005  “A N Y O N E w ho says this product is good is a WHERIFY EM PLOYEE!”,March 3, 2005  “C om pletely Useless”, January 26, 2005  “N ot ready.”, May 17, 2004  “T his product should still be in R&D - N O T M arketed!”, March 12, 2004

Figure 36: Available Technology From Wherify Wireless, Inc. and Consumers Spotlight Reviews.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 40

Proposed Approach

T his approach seeks to enhance the A m erica’s M issing Broadcast Emergency Response (A M B E R ) by engineering a device to capture and digitize each child’s finger print electronically, store this information and provide encoding of this data for a transmit/receive device via GPS locating. The design approach will be to offer:

 Identification tag consisting of encoded digital finger-print

 two-way communication via GPS or RF systems

This design differs from other approaches in that it links to the AMBER database, and has onboard memory that provides a history of target movement, altitude, temperature, and speed direction.

Figure 37: General Outline of Design Approach

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 41

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

This design includes two phases, phase one includes software analysis and database creation. Phase two is the hardware segment of the design which functions as a GPS locator carried by the child. Initial prototyping of the design will be completed using MATLAB and/or LabVIEW. Figure 3 shows a general outline of the design approach.

Phase 1

This phase is software bases and will interface and download finger-prints from a finger-print scanner, analyze, packetsize and register the data into the AMBER database. A fter registration, individual data w ill be uploaded through the m icroprocessor’s interactive software to phase two for permanent storage. This process is illustrated in figure 4:

Figure 38: Illustration of Phase #1

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 42

Finger-print Process

Finger-print process will be performed in MATLAB environment. This procedure uses filtering techniques to enhancement the finger-print generates a unique ID based on specific algorithm. Figure 5 is the block diagram explaining this process:

Figure 39: Finger-print Process

This system renders adequate resolutions of each encoded finger-print, avoids false positive during transmission.

AMBER Database Registration

Personal and emergency information of the child is registered through a JAVA application into the AMBER database prior to being uploaded into phase two. The sample of personal and emergency information is presented in table 1:

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 43

ID Tag #

Last Name, First Name

Gender

Date of Birth

Address

Eye Color Height

Hair Color Weight

Emergency Contact

Last Name, First Name

Relationship

Phone

Address

Table 4: Sample of AMBER Registration Form

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 44

Phase 2

This phase is hardware based and will interface and download registered information from the m icroprocessor’s interactive softw are from phase one and perm anently store the unique inform ation package into the m icroprocessor’s read only memory (ROM). This portion of the design will consist of long and short range two-way communications to transfer the information to the outside world. The short-range communication will be through Bluetooth while the long-rage will be either RF or GPS platforms. Phase two is outlined in figure 6 and a complete block diagram of the system is contained in figure 7:

Figure 40: Illustration of Phase #2

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 45

Figure 41: Phase #1 cascaded with Phase #2, System Design Block Diagram

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 46

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 47

TASKS AND ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

The design team is consisting of four group members; allocations of the responsibilities for each group member are as follow:

Jeffery B. Russell (Project Manager)

 Phase 1 (Finger-print Processing)

 Software Modeling

 Hardware Design

Hossein Ghaffari Nik (Technical Manager)

 Phase 1 (Finger-print Processing)

 Software Modeling

 Hardware Evaluation and Testing

 Programmer

Sulaiman Nooristany

 System Engineering

 Microprocessor Research and Study

 Programmer

Ramtin Kangarloo

 Financial Manager

 GPS Research and Study

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 48

EXPERIMENTATION PLAN

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 49

REFERENCES

ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1999 IEEE Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 KHz to 300 GHz. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (16-Apr-1999).from http://ww.timble.com/gps/

Microcontroller – Motorola 68HC11 Data Sheet This file is 3.6MB and is the same as the big book distributed in class. http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/M68HC11E.pdf

T he U niFinger SF M 3000 series is the latest U niFinger m odule equipped w ith w orld’s leading fingerprint authentication algorithm (ranked No. 1 in FVC2004) and powerful DSP technology. From http://www.supremainc.com

http://www.codeamber.org/

http://www.familycow.com/gps.html

http://www.sirf.com/sirfstar1.pdf

http://www.supremainc.com/

http://216.218.185.154/news/NS8588993347.html

http://www.leadtek.com/

http://www.livescanfingerprinting.com/quest.htm

http://www.motorola.com/mediacenter/news/detail/html

http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/MC6800.htm

http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/CMSC391/summer04/burt/chipReport s/FKaufman_Chip_Report/index.html

