ABSTRACT VOLUME
National Conference on Groundwater Resource Development and Management in Hard Rocks
Edited by Namdeo J. Pawar Raymond A. Duraiswami Subhajyoti Das
Supported by Department of Geology, University of Pune, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency Department of Science and Technology, GoI February, 2010 Preface
Ever increasing demand for groundwater resources in hard rock regions with limited renewable potential poses a serious threat to life. This precious resource therefore needs to be managed judiciously to ensure adequate supplies of dependable quantity and quality. It is a natural resource with economic, strategic and environmental value, which is under stress both due to changing climatic and anthropogenic factors. Therefore, the management strategies need to be aimed at sustenance of this limited resource. In India, and also elsewhere in the World, major parts of the semi-arid regions are occupied by hard rocks and it is of vital importance to understand the nature of the aquifer systems and its current stress conditions. Though the achievements through scientific development in exploration and exploitation are commendable, its exploitation has adversely affected the hard rock aquifer system, both in terms of quantity and quality; which is of major concern today. In order to reverse the situation, better management strategy of groundwater resources needs to be devised for prevention of further degradation of quality, and meeting the future quantitative demand. This necessitates understanding the flow mechanism, evaluating the potential and evolving optimal utilization schemes and assessing and monitoring quality in the changing scenario of anthropegenically induced influence from urban, agricultural, mining and industrial sectors besides preparing for resource management in view of the impending harsh and erratic climatic pattern.
The groundwater flow mechanism in hard rocks is yet to be fully understood in terms of fracture geometry and its relation to groundwater flow. Non-continuum modeling approach such as Discrete Fracture Network (DFN), Channel flow modeling and Continuum modeling of stochastic approach are not yet fully understood due to its complexity. Further geochemistry of natural groundwater and its pollution due to anthropogenic factors are very slow processes with long-term impacts on carbon cycle and global climatic change on the one hand and quality on the other. It is generally recognized that the prevention of groundwater pollution is cheaper than its remedial measures in the long run. Furthermore, because of the nature of groundwater flow, and the complexity and management uncertainty of many contaminant processes, a precautionary approach should generally be adopted for the groundwater resources. Such an approach is always aimed to avert danger or at least minimize the risk of groundwater pollution, and protect its quality. In view of the above and as a part of Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Pune University, the National Conference on Groundwater resource development and management in hard rocks has been planned in association with Geological Society of India, Bangalore and Groundwater Survey and Development Agency (GSDA), Government of Maharashtra at the Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra (State), India.
The conference seeks to emphasis that the upshot of deliberations of the conference could reach the users, who are facing the problems due to groundwater shortage and quality deterioration. The contributions to this conference are complied as an Abstract Volume and shed light on many of the issues related to Groundwater flow dynamics in hard rocks with emphasis on basaltic and crystalline aquifers, application RS-GIS and geophysical exploration in groundwater assessment, development and management, Groundwater flow and transport modeling for management of groundwater resources, Groundwater quality monitoring, impact of mining, pollution, health hazards and remediation strategies, Salt water intrusion in coastal areas and management of coastal aquifer system, Global Climate Change and its impact on the groundwater resources, Water conservation – optimal utilization, conjunctive use, rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge, Impact of groundwater development on groundwater regime in the last fifty years, Use of information technology in groundwater data base and data analysis, Groundwater management and Legislation and Community participation and management of groundwater resources.
Eventually the full papers will be published in the form of Memoir of the Geological Society of India. It is finally hoped that the deliberation made in this conference will generate interest among the budding Geohydrologist and inculcate amid them the zeal to take up new challenges and go into the deeper roots of the problems of groundwater resources more objectively to give a new life to this scarce and hidden resource.
Namdeo. J. Pawar Raymond A. Duraiswami Subhajyoti Das CONTENTS
1 Watershed Development through Community Participation: The Nidhal Experience CHANDRAKANT DALVI, SURYAKANT PATIL and R. A. DURAISWAMI
2 Water Security to People through Participatory Water Management and Equitable distribution of Water Rights A.B. PATIL M.A. PATIL and N.J. PAWAR
3 Water Account, Micro Planning and Multiple Water Use Systems: a case study from Mahalunge village, Bhiwandi taluka, Thane district, Maharashtra KISHOR N. DESHMUKH
4 A Study of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting from Renavi Village in Sangali District of Western Maharashtra: Lessons for Domestic Water Policy in India C.B. PAWAR, R.P. PAWAR and S.S. PATIL
5 Springs- a sustainable alternative water supply source along the Konkan coastal belt of MaharashtraR.A. DURAISWAMI and S.D. GHATE
6 Groundwater Development in India: Trends and Consequences ANINDITA DUTTA SARKAR
7 Hard rock aquifers in Jharkhand state and its development perspective DIPANKAR SAHA
8 Aquifer characteristics of different Geomorphological Units of a Granitic Terrain RATNAKAR DHAKATE, G.K. HODLUR and V.S. SINGH
9 Sustainable Development of Drinking Water Sources in Metamorphic Terrain of Bhandara District, Maharashtra I.A. SAIYED and N.V. MAHAJAN
10 Sustainable Development and Conservation of Groundwater Resources in Hard Rocks I.I. SHAH and Md. BABAR
11 Petrographic Texture of Sediments vis-à-vis Aquifer Characteristics Y.A. MURKUTE, P.P. BADHAN and G.D. MAHAJAN
12 Geohydrological studies of Palas basin from the parts of Maharashtra State, IndiaS.K.VADAGBALKAR, R.K.SUKHTANKAR and M.K. ZAMBRE
13 Integrated Approach for Water Conservation Techniques in Lalmati Village of Raver Taluka, District Jalgaon, Maharashtra S.N. PATIL, M.V. BARIDE, ANUPAMA PATIL, ARTI BARIDE and SANDIP PATIL
14 Geohydrological conditions in Chalisgaon Taluka, Jalgaon District part of Girna River Sub Basin of Maharashtra P.L. SALVE and P.S. KULKARNI
15 Hydrogeological study for Groundwater potential in areas of Dudhgaon, Parbhani District, Maharashtra R.B. MULEY, S.M. ATKORE and MD. BABAR 16 Depleting Ground Water Resources and Mapping Conducive Zones for Induced Recharge around Danta Ramgarh, Sikar District, Rajasthan, India A.K. SINHA and D.V. LAZRUS
17 Deep Groundwater Exploration and its findings in over-exploited Kolar district, Karnataka S.S. HEGDE, K. KUMARESAN, T.M. HUNSE and K. Md. NAJEEB
