The Spitzer Space Telescope and the IR Astronomy Imaging Chain
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Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 149
Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K [ X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 OR [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 1-16417 NUSTAR ENERGY L.P. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware 74-2956831 (State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer incorporation or organization) Identification No.) 2330 North Loop 1604 West 78248 San Antonio, Texas (Zip Code) (Address of principal executive offices) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (210) 918-2000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Common units representing partnership interests listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Securities registered pursuant to 12(g) of the Act: None. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [ ] No [X] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. -
Rfi Issue and Spectrum Sharing Paradigm for Future Satellite
RFI ISSUE AND SPECTRUM SHARING PARADIGM FOR FUTURE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION AND RADIO ASTRONOMY SYSTEMS by Yucheng Dai APPROVED BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Hlaing Minn, Chair Dr. John P. Fonseka Dr. Andrea Fumagalli Dr. Murat Torlak Copyright © 2020 Yucheng Dai All rights reserved Dedicated to my family, I received no more powerful and effective support than the support from my beloved family. RFI ISSUE AND SPECTRUM SHARING PARADIGM FOR FUTURE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION AND RADIO ASTRONOMY SYSTEMS by YUCHENG DAI, BS, MS DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS August 2020 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my PhD adviser, Dr. Hlaing Minn, for his valuable advice, dedicated guidance, and unparalleled support that made this work possible. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my committee members, Drs. Andrea Fumagalli, John P. Fonseka, and Murat Torlak. I would like to thank my parents, for their guidance to the way to PhD, and for their support both spiritually and financially. I also want to thank my friend and lab-mate, Dong Han, who shows an example of dedicated and helpful PhD student to me. June 2020 v RFI ISSUE AND SPECTRUM SHARING PARADIGM FOR FUTURE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION AND RADIO ASTRONOMY SYSTEMS Yucheng Dai, PhD The University of Texas at Dallas, 2020 Supervising Professor: Dr. Hlaing Minn, Chair Wireless services, which utilize radio spectrum resources, can be classified into two types: passive wireless services and active wireless services. -
REVIEW ARTICLE the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 78, 011302 ͑2007͒ REVIEW ARTICLE The NASA Spitzer Space Telescope ͒ R. D. Gehrza Department of Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, 116 Church Street, S.E., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 ͒ T. L. Roelligb NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000 ͒ M. W. Wernerc Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 264-767, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109 ͒ G. G. Faziod Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ͒ J. R. Houcke Astronomy Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6801 ͒ F. J. Lowf Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721 ͒ G. H. Riekeg Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721 ͒ ͒ B. T. Soiferh and D. A. Levinei Spitzer Science Center, MC 220-6, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125 ͒ E. A. Romanaj Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 264-767, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109 ͑Received 2 June 2006; accepted 17 September 2006; published online 30 January 2007͒ The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Spitzer Space Telescope ͑formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility͒ is the fourth and final facility in the Great Observatories Program, joining Hubble Space Telescope ͑1990͒, the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory ͑1991–2000͒, and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory ͑1999͒. Spitzer, with a sensitivity that is almost three orders of magnitude greater than that of any previous ground-based and space-based infrared observatory, is expected to revolutionize our understanding of the creation of the universe, the formation and evolution of primitive galaxies, the origin of stars and planets, and the chemical evolution of the universe. -
Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer Launch Press