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 50

Appendix B

Design Document

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ...... 51 Table of Illustrations ...... 52 FIGURES ...... 52 Definitions ...... 53 Team Members ...... 53 Introduction ...... 54

AMBER PLAN AND ITS DEFICIENCIES ...... 54 OPERATIONAL ARCHITECTURE ...... 54 Architecture Overview ...... 56

DESCRIPTION ...... 56 MODULE DECOMPOSITION CHART ...... 57 MODULES FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ...... 58 Phase 1 ...... 58 Phase 2 ...... 58 External Systems and Devices ...... 60 Component Design...... 61

FINGERPRINT PROCESSING ...... 61 JAVA REGISTRATION PROGRAM ...... 62 AMBER DATABASE ...... 63 POWER MANAGEMENT ...... 65 MICROPROCESSOR ...... 65 SENSORS MODULE ...... 66 GPS RECEIVER ...... 67 RF TRANSMITTER ...... 69 Description of Tasks ...... 70

PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION ...... 70 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ...... 70 EVALUATION AND TESTING ...... 72

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 51

Experimentation Plan ...... 73

PURPOSE ...... 73 EXECUTION ...... 73 DESIRED END STATE ...... 73 TEST SCENARIOS ...... 74 Schedule and Milestones ...... 75 References ...... 74

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES

FIGURE 1: GENERAL OVERVIEW OF AMBER CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM ...... 55 FIGURE 2: SYSTEM DECOMPOSITION ...... 57 FIGURE 3: FINGERPRINT PROCESSING MODULE, DECOMPOSED ...... 61 FIGURE 4: JAVA REGISTRATION PROGRAM FLOWCHART ...... 62 FIGURE 5: AMBER DATABASE MODULE DECOMPOSITION ...... 63 FIGURE 6: RF SIGNAL AND RF LOGGER FLOWCHART...... 64 FIGURE 7: POWER MANAGEMENT MODULE DECOMPOSITION ...... 65 FIGURE 8: MPXA4100A PIN CONFIGURATION ...... 66 FIGURE 9: POWER SUPPLY DECOUPLING FOR MPXA4100A ...... 67 FIGURE 10: SIRFSTARIII GPS SINGLE CHIP ...... 67 FIGURE 11: WORKING PROTOTYPE ONLY, CHIPSETS WILL BE CHANGED TO INCLUDE GUMSTIX WITH BLUETOOTH ...... 69

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 52

DEFINITIONS

AMBER America’s M issing: B roadcast Em ergency R esponse CPU Central Processing Unit GPS Global Positioning System JAVA Programming Language MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory) A programming language for technical computing PCB Printed Circuit Board RAM Random Access Memory RF Radio Frequency ROM Read Only Memory

TEAM MEMBERS

Hossein Ghaffari Nik Ramtin Kangarloo Sulaiman Nooristany Jeffery B. Russell

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 53

INTRODUCTION

AMBER Plan and Its Deficiencies

“The AMBER Plan was created in 1996 as a powerful legacy to 9-year-old Amber Hagerman, a bright little girl who was kidnapped and brutally murdered while riding her bicycle in Arlington, Texas. The tragedy shocked and outraged the entire community. Residents contacted radio stations in the Dallas area and suggested they broadcast special “alerts” over the airw aves so that they could help prevent such incidents in the future… ”(“A m erica’s M issing Broadcast Emergency Response” para 1). If successful, this project w ill m ake stories like A m ber’s a thing of the past.

Operational Architecture

This document is the blueprint of the proposed design for improving the original AMBER plan. Through the proposed design each child will be uniquely identified and movement tracked via a global positioning system (GPS). This approach seeks to enhance the A m erica’s M issing Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) by engineering a device to capture and digitize each child’s finger print electronically, store this information and provide encoding of this data for a transmit/receive device via GPS locating. The design approach will be to offer:

 Identification tag consisting of encoded digital fingerprint

 two-way communication via GPS and RF systems

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 54

This design differs from other approaches in that it links to the AMBER database, and it is equipped with an onboard memory which provides a history of target movement, altitude, temperature, and speed direction. Future plans for this project would include lobbying for allocation of frequencies and the creation of a national AMBER database.