18 Impact of Long Term Development on Groundwater Regime in Watershed WG-11 of Bhandara District, Maharashtra CHETAN GAJBHIYE and D.V. CHANNE
19 Rising groundwater levels in Pune City- an example of the groundwater rebound theory RAYMOND A. DURAISWAMI, SURESH B. KHANDALE, MADHURI UKEY, PRAMOD KHAIRNAR, PRAVIN BADHAN, DILLAWAR MULLA, MRUNALINI LOKHANDE, KIRAN KHUMBHAR, RACHEL MATHEW and VILAS BHOSKAR
20 Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon Ground Water Level study in Malshiras Tahsil, Solapur District, Maharashtra AMAR M. DHERE and JAGNNATH D.BARKADE
21 Water Level Variations in North Eastern Parts of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh A.G.S. REDDY and K. NIRANJAN KUMAR
22 Aquifer Sustainability through Water Level Fluctuation and Recharge in Sukinda Chromite Mining Area RATNAKAR DHAKATE, A.K. MOHANTY, B.GLADSON, V.V.S.G. RAOand D.B. PANASKAR
23 Artificial Recharge to Regional Pipe Water Supply Source Well by Innovative Chetan Pattern: A success story of Gondumri Village, Sakoli Taluka of Bhandara District CHETAN GAJBHIYE
24 Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) and related Softwares, a powerful tool for micro level monitoring with respect to Groundwater recharge and withdrawal during the Hydrologic Cycle D.V. CHANNE and P.M. GUJAR
25. Estimation of Ground Water Recharge in the Upper Piedmont Zone of a hilly Watershed, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand D.C. SINGHAL, LAXMI KANT KACHHWAL, M. ISRAILand BHISHM KUMAR
26 Success story of bore well as a sustainable drinking water source in metamorphic terrain of Bhandara district, Maharashtra: a case study based on lithology, cropping pattern and nature of aquifer D.V. CHANNE and P.M. GUJAR
27 Groundwater Quality and its Relationship with Land Use in Karamana River Basin, South Kerala, India R.B. BINOJ KUMAR, K. SARAVANAN, and RAJESH REGHUNATH
28 Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Mettur Taluk, Salem District, Tamilnadu: An integrated approachK. SRINIVASAMOORTHY, K.VIJAYARAGAVAN, M. VASANTHAVIGAR and R. RAJIVGANTHI 29 Groundwater Quality Assessment in Tons River Basin, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh R.N. TIWARI and S.L. BHARTIA
30 Groundwater Quality in the Suketi River Basin, Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh ANIL M. POPHARE and UMESH S. BALPANDE
31 Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater for Irrigation in Purna Basin, Maharashtra, India P. RAJA, D.B. MALPE, B.P. BHASKAR and P.M. TAPASWI
32 Imprints of Lithological Diversity on the Chemical Composition of Groundwater from Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra S.K. GAIKWAD and N.J. PAWAR
33 Impact of weathering processes on the hazardous interaction between surface and groundwater environment, in the region of confluence of Bhima and Mula-Mutha Rivers, Maharashtra (India) U.D. KULKARNI, Y.M. NANDURKAR, R.R. SANGPAL, N.J. PAWAR
34 Studies on the Groundwater Quality from six villages of Hatkangale Taluka, District Kolhapur, Maharashtra P.P. LONI, A.K. PATIL and P.D. RAUT
35 Groundwater Quality studies from the Mahabaleshwar-Panchgani plateau IFTEKHAR A. KHAN
36 Study of Fresh Groundwater Resource Potential in Coastal Aquifers V.K. SAXENA
37 Salt Water Intrusion into the Piyali River Aquifer of the Sundarbans, West Bengal SUJANA DHAR, SUBHASISH DAS and ASIS MAZUMDAR
38 Effect of Seawater Intrusion on Groundwater in Kelwa-Mahim Villages of Palghar Taluka, District Thane, Maharashtra M.S. DESHPANDE and A.V. HEGADE
39 Geochemical characterization of shallow and deep groundwater in coastal aquifers, from Pondicherry to Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu S. CHIDAMBARAM, K. TIRUMALESH, P. PARMAGURU, G. JOHNSONBABU, U.S. KARMEGAM MANIKANDAN and V. DHEIVANAYAKI
40 Beach Ridge-Sand Aquifers in Coastal Tract- A case study from Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India B.U. RAO and P.N. RAO
41 Origin of salinity in the groundwater from semi arid Karha basin, Maharashtra, India SANJAY S. KALE and N.J. PAWAR
42 Geochemical interaction between the shallow and deeper groundwater around Lonar town and its geoenvironmental implications on the future of the impact crater lake D.R.WARE, K.C.WANKHEDE and R.A. DURAISWAMI 43 Mitigation of Fluoride problem through artificial Recharge Strategies – Case study from Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India ROLLAND ANDRADE, D. MURALIDHARAN, R. RANGARAJAN, U. SATHYANARAYANA and S.D. DESHMUKH
44 Zonation of Geogenic and Anthropogenic Fluorine Contamination in Granitic Aquifer: A case study from Hyderabad Granites SURENDRA ATAL, PHILIP NÉGREL, H. PAUWELS, JÉROME PERRINand SHAKEEL AHMED
45 Geochemistry of fluoride bearing groundwater in a Precambrian terrain of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh A. SUBRAHMANYAM, N. SUBBA RAO and P. SURYA RAO
46 Study of Fluoride in Groundwater and its impact on human population in villages of North-Eastern Rajasthan DEVIKA.BHARGAVA
47 Fluoride Contamination Status of Groundwater around Bhokar Area, District Nanded, Maharashtra, India D.B. PANASKAR and B.S. DESHMUKH
48 Influence of Fluoride contaminated groundwater on human health in some fluorosis endemic villages of Chandrapur District, Maharashtra JAYA KODATE, RASHMI URKUDE and VARSHA DHURVEY
49 Arsenic cycle in aquifers in irrigated regions of West Bengal D. CHANDRASEKHARAM, P. THAMBIDURAI, SYED HILAL FAROOQ, R. RAJLAXMI, S. NORRA, Z. BERNER and D. STUEBEN
50 Organic carbon in paddy fields and its effect on arsenic in groundwater, West Bengal S.H. FAROOQ, D.CHANDRASEKHARAM, P. THAMBIDURAI, Z.BURNER and D.STÜBEN
51 Groundwater Quality and Nitrate Contamination in Pili River area of Nagpur Urban, Central India D.T. MARGHADE, D.B. MALPE, A.B. ZADE
52 Iron in Ground Water in C handrapur district Maharashtra: A case study A.K. MADHUKAR
53 Alleyways of contaminants linked with land use changes to the urban groundwater system, Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra N.J. PAWAR and ASHWINI SUPEKAR
54 Major ion chemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra S.C. PARANJPE, N.J. PAWAR and P.K. JAIN
55 Municipal solid waste and its effect on Groundwater environment-A case study from the waste- dumping site at Urauli Devachi, Pune UDAY PATANKAR , SATLAJ KARANJE and RUPALI MORE
56 Impact of urbanization on the water quality of Godavari River at Nashik city, Maharashtra S.N. THITAME, M.W. BADGUJAR, S.K. THORAT and G.M. PONDHE 57 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality of Jalgaon City, Maharashtra State DEEPALI YEOLE, NILESH WAGH and S.N. PATIL
58 Groundwater quality assessment around solid waste dumping site from Sangli city, MaharashtraD.D. BIRAJE, A.K. PATIL and P.D. RAUT
59 Survey of Open Wells from Kolhapur City Y.Y. PATIL, A.K. PATIL and P.D. RAUT’
60 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Solapur Industrial Belt, Maharashtra, India D.B. PANASKAR and R.S. PAWAR
61 Groundwater quality studies in an emerging industrial cluster at Butibori near Nagpur S.H. BARI, V.U. DESHMUKH, L. SURYANAIDU, C. PADMAKAR, P.R. PUJARI, V.V.S. GURUNADHA RAO and P.K. LABHASETWAR
62 Quality of groundwater around Majri coal mine area of Chandrapur District of Maharashtra JAYA KODATE and REKHA GAJBHIYE
63 Ground Water Quality in the vicinity of Fly Ash Ponds at Koradi near Nagpur City V.U. DESHMUKH, S.H. BARI, L. SURYANAIDU, C. PADMAKAR, P.R. PUJARI, V.V.S. GURUNADHA RAO and P.K. LABHASETWAR