PRess KIT/DECEMBER 2009 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Launch Contents Media Services Information ................................................................................................................. 3 Quick Facts ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Mission Overview .................................................................................................................................. 5 Why Infrared? ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Science Goals and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 12 Spacecraft ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Science Instrument ............................................................................................................................. 19 Infrared Missions: Past and Present ............................................................................................... 23 NASA’s Explorer Program ................................................................................................................. 25 Program/Project Management .......................................................................................................... 27 Media Contacts J.D. Harrington -
Interstellar Extinction in Orion. Variation of the Strength of the UV
MNRAS 000, 1–9 (2017) Preprint 9 July 2018 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.0 Interstellar extinction in Orion. Variation of the strength of the UV bump across the complex. Leire Beitia-Antero,1⋆ Ana I. G´omez de Castro,1† 1AEGORA Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de CC. Matem´aticas, Plaza de Ciencias 3, E-28040 Madrid Accepted XXX. Received YYY; in original form ZZZ ABSTRACT There is growing observational evidence of dust coagulation in the dense filaments within molecular clouds. Infrared observations show that the dust grains size distri- bution gets shallower and the relative fraction of small to large dust grains decreases as the local density increases. Ultraviolet (UV) observations show that the strength of the 2175 A˚ feature, the so-called UV bump, also decreases with cloud density. In this work, we apply the technique developed for the Taurus study to the Orion molecular cloud and confirm that the UV bump decreases over the densest cores of the cloud as well as in the heavily UV irradiated λ Orionis shell. The study has been extended to the Rosette cloud with uncertain results given the distance (1.3 kpc). Key words: ISM: dust, extinction 1 INTRODUCTION feature of the extinction curve, the so-called UV bump. The UV bump is, by far, the strongest spectral feature in the ex- The Interstellar Medium (ISM) is a complex ensemble of tinction curve but its source remains uncertain (see e.g. the gas, large molecules and dust coupled through the action of review by Draine (2003)). -
Cassiopeia a January2008
CASSIOPEIA A JANUARY2008 Cassiopeia A is the youngest (about 300 years old) known supernova Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa remnant in the Milky Way. Astronomers have used Chandra’s long ob - 01 02 03 04 05 servations of this remnant to make a map of the acceleration of elec - trons in this supernova remnant. The analysis shows that the electrons 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 are being accelerated to almost the maximum theoretical limit in some 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 parts of Cassiopeia A (Cas A) in what can be thought of as a “relativistic pinball machine.” Protons and ions, which make up the bulk of cosmic 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 rays, are expected to be accelerated in a similar way to the electrons. The Cas A observations thus provide strong evidence that supernova 27 28 29 30 31 remnants are key sites for energizing cosmic rays. 3C442A FEBRUARY2008 X -ray data from NASA’s Chandra X -ray Observatory and radio obser - Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa vations from the NSF’s Very Large Array show that a role reversal is 01 02 taking place in the middle of 3C442A - a system with two merging gal - 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 axies in the center. Chandra detects hot gas (blue) that has been push - ing aside the radio -bright gas (orange). This is the opposite of what 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 is typically found in these systems when jets from the supermassive black hole in the center create cavities in the hot gas surrounding the 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 galaxy. -
Semiconductor Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays for Far-Infrared Imaging