Figure 42: General Overview of AMBER Child Protection System

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 55

ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

Description

This design is divided into two phases; phase 1 is software based architecture while phase 2 implements hardware. The system receives a scanned fingerprint which is processed via MATLAB and registered through JAVA GUI interface program into the A M B E R database. Then individual registered data is uploaded into the m icroprocessor’s Read Only Memory (ROM), and this handheld device is operationally deployable. This handheld device is equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver which provides the microprocessor with the location and the time-stamped of the target. In addition to the GPS receiver, sensors provide temperate and altitude/pressure data to the microprocessor. This data is processed and stored by the microprocessor for later access. External communication and tracking is made possible with the use of short-range and long-range transmitters. The short-range transmission is through Bluetooth technology that is received by close mobile stations, i.e., police officers. The long-range transmitter is a Radio Frequency (RF) device providing the system with a link to local RF towers. RF receivers allow the tracking of each handheld device in the network with the use of the transmitted data. The transmitted data is an information packet identified with a header and consists of the time, location, speed direction, temperature and altitude of the target.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 56

Module Decomposition Chart

The system architecture overview described above is illustrated in the following flowchart detailing each module.

Figure 43: System Decomposition

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 57

Modules Functional Description

Phase 1

Fingerprint Processing

MATLAB based module designed to process the fingerprint images and produce a binary representation of the original inputs. Using Canny Edge Detection, fingerprint images are filtered and packetsized with a unique random number assigned as its header. This information is saved as a single file to be passed on to the JAVA Registration Program for the registration in the AMBER database.

JAVA Registration Program

A registration process completed in the JAVA environment for accruing the personal information, i.e., name, gender, date of birth, etc. This information is saved in the AMBER database along with the fingerprint processing outputs.

AMBER Database

A national database created at authorized stations to register minors for the AMBER Child Protection System. The registration data is provided by the JAVA registration program and is used to identify the received transmissions and to track each individual.

Phase 2

Power Management

This module contains a DC power source supplying power to all modules in phase 2.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 58

Microprocessor

Central Processing Unit (CPU) of phase 2. It interfaces with phase 1 via serial connection and gathers data from sensors and the GPS receiver. Data is then saved in the Random Access Memory (RAM), processed and sent to RF/Bluetooth transmitters.

Sensors

This module includes a temperature/altitude/pressure module gathering pressure and temperature data which calculates the altitude of the handheld device. This information is uploaded to the microprocessor for processing and storage.

GPS Receiver

T he onboard G P S chipset triangulates the handheld devise’s coordinates w ith the use of signals received from the GPS satellites. GPS signals are received via an external GPS antenna and the devise’s coordinates w ith their tim e -stamp are uploaded to the microprocessor.

RF Transmitter

This module receives the data packets prepared by the microprocessor and broadcasts a continuous signal which is received by the RF towers. The content of the transmitted signal includes only, registration number (header), time, coordinates, altitude, temperature and direction of the speed.

Bluetooth Transmitter

Bluetooth transmitter module transmits only upon request to any short or medium distanced receiver, allowing all stored information to be extracted by authorities for verification purposes.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 59

External Systems and Devices

Fingerprint Scanner

This scanner provides a digital fingerprint image through a live capture.

GPS Satellite

Commercially available orbital satellites used for triangulation and global positioning.

Bluetooth Receiver

A device that receives the short-range transmitted signal, i.e. police officers equated with Bluetooth receivers.

RF Tower

A network of RF towers receiving long-range transmissions that are linked to the AMBER database.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 60

COMPONENT DESIGN

Fingerprint Processing

Figure 44: Fingerprint Processing Module, Decomposed

Block 1: Canny Filter Edge Detection Description: Edge detects the fingerprint images and outputs a binary representation. Interface: Fingerprint scanner

Block 2: Random Header Generator Description: Provides a random 6 digit integer to be used as registration number and header in the text file. Interface: NA

Module Input: Digital fingerprint form scanner

Module Output: Text file stored into the database

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 61

Java Registration Program

Module Input: - File saved from fingerprint processing

Module Function: - Register each individual in the AMBER database

Module Data: - Header (registration number) - Multi-dimensional matrix representation of fingerprint - Name - Date of birth - Gender - Social Security Number - Address - Personal attributes - Emergency contact

Module Output - An array of personal data that is registered (saved) in the AMBER database.