64 Understanding the nature and extent of Hard rock fracture aquifers: A case studyJ.P. KUKILLAYA.
65 Geophysical Approach for Delineation of Ground Water Potential Zones: a case study from Deccan Basalt area C.P. BHOYAR, S.P. KHADSE and V.M. ROKADE
66 Delineating the potential aquifer and characteristic resistivity of the Zeolitic formations using Integrated Geophysical Study in western Deccan Traps of India DEWASHISH KUMAR, V. ANANDA RAO, E. NAGAIAH, P. KRISHNAM RAJU, D. MALLESH, M. AHMEDUDDIN and SHAKEEL AHMED
67 Delineation of groundwater potential zones in the hard rock terrain of Deccan Volcanic province using electrical resistivity data V.C. ERRAM, V.R. GHODAKE, G. GUPTA, S.M. SABAL, A.B. NARAYANPETHKAR, S. MAITI and B.D. KADAM
68 Assessment of Groundwater Potential and Quality in Basaltic Terrain of Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India G. THAMMA RAO, V.V.S. GURUNADHARAO and G. RAMESH
69 Multistoried aquifer studies with the help of electrical resistivity in Basaltic Terrain: a case study from Dhubdhubi basin, Solapur District, Maharashtra, India A.B. NARAYANPETHKAR, S.M. SABALE, G.I. PATEL and V.R. GHODAKE
70 Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater in Tectonically Active Koyna Region, Maharashtra G. GUPTA, V. C. ERRAM, S. KUMAR, B.D. KADAM and S. MAITI 71 Geophysical Exploration Studies for Ground Water in Raver Talukaof Jalgaon District, Maharashtra S.N. PATIL, M.V. BARIDE, ANUPAMA PATIL, S.T.PADMANE and AAFREEN PATHAN
72 Estimation of Aquifer Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity from Electrical Resistivity Sounding Data for Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Campus (UA) N.V. SHARMA
73 Application of surface geophysical exploration in ground water assessment and development in hard rocks: A case study from Bilaspur city, Chhattisgarh SUBRATA KUNAR, A.K. SINHA, D. TEWARI and A. MUKHERJEE
74 Electrical Resistivity Surveys for Hydrogeological and Subsurface Geotechnical Investigations at Army Rowing Channel Area, CME M.R. BHUTIYANI and P.R. AITWADE
75 Interpreting the Resistivity Curves with transitional increase in Resistivity with Depth – A Non Conventional way of approach N.V. SHARMA
76 Electrical imaging of shallow and deep crust using Magnetotelluric survey D.C. NASKAR
77 Remote Sensing and GIS Based Multi-Thematic Mapping for Efficient Management of Natural Resources L. SURINAIDU, P. LAXMI NARAYANA, J. MAHESH, S. SRIDHARA NAIDU,V.V.S GURUNADHARAO and P. RAJENDRAPRASAD
78 Remote Sensing and GIS based comparative Morphometric study of two sub-watersheds of different physiographic conditions, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India ` G. THAMMA RAO, V.V.S. GURUNADHA. RAO, RATNAKAR DHAKATEand A. NARAYAN SWAMY
79 Micro level study of delineation of groundwater potential zones by integrated approach in Ambur Minor-basin, Tamil Nadu C.G. HEMAMALINI and M. KRISHNAVENI
80 Ground Water Potential Zones using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in and around Holenarasipur Schist Belt Karnataka, India G. SATISHKUMAR and A. BALASUBRAMANIAN
81 A GIS-based hydrogeological study of a part of the Vedganga River basin in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra PARAG JYOTI DUTTA and G.N. JADHAV
82 Utilisation of Remote Sensing and GIS methods for ascertaining Groundwater Potential of Hard Rock Basaltic terrain of Kagal, South Maharashtra RAO KUMAR RAGHVENDRA
83 Remote Sensing and GIS in Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones: A Study at Thirumullaivasal Village, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu V. RAJESH KUMAR and P. BENEDICT 84 Identification of Groundwater Prospective Zones of Malanpur Industrial complex by using Remote Sensing, GIS and Geoelectrical Method P.K. SINGH and U.C. SINGH
85 Groundwater Prospects Zonation and Rainwater Harvesting Sites Delineation Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Mewat District, Haryana ANUP KUMAR, R.S.HOODA, OM PAL, SACHIN KUMAR and PREM PRAKASH SHARMA
86 An approach of WIOA and Boolean logic analysis for deciphering artificial recharge zone and recharge site in hard rock Granitic terrain of Kurmapalli watershed, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India R.K. PRASAD, V.S. SINGH, S.K.G. KRISHNAMACHARYULU and PALLAVI BANERJEE
87 Recharge of Wastewater Using Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) and Multi-Criteria Approach (MCA) K. DEEPA and K. KARUNAKARAN
88 Application of Artificial Neural Network in Groundwater Forecasting in Hard Rock Region PALLAVI BANERJEE, V.S. SINGH and R.K. PRASAD
89 Groundwater Level Forecasting using Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ): A Case Study OKADE AMTEKE HOYAR HADSE V.M. R , R.J. R , C.P. B and S. P. K
90 Finite Element Groundwater Flow Modeling of southern part of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India L. KALPANA, R. MURUGAN, L. ELANGO, S.T.MANIKANDAN, S. FABY and R.N. NAYAR
91 Impact of fluid velocity on matrix diffusion in a fractured media N. NATARAJAN and G. SURESH KUMAR
92 Long-term rainfall analysis and runoff estimation in a mountainous watershed, Goa MANOJ IBRAMPURKAR and A.G. CHACHADI
93 Water Resource Management in Hard Rock Terrain – A Case Study of Jharkhand SURESH PRASAD SINGH
94 Strategies for Sustainable Groundwater Development in Basalt N.R. TANKHIWALE and S.M. DESHPANDE
95 Groundwater Management Studies in Overexploited Watersheds of Purna River Sub-Basin, Buldhana District, Maharashtra PANDITH MADHNURE
96 Development, Augmentation and Management of Ground Water Resources of Nagpur Metropolitan City P.K. JAIN, S.C. PARANJPE and P.K. PARCHURE
97 Evaluation and Management of Groundwater Resources of Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra S.C. PARANJPE, P.K. JAIN, P.K. PARCHURE and N.J. PAWAR
98 Rain Gardens - A New Ecosystem in City Landscape for in situ Harvesting of Rain Water V.V.S. GURUNADHA RAO and L. SURINAIDU
99 Dual pump a solution to the sustainable rural water supply for the Bore well dependent habitations of Maharashtra S.V. DESHPANDE 100 Focused groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid regions in a climate-change scenario: an insight from Rajasthan S. SINHA-ROY
101 Climate change, its possible impact on ground water resources: an appraisal with extreme examples from Andaman and Nicobar islands and Arunachal Himalayas, India AMLANJYOTI KAR, D. J. KHOUND, B.N. GOGOI and SURESH KUMAR Watershed Development through Community Participation: The Nidhal Experience
CHANDRAKANT DALVI1, SURYAKANT PATIL2 and R. A. DURAISWAMI2,3 1Collector, Pune District, Government of Maharashtra 2Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra 3Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract Village Nidhal from eastern Satara district is a part of the chronically drought prone area of Maharashtra. Groundwater was the only source of water for domestic as well as irrigation purpose. Nidhal receives an average annual rainfall of 512 mm but due to the erratic nature of the rainfall and unfavourable geohydrological conditions in the area the village has experienced repetitive droughts. Until 2004, the village met its drinking water requirement by tankers. Recurring droughts aggravated the already scarce and stressed groundwater resources thereby gradually depleting the water table to such an extent that most dugwells and domestic borewells became dry. The meager agricultural produce meant low incomes and farmers from the village migrated towards the towns for jobs. The story of watershed development began in 2002; a year in which the village was declared as “Cleanest Village” in Maharashtra at the State level competition under the aegis of the Sant Gadgebaba Clean Village Sanitation Campaign. The village realized the collective strength of community