OPTO−ELECTRONICS REVIEW 21(4), 406–426 DOI: 10.2478/s11772−013−0110−x Semiconductor detectors and focal plane arrays for far-infrared imaging A. ROGALSKI* Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00–908 Warsaw, Poland The detection of far−infrared (far−IR) and sub−mm−wave radiation is resistant to the commonly employed techniques in the neighbouring microwave and IR frequency bands. In this wavelength detection range the use of solid state detectors has been hampered for the reasons of transit time of charge carriers being larger than the time of one oscillation period of radiation. Also the energy of radiation quanta is substantially smaller than the thermal energy at room temperature and even liquid ni− trogen temperature. The realization of terahertz (THz) emitters and receivers is a challenge because the frequencies are too high for conventional electronics and the photon energies are too small for classical optics. Development of semiconductor focal plane arrays started in seventies last century and has revolutionized imaging sys− tems in the next decades. This paper presents progress in far−IR and sub−mm−wave semiconductor detector technology of fo− cal plane arrays during the past twenty years. Special attention is given on recent progress in the detector technologies for real−time uncooled THz focal plane arrays such as Schottky barrier arrays, field−effect transistor detectors, and micro− bolometers. Also cryogenically cooled silicon and germanium extrinsic photoconductor arrays, and semiconductor bolome− ter arrays are considered. Keywords: THz detectors, focal plane arrays, Schottky barrier diodes, semiconductor hot electron bolometers, extrinsic photodetectors, performance limits. -
The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)
header for SPIE use The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) James Fansona, Giovanni Faziob, James Houckc, Tim Kellyd, George Riekee, Domenick Tenerellif, and Milt Whittenf aJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91109 bSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138 cCornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853 dBall Aerospace and Technologies Corp., Boulder, CO 80301 eUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 fLockheed Martin Missiles and Space Co., Sunnyvale, CA 94089 ABSTRACT This paper describes the design of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) as the project enters the detailed design phase. SIRTF is the fourth of NASA’s Great Observatories, and is scheduled for launch in December 2001. SIRTF provides background limited imaging and spectroscopy covering the spectral range from 3 to 180 mm, complementing the capabilities of the other Great Observatories – the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO). SIRTF will be the first mission to combine the high sensitivity achievable from a cryogenic space telescope with the imaging and spectroscopic power of the new generation of infrared detector arrays. The scientific capabilities of this combination are so great that SIRTF was designated the highest priority major mission for all of US astronomy in the 1990s. Keywords: telescope, cryogenic, infrared, astronomy, astrophysics, Great Observatory 1. INTRODUCTION The SIRTF mission has experienced dramatic evolution in both architecture and mission design. Originally conceived as a low Earth orbiting observatory serviced by astronauts from the Space Shuttle, SIRTF passed through a phase in high Earth orbit using first the Titan and later the smaller Atlas launch vehicle, to the current concept of a deep-space mission orbiting the sun, and using the still smaller Delta launch vehicle. -
Herschel Space Observatory: Opening New Windows on the Universe
The Herschel Space Observatory: Opening New Windows on the Universe William B. Latter Project Scientist and Task Lead for the NASA Herschel Science Center Herschel Space Observatory Carrying on Sir William’s Legacy • Herschel is an ESA Cornerstone mission, equivalent to a NASA Great Observatory in scientific and programmatic scope. • Herschel will be the largest single element space telescope for astronomical use launched to date. • Herschel will be the first long-duration, space-based observatory to open up the spectral window between 200 and 700 microns. • Herschel will be the only infrared/submillimeter space observatory to fill the gap between Spitzer and JWST. • Herschel will carry out important Spitzer follow-up. 2 1 Herschel in a nutshell • ESA Cornerstone Observatory instruments ‘nationally’ funded, int’l - NASA, CSA, Poland – collaboration ~1/3 guaranteed time, ~2/3 open time • FIR/Submm (57 - 670 µm) space facility large (3.5 m), low emissivity (< 4%), passively cooled (< 90 K) telescope 3 focal plane science instruments ≥3 years routine operational lifetime full spectral access low and stable background • Unique and complementary for λ < 200 µm larger aperture than cryogenically cooled telescopes (IRAS, ISO, Spitzer, Astro-F,…) more observing time than balloon- and/or air-borne instruments larger field of view than interferometers 3 4 2 Spatial Resolution: Spitzer vs. Herschel Spitzer Herschel Herschel offers same spatial resolution as Spitzer at ~4 times the wavelength 5 More about Herschel HIFI - Heterodyne Instrument for the Far- Infrared PI: T. de Grauuw, SRON, Groningen, The Netherlands Spectroscopy with 5 or 6 receiver bands 480 -1250 GHz and 1410-1910 GHz, λ/Δλ up to 107 (625-240 µm and 213-157 µm) SPIRE - Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver PI: M. -
Tiny "Chipsat" Spacecra Set for First Flight