Figure 45: JAVA Registration Program Flowchart

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 62

AMBER Database

Figure 46: AMBER Database Module Decomposition

Module Inputs: - Array of personal information from the JAVA registration program - RF signals received by RF towers

Block 1 (Database): - Storage of the registration information of each individual - Block 2 (RF signal and Data Logger): - Storage of the received data from RF towers for future reference. Figure 6 represents the step by step flowchart of this process:

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 63

Figure 47: RF Signal and RF Logger Flowchart

Module Output: - The array of information inputted form the JAVA programming is uploaded to the microprocessor via the serial interface.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 64

Power Management

Figure 48: Power Management Module Decomposition

Microprocessor

Name: gumstix connex platform board features benefits 20mm wide fits into an exterior shell <1" modular connector DF12C(3.0)60DS0.5V80 60-pin hirose I/O connector and 92-pin bus I/O header ...logic level UARTs You can put a transceiver off-board if you need RS232 level. (3) ... USB client ...JTAG access for lowest level debugging ...NSSP DMA access MMC/SD slot not available on the gumstix connex CF slot available on cfstix and netCF expansion boards wireless via optional Bluetooth (BT) models - requires BT antenna via optional cfstix and netCF expansion boards for wifi - WiFi compact flash card not included

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 65

speed 200Mhz, or 400MHz memory 64MB SDRAM standard (100MHz) 4MB flash, 16MB in XM version quick turnaround to drop SD, SDRAM, or increase SDRAM configurable speed low power draws <250 mA at 400MHz without Bluetooth sleep mode draws <50 mA while waiting for input (not even sleep mode) Toolchain 3.4.0 complete access to open source software for porting takes Li-Ion?, Li-Polymer?, 3-NiMH, standard 4.5V or 5.0V supply 3.6V-5.0V inputs Operating system Linux kernel 2.6.10 in flash u-boot - bootloader Userspace includes: sshd apache bluetooth utilities and more can access more storage via CF card (not provided) in cfstix and

netCF 80mm x 20mm x Smaller than the Basix because we took the MMC connector off. 5.9mm temperatures commercial temperatures only weighs 8g (1/4 oz) ...less than TWO TEASPOONS of water

Sensors Module

Motorola MPX4100A/MPXA4100A series Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor.

Figure 49: MPXA4100A Pin configuration

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 66

Figure 50: Power supply decoupling for MPXA4100A

GPS Receiver

Figure 51: SiRFstarIII GPS Single Chip

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 67

SiRFStarIII Specifications

- Tracking L1, CA code (1575.42 MHz) - 12 Channels (can support up to 20 channels) - 10Hz update rate (internal) - Sensitivity -159dBm - Max Altitude <60000 ft - Max Velocity <1000 knots - 200,000+ effective time/frequency search channels (correlators) - NMEA, SiRF Binary and A13/F protocols support - Autonomous position accuracy <10m - SBAS (WAAS/EGNOS/MSAS) corrected accuracy <5m - Reacquisition time 100 milliseconds - Autonomous hot start (open sky) <1 seconds - Autonomous cold start 4 (open sky) <35 seconds - Autonomous hot start (indoors 3) <15 seconds - GSM or 3G aided (open sky 1) <1 second - GSM or 3G aided (indoors 2) <26 seconds - CDMA aided (open sky) <1 second - CDMA aided (indoors) <18 seconds - Multipath-mitigation hardware - ARM7TDMI processor with 16-bit data bus - 4Mb Flash memory (GSC3f only) - 1Mb SRAM for user tasks - 2 x UARTS - 10 GPIO's (GSC3) / 14 GPIO's (GSP3f) - 1.5V core voltage - 2.7V - 3.0V IO Voltage - 75mW power consumption tracking 5 with 1 second update rate (GSC3)

Chipsets

Part Description Package RoHS Number GSC3- Single Chip Baseband and RF BGA, 7mm x 10mm Yes 7857 with Flash and ROM GSC3f- Single Chip Baseband and RF BGA, 7mm x 10mm Yes 7879 with ROM Baseband: BGA, 16-bit, GSP3f 2 Chip solution 100 pin Yes RF: GRF3w, LPCC, 32 pin

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 68

RF Transmitter

Figure 52: Working prototype only, chipsets will be changed to include gumstix with Bluetooth

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 69

DESCRIPTION OF TASKS

This section describes a first description of tasks, key deliverables and responsibilities. These descriptions might be different from those in the definitive work plan that will be drafted after the requirements outlined above are fulfilled.