participation and decided to overcome the dreaded drought- like situation. The first author was instrumental in motivating the community to undertake the integrated watershed development programme in the village. The villagers contributed to a tune of 20 to 33% of the initial cost and funds from the various cash prizes received were also utilized for the watershed development programme. The villagers implemented several schemes of State and Central Government. Besides, the watershed development programme of Indo-German Watershed Development (IGWDP) through NABARD was also implemented in earnest. All this was achieved by the villagers who gathered their collective resources and planned, executed and also implemented different watershed development measures. Traditional drainage line treatment like nalla bunds, gully plugging, series of mud/cement bandhara, etc. and area treatment measures like continuous contour trench, farm bunding, afforestration, etc. were implemented at site specific locations. Similarly, depending of the favourable geohydrological condition interventions like stream blasting, facture seal cementation, dug well flooding and roof top rainwater harvesting was undertaken with technical inputs from GSDA. The total benefits (tangible and non-tangible) accrued include a 3 m rise in water table, increase longitivity of base flow in the stream upto February end, increase in irrigated land by 213 hectors in addition to a summer crop increase of up to 100 hectors. The village is now tanker-free. Cropping pattern has changed from traditional rainfed crops to cash crops. There is a rise in milk production from 400 liters to 2600 liters. Migration of landless and agricultural labours to irrigated area has not only stopped but the reversal of agricultural labour from adjacent villages is the norm of the day. The standard of living of the people from Nidhal has gone up and the village boasts of 42 self- help groups consisting of at least one woman from all families of the village. This financial transformation has metamorphosed the mindset of the people who have become ‘water literate’. Today the village stands as a beckon in watershed development and is a role model to adjacent Kolewadi and Katalgewadi villages who pledge to emulate the Nidhal experience.
Keywords: Watershed development, community participation, Deccan Traps. Water Security to People through Participatory Water Management and Equitable distribution of Water Rights
A.B. PATIL1, M.A. PATIL1 and N.J. PAWAR2 1Shramshakti Pratisthan, Kolhapur 2Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In order for the people to earn respectable living, concept of water security is implemented through participatory water management (PWM) and equitable distribution of water rights (EDWR) in the Chikotra basin, Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. The pilot project implemented by Shramshakti Pratisthan, Kolhapur and supported now by the Government of Maharashtra aims at reversing the mass migration of people to cities, push them above poverty line by enhancing their earnings by providing sustainable water supply through PWM and EDWR. In the Chikotra basin, Watershed Management and Water Users Associations (WMWUAs) have been formed to ensure supply of water for domestic, agricultural and other uses on an equitable basic. The association ensures that by providing some land on rent, the supply of minimum required water to the deprived, exploited and landless, including women is made to enhance their productive talent and potential. In the basin the rainwater, surface water and groundwater resources have been augmented by constructing a medium scale irrigation dam and three tanks to make approximately 25400 ham water available that is being further distributed at the rate of 10250 cu.m per ha of the culturable land or 15746 cu.m per family. As per the calculations of the Irrigation Department, water impounded in the valley with public funds will be about 63.4 million cu.m. This resource if distributed equally on the basis of population, water available per capita will be 797.5 cu.m per family of 5 persons. Since there are no canals, the water will be lifted from 27 weirs constructed across Chikotra River. Through the network of WMWUA’s in 52 villages for integrated water resources development and management as well as judicious distribution of water for all types of uses. The paper discusses the technical details and other management aspects being implemented in the area.
Keywords: Water security, Participatory Water Management, equitable distribution, water rights, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra.
Water Account, Micro Planning and Multiple Water Use Systems: A case study from Mahalunge village, Bhiwandi taluka, Thane district, Maharashtra
K ISHOR N. DESHMUKH Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Thane 400602 (MS) Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Water management is only the alternative to eliminate drinking water scarcity and develop assured and sustainable water source in any village. Village level water accounting introduced by G.S.D.A. in rural Maharashtra is proving to be the best tool of water management at the grass root level. Every district from the State of Maharashtra has adopted a village and Geologists from G.S.D.A. facilitate the process of water account and micro-level planning of the available water resources. The process of water accounting and micro-level planning includes reserving water for drinking purposes through people’s participation by using the tools of water accounting, micro-level planning and multiple use water systems. By integrating these tools it is possible to meet the drinking water requirement of a village and increase per capita income of its inhabitants. Through proper planning and conjunctive use of available water with the people’s participation, efforts have been made to educate people and make them aware about disadvantage of ground water mining through deep irrigation borewells/ tubwell and advantage of artificial ground water recharge. In the present paper one such successful attempt at eliminating drinking water scarcity at village Mahalunge from Bhivandi taluka of Thane district is documented.
Keywords: Water accounting, micro planning, multiple use water systems, water supply, Bhiwandi taluka, Thane district, Maharashtra.
A Study of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting from Renavi Village in Sangali District of Western Maharashtra: Lessons for Domestic Water Policy in India
C.B. PAWAR1, R.P. PAWAR1 and S.S. PATIL2 1Watershed Development and Management Center, YASHADA, Pune 411 007 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004 Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The fresh water available for human consumption for social, economic and cultural needs for environment requirements is rapidly becoming scarcer. In 1950’s only a handful of countries faced water shortage, now in late 1990’s the numbers of countries facing water deficit has grown to 26 with a total populations of 300 million. The population in India is expected to stabilize around 1640 million by the year 2050, as a result, gross per capita water availability will decline from 1820m3/yr in 2001 to as low as ~ 1140m3/year in 2050.Thus growing concern about water scarcity leads to choose way to escape from the problem. This communication focuses the success story of rooftop rainwater harvesting, is an ideal example for making water policy in India. In Renavi village of Khanapur thesil of Sangli district, total 1.85 million liter (18,50,000) water collected from the rooftops per year, which satisfies the demand of population 1300 for 72 days.
Keywords: Roof top rain water harvesting, water scarcity, water policy, Sangli, Maharashtra.