7/24/2019 Tiny "Chipsat" Spacecraft Set for First Flight - Scientific American Subscribe S P A C E Tiny "Chipsat" Spacecra Set for First Flight Launch in July will test new way to explore the solar system—and beyond By Nicola Jones, Nature magazine on June 1, 2016 A rearward view of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA/Crew of STS-132 On 6 July, if all goes to plan, a pack of about 100 sticky-note-sized ‘chipsats’ will be launched up to the International Space Station for a landmark deployment. During a brief few days of testing, the minuscule satellites will transmit data on their energy load and orientation before they drift out of orbit and burn up in Earth’s atmosphere. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tiny-chipsat-spacecraft-set-for-first-flight/ 1/6 7/24/2019 Tiny "Chipsat" Spacecraft Set for First Flight - Scientific American The chipsats, flat squares that measure just 3.2 centimetres to a side and weigh about 5 grams apiece, were designed for a PhD project. Yet their upcoming test in space is a baby step for the much-publicized Breakthrough Starshot mission, an effort led by billionaire Yuri Milner to send tiny probes on an interstellar voyage. “We’re extremely excited,” says Brett Streetman, an aerospace engineer at the non- profit Charles Stark Draper Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who has investigated the feasibility of sending chipsats to Jupiter’s moon Europa. “This will give flight heritage to the chipsat platform and prove to people that they’re a real thing with real potential.” The probes are the most diminutive members of a growing family of small satellites. -
+ New Horizons
Media Contacts NASA Headquarters Policy/Program Management Dwayne Brown New Horizons Nuclear Safety (202) 358-1726 [email protected] The Johns Hopkins University Mission Management Applied Physics Laboratory Spacecraft Operations Michael Buckley (240) 228-7536 or (443) 778-7536 [email protected] Southwest Research Institute Principal Investigator Institution Maria Martinez (210) 522-3305 [email protected] NASA Kennedy Space Center Launch Operations George Diller (321) 867-2468 [email protected] Lockheed Martin Space Systems Launch Vehicle Julie Andrews (321) 853-1567 [email protected] International Launch Services Launch Vehicle Fran Slimmer (571) 633-7462 [email protected] NEW HORIZONS Table of Contents Media Services Information ................................................................................................ 2 Quick Facts .............................................................................................................................. 3 Pluto at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... 5 Why Pluto and the Kuiper Belt? The Science of New Horizons ............................... 7 NASA’s New Frontiers Program ........................................................................................14 The Spacecraft ........................................................................................................................15 Science Payload ...............................................................................................................16 -
Planetary Defence Activities Beyond NASA and ESA
Planetary Defence Activities Beyond NASA and ESA Brent W. Barbee 1. Introduction The collision of a significant asteroid or comet with Earth represents a singular natural disaster for a myriad of reasons, including: its extraterrestrial origin; the fact that it is perhaps the only natural disaster that is preventable in many cases, given sufficient preparation and warning; its scope, which ranges from damaging a city to an extinction-level event; and the duality of asteroids and comets themselves---they are grave potential threats, but are also tantalising scientific clues to our ancient past and resources with which we may one day build a prosperous spacefaring future. Accordingly, the problems of developing the means to interact with asteroids and comets for purposes of defence, scientific study, exploration, and resource utilisation have grown in importance over the past several decades. Since the 1980s, more and more asteroids and comets (especially the former) have been discovered, radically changing our picture of the solar system. At the beginning of the year 1980, approximately 9,000 asteroids were known to exist. By the beginning of 2001, that number had risen to approximately 125,000 thanks to the Earth-based telescopic survey efforts of the era, particularly the emergence of modern automated telescopic search systems, pioneered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT’s) LINEAR system in the mid-to-late 1990s.1 Today, in late 2019, about 840,000 asteroids have been discovered,2 with more and more being found every week, month, and year. Of those, approximately 21,400 are categorised as near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), 2,000 of which are categorised as Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)3 and 2,749 of which are categorised as potentially accessible.4 The hazards posed to us by asteroids affect people everywhere around the world.