The following three tasks are predicted:

 Project management and coordination

 Design and Implementation

 Evaluation and testing

Project Management and Coordination

Project management and coordination includes the following tasks:

1. management/liaison

2. general reporting

This task includes the following activities:

3. Draft and maintain project plan.

4. Arranging and chairing coordination meetings.

5. Publication of results

Design and Implementation

Design and implementation task includes the following activities:

1. algorithm design

2. formal specification and verification

3. Production of test values and specification testing

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 70

This task includes the following activities:

1. Draft of design criteria.

2. Computer Engineering:

a. Design of registration process using JAVA programming.

b. Microprocessor interface using Linux programming.

3. Electrical Engineering:

a. Signal Processing:

i. Image processing using MATLAB

b. Communication and Networking:

i. Receivers:

1. Interfacing with the GPS receiver

2. Design and interfacing with RF towers

3. Design and interfacing with the Bluetooth device

ii. Transmitters:

1. Design and implementation of the RF transmitter

2. Design and implementation of the Bluetooth transmitter

c. Circuit Design:

i. Design and implementation of the Power management unit

ii. Design and implementation of PCB

4. Specification testing

5. Design conformance test data

6. Algorithm input/output test data

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 71

Evaluation and Testing

The evaluation and testing includes:

1. interfacing evaluation

2. Phase 1 performance evaluation

3. Phase 2 performance evaluation

4. Overall performance evaluation

This task includes the following activities.

1. Draft of evaluation criteria

2. Statistical tests if these need to be carried out.

3. Estimates of performance and complexity

4. Design and Evaluation report

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 72

EXPERIMENTATION PLAN

Purpose

The purpose of the experimentation plan is to provide a step by step series of testing methods which will be used to ensure the AMBER system meets the performance criteria.

Execution

Preliminary testing of the AMBER system is performed on the software prototype during the initial design phase. Parameters and specifications developed during the software prototyping will serve as the backbone of additional hardware testing and evaluation for each module. To ensure that all components within the AMBER system are fully operational, several test scenarios will be run.

Desired End State

The following are the desired results of the performed experiments listed in chronological order

1. Registration of the pacektized data which includes personal information in the AMBER database.

2. Interfacing the phase 1 and phase 2 via the RS232 serial connection.

3. Microprocessor successfully receives the triangulated location of the device from the GPS receiver.

4. All the sensory data are uploaded to the m icroprocessor’s m em ory.

5. Accurate data communication between the microprocessor and the RF/Bluetooth transmitters.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 73

6. Successful transmission of data via RF towers between the handheld device and the AMBER database.

7. Successful reception of the signal via the Bluetooth receiver.

Test Scenarios

1. Transmit/Receive small series of bits down RF link to ensure hardware is indeed transmitting/receiving.

2. Transmit/Receive increasingly large amounts of data (sample telemetry, sample text, etc) across the RF link to ensure that no component experiences trouble with data movement.

3. Registration of an individual in the AMBER database and uploading it in to the handheld device

4. Filed testing of system for environmental factors at Virginia Beach vs. foothills of West Virginia. (Altitude Sensing)

5. Field testing of system for tracking/locating around the Patriot Circle at George Mason University up to the Johnson Centers 3rd floor.

6. Bench testing for temperature accuracy.

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 74

SCHEDULE AND MILESTONES

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 75 REFERENCES

Microcontroller – Motorola 68HC11 Data Sheet This file is 3.6MB and is the same as the big book distributed in class. http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/M68HC11E.pdf

The UniFinger SFM3000 series is the latest UniFinger m odule equipped w ith w orld’s leading fingerprint authentication algorithm (ranked No. 1 in FVC2004) and powerful DSP technology. From http://www.supremainc.com

C anny, John, “A C om putational A pproachE to dge D etection,” IE E E Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol, PAMI-8, No. 6, 1986, pp. 679-698

http://www.codeamber.org/

http://www.familycow.com/gps.html

http://www.sirf.com/sirfstar1.pdf

http://www.supremainc.com/

http://216.218.185.154/news/NS8588993347.html

http://www.leadtek.com/

http://www.livescanfingerprinting.com/quest.htm

http://www.motorola.com/mediacenter/news/detail/html

http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/MC6800.htm

http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/CMSC391/summer04/burt/chipReport s/FKaufman_Chip_Report/index.html

AMBER Child Protection System Final Project Report Page 74