Springs- a sustainable alternative water supply source along the Konkan coastal belt of Maharashtra
R.A. DURAISWAMI1,2 and S.D. GHATE1 1Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Konkan Bhavan, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 2Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The ~ 700 km long coast of Maharashtra, popularly called the ‘Konkan’, is a major geomorphic feature characterised by a relatively flat coastal plain between the Arabian Sea and the hilly terrain constituting the Sahyadri Ghats. Geopoliticaly, the coast is divided into four districts of Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and the island metropolis of Mumbai and its suburbs. The Konkan coast is endowed with a variety of lithotypes ranging from Precambrain metamorphics and sedimentaries to Cretaceous basalts and Quarternary alluvium and laterites. The rural population residing along the coastal tract is dependant on groundwater as the main source of drinking water. Population explosion, increase in agricultural production and the industrial boom has resulted in many fold increase of demand for freshwater, leading to a rapid deterioration of the hydrogeological regime. The harsh climate, torrential rains, low storativity of aquifers and high surface runoff are some of the factors that are responsible for the region to face acute water scarcity during the critical summer months. In the Konkan, 47 springs from Raigad, 179 springs from Ratnagiri and 60 springs from Sindhudurg could be developed as a perennial drinking water source or used to augment the existing water supply. The springs are developed along hill slopes either at the weathered basalt-massive basalt contact or the laterite-lithomarge contact. These may or may not be aided by fracture lineaments. The yield of the springs varies from as low as 100 liters per hour to as high as 64,000 liters per hour. Many small hamlets and even large villages and towns have demonstrated that spring-based, low- cost, gravity driven water supply can supply safe, potable drinking water. This paper elucidates the occurrence, nature, yields, geochemistry of springs from the Konkan belt and discusses the feasibility of developing them into a viable source of drinking water. A few case studies demonstrating the concept of spring development through people’s participation from Pen, Vicharewadi, Kesari-Phansavade is also included.
Keywords: Springs, water supply, people’s participation, Deccan Traps, laterite, Konkan coast, Maharashtra.
Groundwater Development in India: Trends and Consequences
ANINDITA DUTTA SARKAR Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 009 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater has played a significant role in maintenance of India’s economy, environment and standard of living. Besides being the primary source of water supply for domestic and many industrial uses, it is the single largest and the most productive source of irrigation water and at present about 60 percent of India’s irrigated lands receive groundwater irrigation. The study conceptualizes the key aspects of the groundwater resource base, the trends of its development in the last fifty years, the emerging economic, social and institutional externalities arising out of its exploitation and the challenges of sustainable management of groundwater resource. While macro level secondary data is analysed to study the spread of groundwater irrigation and its subsequent overexploitation in different parts of the country, the village level data analyses the differential cost of cultivation and profitability of agriculture across different landholding classes of farmers and at different levels of groundwater depletion. The study summarizes two most deleterious consequences of groundwater irrigation; (a) the depletion of the water table in tracts witnessing rapid development of groundwater irrigation and (b) the widening of income and wealth disparities between farm classes within an irrigated region with declining water tables. While groundwater development has had important implications for the economy, over-exploitation of the resource is emerging as a major concern both from sustainability and equity point of view. Thus the negative externalities of groundwater overexploitation are seen to increase both intra- generational and inter-generational inequity or in other words, groundwater depletion is intensifying the groundwater inaccessibility within communities and between generations.
Keywords: Groundwater development, over-exploitation, declining water tables, irrigation, India.
Hard rock aquifers in Jharkhand state and its development perspective
DIPANKAR SAHA Central Ground Water Board Mid-Eastern Region, Patna 800 00I Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The state of Jharkhand exhibits a wide variety of rock types; Upper Tertiary Plateau basalt, Neo- Proterozoic Vindhyan System, vast stretches of Proterozoic Chhotanagpur Gneissic Granulite Complex and metasedimentaries-granites-volcanics of Archean age. The vast stretches of Precambrian suite of rocks and plateau basalt flow in the northeastern part, is hydrogeologically characterized by hard rock aquifers. The entire rural and 15-25% of the urban drinking water supply, besides a significant component of irrigation demand is catered from groundwater. This area covers 93.2 % of the geographical area of the state (79165 km2), experiencing groundwater extraction to the tune of 0.52 bcm/year. The weathered zone, confined within the top 15-35 m is traditionally targeted for groundwater development. About 0.3 million open dug wells rest on this low--conductivity weathered zone. Since the last couple of decades, with the advent of the cost-effective drilling technology, the focus has been, on the secondary porosities of the bedrock at depth. Multiple fracture zones (max. 8 nos) are detected-within a drilling depth of 209 m. The highest discharge recorded is 151 m31hr, exhibiting wide drawdown variation (1.68 to 45.84 m). The storage coefficient ranges from 1.4xl0-2 to 1.0lxI0-s. The study reveals that in shallow fractures «60 m bgl) unconfined condition prevails, whereas the deeper fractures hold groundwater under semi-confined to confined condition. In the Trap areas, the fractures are related to the basalt flows penetrated by the wells. The basalt flows show similar variations in drawdown and transmissivity as observed in Precambrian rocks. Strong confirmed condition is observed at places of Rajmahal Traps (max. S=6.1x10-s). The fracture at 92.5 m below ground at Amrapara, produced artesian wells, having a hydraulic head at 1.55 m above mean sea level. In general, 2-5 fracture sets are observed between 21.3 to 199.3 m bgl exhibiting a step-wise increase in well yield. At places, tectonics-sympathetic fractures are highly potential. A 3.58 m thick fracture in granite gneiss has yielded 56.16 m3/hr. An analysis of drill time log vs yield of individual fracture of 138 wells reveals that the potential fractures are confined within the depth range of 91-120 m bgl, having a mean discharge of 25.7 m3/hr. The paper deals with the distribution, variation of yield capacities, hydraulic parameters and development potential of the hard rock aquifers of the Jharkhand State.
Keywords: Groundwater, hard rock aquifer, Jharkhand state.
Aquifer characteristics of different Geomorphological Units of a Granitic Terrain
RATNAKAR DHAKATE, G.K. HODLUR and V.S. SINGH National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad – 500606 (A.P) India Email: [email protected]
Abstract The knowledge of aquifer characteristics is vital for the assessment of groundwater potential in any area. Detailed hydrogeological studies in a granitic watershed have been carried out in different geomorphological units to determine the extent, behavior and characteristics of the aquifer parameters through the application of pumping test method. Realistic field conditions have been taken into account for characterizing the aquifer parameters. Interpretation has been carried out with different methods such as Theis, Jacob, and Hantush to get accurate test results of aquifer parameters, which is necessary for the future groundwater development and management. The aquifer parameters obtained by pumping test were correlated with the structural features and geomorphological units. It was found that these parameters have wide ranges within each geomorphologic feature. The radius of influence of each test well was calculated and compared with the in-situ measured discharge of various well within the area. The high values of Transmissivity (T) attributed to aquifer controlled by fractured zone in the area.
Keywords: Geomorphology, Transmissivity (T), Storativity (S), aquifer parameters, granitic terrain.
Sustainable Development of Drinking Water Sources in Metamorphic Terrain of Bhandara District, Maharashtra
I.A. SAIYED and N.V. MAHAJAN Jalswarajya Project, Maharashtra
Abstract
The Jalswarajya Project in Maharashtra has been designed using participatory methodologies in the water supply and sanitation sector and has been introduced in Bhandara district as a part scaling up of the project through out the state in the year 2005. The principle objective of the capacity building is to develop sustainable water sources, to improve quality of design making and management in planning and implementation of water resources project. Traditional water conservation project which were critical to sustain available natural water resources of the area have gradually became neglected and modern water use systems have largely ignored local conditions. The conventional methods of community management of village resources have broken down due to the perception that maintenance of all common or public property resources was the exclusive responsibility of the Government. The authors, while working in World Bank sponsored Jalswarajya Project in the Bhandara district focused on reviving and reclaiming the common public property resources in the area including the water bodies, existing dug wells, village forest etc. along with conventional methods of water harvesting and geo-hydrological experience of working in metamorphic terrain. This approach helped not only to meet the drinking water requirement of the community but also in creating and developing the drinking water sources in and around the villages. The groundwater based sources developed involving the above principles are sustainable in every sense of the word and are cost effective as it involved on-field practical solutions to on-field hydrological problems. The paper discusses the various methods like channel widening, aquifer modification, creation of surface and underground barrier, creation of recharge shafts, recharging the deeper aquifer by water impounding structures etc. implemented to successfully develop the existing sources and create new sources.
Keywords: Drinking water sources, sustainability, metamorphic terrain, Jalswarajya Project, Bhandara District, Maharashtra. Sustainable Development and Conservation of Groundwater Resources in Hard Rocks
I.I. SHAH1 and Md. BABAR2 1Groundwater Survey and Development Agency, Aurangabad (M.S.) 2Department of Geology, Dnyanopasak College, Parbhani 431 401 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Watersheds are natural hydrogeomorphological entities that cover a specific areal extent of land from which rainwater flows to a defined gully, stream or river at any particular point. Natural resources development and management on the basis of watershed at micro level has been adopted by most of the agencies for sustainable rural development. Integrated approach for Groundwater management necessarily needs to incorporate the aspects of water conservation, watershed management and augmentation of groundwater by artificial recharge. Sustainable development of natural resources is the need of the hour particularly to meet the basic requirement of growing population, and maintaining the optimum balance between the available resources and their exploitation.
Keywords: Groundwater resources, hard rock, sustainable development.
Petrographic Texture of Sediments vis-à-vis Aquifer Characteristics
Y.A. MURKUTE1*, P.P. BADHAN2 and G.D. MAHAJAN2 1 PG Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Law College Square, Nagpur 440001 2 Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Shivaji Nagar, Pune 411005 *Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present investigation an attempt has been made to decipher interrelationship between petrography and texture of sediments with the aquifer characteristics. The sandstones representing the aquifers around Minjhari village (Lat. 20°342 053 N: Long. 79°182 053 E), Chimur Tahsil, Chandrapur district corresponding to the watershed WGAMG2 have been selected for the investigation. These sandstones are sub grouped as arenites and greywackes to unravel the aquifer distinctiveness. The values of transmissivity, for the arenites grade from 840.19 to 1947.47 m2/day and for the wackes these values grade from 139.69 to 485.0 m2/ day. The values of specific yield (storativity), for the arenites range from 21 to 35 % and for the greywackes these values range from 10 to 17 %. The computed values of the transmissivity as well as specific yield are attributed to the petrographic texture of rock. It is propounded that the percentage of detrital grains and matrix are the prime factors that govern the characteristic of aquifers. In addition, sorting of the rock also influences aquifer performance. The high values of transmissivity and specific yield in arenites aquifer are accountable for higher percentage of detrital grains, lesser amount of matrix and the moderate sorting of the grains. Conversely, the lower percentage of detrital grains, higher amount of matrix and the poor sorting of the grains are responsible for low values of transmissivity and specific yield in greywacke aquifer.
Keywords: Petrography, texture, sediments, aquifer, transmissivity, specific yield. Geohydrological studies of Palas basin from the parts of Maharashtra State, India
S.K.VADAGBALKAR, R.K.SUKHTANKAR and M.K. ZAMBRE Department of Geology, Dayanand Institutions, Solapur- 413002 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The study area is the Palas basin, occupying an area of about 170 sq. km. with its larger spread in parts of Osmanabad and less in Solapur districts of Maharashtra state. The area under study forms a south eastern part of a major Cretaceous to Eocene aged Continental Tholeiitic Flood Basalt- Deccan Trap province of India, where basaltic lava flows forms a major single litho unit. In the study area there are four basaltic flows of simple and aa type, each sub divisible in various flow units having different nature and fracture system. At places the joints and fractures behave as conduits due to wide openings. The flow contacts though discontinuous can be traced throughout the basin laterally and vertically. Fracture, joints and their systems, vesicles and extent of weathered mantle vary from place to place laterally and vertically either in the same flow or in different flows. Joints penetrating vertically in different flows are not traceable. The area is characterized by erosion features rather than the depositional features. The geomorphic map reveals the predominance of moderate dissected plateau followed by highly dissected plateau. On the basis of the density distribution of source heads and confluence points, the area is classified as cipher and low class. The various geomorphic analyses reveal that the fifth order stream Palas basin is elongated, coarse textured, matured with monadnock stage and is dominated by level to very gently sloping topography. The lineament studies infer for fracture controlled drainage pattern especially for higher order. The ground water conditions especially at shallow depths are studied in details. The lithological variations and their impact on ground water movement and storage are discussed with help of depth to water table maps, for pre monsoon and post monsoon periods. The lateral discontinuity with delineation of isolated and pocketed water bodies resulting during pre monsoon, in comparison with continuous during post monsoon, reveal that the variations in flow unit characters linked with porosity, permeability and storability mainly control the ground water availability during the favorable conditions. The aquifer parameters analyzed from detailed study of representative shallow dug wells situated in different flow units and flows indicate that there is a linear relationship between transmissivity v/s storativity and specific capacity. However scatter of points results due to heterogeneity in basalts confirming lithological control on storage and distribution. Attempts have been made to determine the quality of groundwater, by adapting standard methods, that too from shallow aquifer, for both pre and post monsoon periods. The data is further used for hydrochemical facies classification and quality determination. The details are discussed in full text.
Keywords: groundwater, Palas basin, Deccan Trap, Maharashtra.
Integrated Approach for Water Conservation Techniques in Lalmati Village of Raver Taluka, District Jalgaon, Maharashtra
S.N. PATIL1, M.V. BARIDE2, ANUPAMA PATIL3, ARTI BARIDE4 and SANDIP PATIL1 1School of Environment and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University Jalgaon 425001 2Registrar, North Maharashtra University Jalgaon 425001 3Rural Water Supply Department Z.P Jalgaon 425001 4Z.B. Patil College of Arts, Commerce and Science Deopur, Dhule 424002 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The need for groundwater conservation and recharge has not received the required attention while the exploration for an agricultural, industrial and domestic use is going on with fast pace. The area under study is facing a major problem of fast depletion of groundwater due to various reasons including erratic fluctuations in rainfall leading to excessive drawdown of groundwater for both agricultural and drinking purpose. The present area is a part of Tapi basin and located towards north-eastern parts of the Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State. Total area under study is 2.625 sq. km. The area is covered by Basaltic rock. The average annual rainfall is about 810 mm. Surface Runoff is calculated of the area is assessed as per Strangers table. Total runoff in the area is estimated as 30.20 TCM. Out of this, 50% runoff is considered for planning water conservation structures in the area under investigation. Therefore runoff available for development is 15.10 TCM. Out of this, TCM is accounted while constructing the existing structures. Balance runoff of 14.71 TCM is available for future development. Additional water conservation structures are proposed to arrest the entire balance runoff. Therefore approximate expenditure is estimated near about 44,050 is required for construction of water conservation. This may help for to arrest the entire balance runoff. Afforestation by State sector and Social Forestry is also proposed in the watershed to maintain the ecological balance. In the present study an attempt has been made to carry out a optimum utilization of surface runoff for strengthening water resources by adopting the water conservation techniques in Lalmati village.
Keywords: water conservation, Raver taluka, Jalgaon District, Maharashtra.
Geohydrological conditions in Chalisgaon Taluka, Jalgaon District part of Girna River Sub Basin of Maharashtra
P.L. SALVE1 and P.S. KULKARNI2 1Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Aurangabad 2Geology Department, Maulana Azad Collage, Aurangabad Email: [email protected]
Abstract The main object of the present research is to study geohydrological conditions in those parts area of the Chalisgaon taluka (District Jalgaon), which fall under Girana River sub-basin. In this Study traverses were taken along both the banks of Girna River from village Sevanagar Upakhed to Jamda covering an area of 654.50 sq. km. and elevation differences 280 m to 368 m. In all six different flows are demarcated from the study of 27 villages on the both banks within 5 km diameters. The litholog indicating detailed geo- hydrological characters of these six different basalt flows was prepared and critically studied, which reveals groundwater potential, water level trend, aquifer parameters and Groundwater estimation of the area in question. The interpretation based on this study is useful in solving scarcity of drinking water in the area, site selection for taking measures of artificial recharge and water conservation to increase groundwater potential.
Keywords: Geohydrological conditions, Girna River, Jalgaon District, Maharashtra.
Hydrogeological study for Groundwater potential in areas of Dudhgaon, Parbhani District, Maharashtra
R.B. MULEY, S.M. ATKORE and MD. BABAR Department of Geology, Dnyanopasak College, Parbhani 431 401 (M.S.) India Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Water scarcity in general and groundwater scarcity in particular is the known global phenomena. Water is a primary source of life and sustains all human activities such as domestic needs, agriculture, industries etc. The allocation and management of water resources is becoming a difficult task due to increasing demands, decreasing supply and diminishing quality. On account of population growth and increasing irrigation demand the groundwater is declining rapidly and as a result of it, the wells are drying up. More over human interface substantially reduce the natural recharge of the groundwater. For the present study Dudhgaon village in Jintur Tahsil, Parbhani District situated between 19°25’41" and 19°25’47" North latitudes and 76°49’22" to 76° 49’05" East longitudes and falling in Survey of India Toposheet No. 56 A/15 is considered. In study area the Deccan Trap formation occurring nearly as horizontal basaltic lava flows and having considered to be formed due to lava eruption during late Cretaceous to early Eocene period. The Subsurface geology in study area is determined with the help of well inventory of 9 wells in basaltic flows. Hydrogeological characters of basalt flows have indicated that the two distinct types of lava flows have distinct qualities as far as their porosity and permeability are concerned. These are amygdaloidal basalt flow and compact basalt flow. In amygdaloidal basalt (Pahoehoe type) flow the original gas cavities are filled up with secondary minerals obliterating original vesicular nature. Due to presence of amygdules, fresh amygdaloidal basalt flow is free from joints and occurs as homogeneous, watertight mass. The vesicular – amygdaloidal basalt unit is more susceptible to weathering and exhibits deep weathering profile. It is characterized by the formation of sheet joints. Sheet joints are also developed at the contact between the vesicular-amygdaloidal and the compact basalt that is within the contact zone. Such weathered amygdaloidal basalt contains groundwater. However, quantity of groundwater depends upon the thickness of weathered zone. The compact basalt (aa type) flows can be demarcated into two parts according to their hydrogeological characters. The top portion of this flow is vesicular, un-jointed and watertight in fresh condition, but produces sheet jointing due to weathering. The middle and lower parts of the compact basalt flow are jointed. These joints in the compact basalt are closely spaced linear along preferred orientations and the continuity of these joints is traceable over considerable distances. Such joints transect several Deccan basaltic units and constitute recharge conduits (lateral as well as down ward transmission of water) for deeper Deccan basaltic aquifers.
Keywords: Groundwater potential, lava types, basaltic aquifers, Parbhani District, Maharashtra.
Depleting Ground Water Resources and Mapping Conducive Zones for Induced Recharge around Danta Ramgarh, Sikar District, Rajasthan,India
A.K. SINHA1 and D.V. LAZRUS2 1Department of Geology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302001 2Central Groundwater Board, Western Region, Jaipur 302015 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Potential rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge sites have been demarcated in the southern part of water stressed Danta Ramgarh block, Sikar district, Rajasthan. The static groundwater resources of Danta Ramgarh block is 322.60 MCM and 4.22 MCM for alluvial and hard rock areas respectively. At the present level of 139.42% stage of development, no groundwater will be available by the year 2020. The area is characterized by ridges and hillocks, ephemeral streams, modified playas and undulating plains. The groundwater quality shows a wide range with well defined saline pockets. The surface soil characteristics also ranges from coarse, well drained to clayey in nature giving rise to a wide variation in infiltration rate. The zones favourable for induced groundwater recharge have been demarcated after assigning weitage to salient features like geomorphic set-up and run-off characteristics; terrain conditions; depth to water level; depth to basement rock; thickness of unsaturated granular zones; groundwater movement; groundwater quality and aquifer characteristics. An attempt has also been made to correlate rainfall pattern; water level trend and groundwater draft to evaluate the recharge potential of the area. Scanty and erratic rainfall coupled with high PET rates calls for meticulous planning and designing of Rain Water Harvesting and Artificial Ground Water Recharge structures. Rainwater should be harvested and recharged to the aquifer system through most efficient means within the shortest possible time depending up on site conditions. The need of the hour is to sincerely take up the daunting task of lowering groundwater development level to safe limits before the situation gets out of hand.
Keywords: Groundwater, induced recharge, Danta Ramgarh, Sikar District, Rajasthan.
Deep Groundwater Exploration and its findings in over-exploited Kolar district, Karnataka
S.S. HEGDE, K. KUMARESAN, T.M. HUNSE and K. Md. NAJEEB Central Ground Water Board, Bangalore Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Karnataka, one of the states in the Indian Peninsula is entirely underlain by hardrocks. More than half of the state is chronically drought affected. As a result of increasing demand from domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors tremendous stress ground water resource is created. The average stage of ground water development of the state is 70%, as per the ground water resource estimation done during March 2004. Kolar is one of the districts in southern part of the state, which receives an average rainfall of 723 mm and it has no perennial streams or surface water irrigation facility. Being located adjacent to the Bangalore metropolitan city, intensive agricultural activity is going on to cater to the vegetable needs of the city. Ground water is the sole source for domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors and hence, it has witnessed the highest ground water development in the state. As per the 2004 estimation, the average stage of ground water development of 195 %, which is nearly three times higher than the state average. This over-development has resulted in the unprecedented decline of water level and depletion of the groundwater resource. Kolar district is underlain by crystalline rocks, comprising gneisses and schists of Pre-Cambrian age. Intensive use of groundwater has depleted phreatic zone as well as the shallow fractured aquifers in major part of the district. Dug wells are mainly confined to geographical lows and vicinity of surface water bodies like minor irrigation tanks and are practically not in use. Ground water level in dug wells (phreatic aquifer) ranges from 0.47mbgl to 12.37 mbgl. Depth to water level in borewells (potentiometric surface) ranges from 35 mbgl to 196 mbgl. These deep groundwater levels have put the farmers into a severe financial crisis due to high capital investment for drilling and pump installation though power supply is almost free. Further, attempts of drilling deep borewells without scientific investigations and its failure add to financial degradation of agricultural community. To ascertain the occurrence of groundwater at deeper level and their aquifer potential, deep exploration programme is going on since 2004-05. Potential fractures yielding 3.5 lps to 24.65 LPs have been encountered between 85 to 388 m depths. Hydrodynamics of the aquifer, aquifer parameters, quality aspects etc are discussed in detail in the paper.
Keywords: Potentiometric surface, Aquifer parameters, Hydrodynamics, Phreatic zone, Fractured aquifer. Impact of Long Term Development on Groundwater Regime in Watershed WG-11 of Bhandara District, Maharashtra
CHETAN GAJBHIYE1 and D.V. CHANNE2 1Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Nagpur 2Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Bhandara Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The paper deals with the study undertaken in watershed WG-11 from Bhandara District which is dominated by alluvium. As far as lithology is concerned, there exists silty /clayey overburden up to a depth of 10 m followed by medium to coarse grained sand up to the depth of 20 to 25 m. This sand zone acts as a productive aquifer in this region. The structures such as dug wells, dug cum bore wells (filters) and shallow tube wells are taken for drinking and Irrigation purposes. The alluvial formation is followed by basement rock granite gneisses / phyllite etc. The unconsolidated sandy aquifer of the area possesses high transmissivity as well as high storage coefficient. Due to ample availability of groundwater in this watershed, the density of wells is very high and also the unit draft. The paddy is the main crop taken in this area. The summer paddy is also taken which is totally dependent on groundwater. This involves heavy exploitation of groundwater. Due to indiscriminate pumping of groundwater the picture of this area has drastically changed in the last 40 years with respect to nature of aquifer and water availability. The confining condition of aquifer is now changed to unconfined nature showing static water level falling below the top of aquifer. The number of irrigation wells has increased from 646 to 2583 from 1985 to year 2007. The stage of development in 1985 was just 25.90% whereas the present stage of groundwater development has raised to 157.86% as per the approved 6th Groundwater Assessment of GSDA. The post-monsoon water level shows alarming depletion from 7.1 m to 13.7 m in the last 4 decades. The wells have gone dry and therefore farmer have switched over from shallow dug wells to deeper filter wells and tube wells. In the detailed paper the Authors have dealt with various aspects such as aquifer characteristics, nature of aquifer, water table fluctuation, rise in groundwater exploitation and the techniques adopted by the farmers from time to time to pump groundwater in view of drying up of wells. The excessive pumping and non judicious management of this valuable resource has posed a serious threat in this watershed resulting in heavy depletion of water level and reduction in aquifer potential. An attempt has been made in this paper to highlight the groundwater development in last 40 years and its adverse effect on aquifer with respect to its nature, yield and aquifer parameter etc. The Authors have suggested some effective measures in order to restore the depleted water level back through water conservation and artificial recharge measures.
Keywords: Groundwater development, alluvial aquifers, Bhandara District, Maharashtra.
Rising groundwater levels in Pune City- an example of the groundwater rebound theory
RAYMOND A. DURAISWAMI1,2, SURESH B. KHANDALE1, MADHURI UKEY1, PRAMOD KHAIRNAR1, PRAVIN BADHAN1, DILLAWAR MULLA1, MRUNALINI LOKHANDE1, KIRAN KHUMBHAR1, RACHEL MATHEW1 and VILAS BHOSKAR1 1Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Bhujal Bhavan, Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005 2Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Pune city, like most urban centers, imports drinking water from adjacent irrigation dams. Long- term monitoring of groundwater levels over the past three decades indicate a gradual rise in the water table beneath some the urban miniwatersheds of the city and a sharp depletion in the adjacent fringe villages that are fast urganisinng but lack piped water supply. This indicates that the import of groundwater into the urban miniwatershed through canals and piped water supply and subsequent recharge to the groundwater through leakages and faulty drainage has had a water table ‘rebound’ effect in the Pune city. Monthly monitoring of the water levels from 87 observation wells established in different landuse-landcover and morphological units of the urban miniwatersheds revealed different patterns reflecting the heterogeneity in recharge-discharge relation in the shallow groundwater regime and wateruse. The phenomenon water table rebound is not new to urban environments and many cities in the world have experienced this phenomenon. Rising water table below urbanized parts of the Pune city and in the canal command areas have lead to the shallowing of the water table in low lying areas which in turn is responsible for several geo- environmental issues such as limited recharge capacity, water logging, deterioration in groundwater quality and damage to civil structures. Shallow groundwater can also reduce infiltration, alter surface runoff and indirectly contribute to storm water discharges that can lead to floods. A concerted effort should therefore be made to reduce surface water import into the city, minimise distribution losses and reduce sewage. Encouraging use of raw groundwater as an alternative source for gardening, flushing toilets, bathing, washing, recreation, environmental sanitation and hygiene in public utility services at railway stations, bus depot and Sulabh shauchalayas could be a novel way out. Thus integrating groundwater into the cities Water Management Strategy will be imperative in the near future.
Keywords: Groundwater, urban hydrology, rising water table, groundwater rebound, Pune city, Maharashtra.
Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon Ground Water Level study in Malshiras Tahsil, Solapur District, Maharashtra
AMAR M. DHERE1 and JAGNNATH D. BARKADE2 1Department of Environmental Science, Indira College of Commerce and Science, Pune 411033 2Department of Geography, Raja Samptrao College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Aundh, Satara, Maharashtra Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The drought-prone interior of Maharashtra State is especially dependent on groundwater resources for both rural drinking water-supply and for subsistence and commercial irrigated agriculture. Despite a generally limited potential these resources are very intensively exploited, but such development has encountered significant problems. Most of the land surface of Maharashtra State is underlain by the Deccan Traps Basalt including the entire highly drought-prone central area which receives an average rainfall of less than 750 (and locally 500) mm/a. Widespread and progressive depletion of groundwater tables in Maharashtra has become a cause of major concern over the past 10 years – in many locations and has occurred more-or-less year-on-year, except for a partial (but temporary) recovery following years of exceptionally heavy monsoon rainfall. Resource depletion impacts the poorer farmers first by putting them in the precarious position of having to purchase water from richer farmers with deeper bore wells forcing them out-of-business completely with migration to the cities. Records of Geological Survey of India(Dist: Solapur) reported that within year 2000 to 2005 there are decrease in ground water level by 5.28 feet (1.76 m) in Malshiras thasil. There are 229000 tube wells noted for agriculture irrigation and annually 75000 new tube wells have been added in Malshiras thasil. Therefore management of ground water is essential to ascertain the decreasing rate of ground water in study universe. Aim of this study is to analyse the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ground water level on Malshiras thasil (Dist-Solapur) in year 2006-07. There are ten villages selected from around Malshiras thasil. Selection of villages is based on the directions and unique geographical characteristics like population, irrigation sources, land holdings, cropping pattern. Three wells are selected from each village to represent village’s ground water level. Wells are selected by selective sampling technique. Selection of these wells based on the direction, depth, and near by water resources. Measurement of ground water level in well is frequently conducted with ground water sampling to determine the free water surface. Three pre monsoon and three post monsoon ground water level measured during this study. Ground water level depth measurement should be made relative to established reference point and documented during field record. Measurement takes both well water level and depth measurement from the north side. Weighted steel tape is used for measurement of ground water level. It is found that pre monsoon and post monsoon average ground water level decreasing by 4.64 feet. Out of ten selected villages’ ground water level in six villages are decreased so rapidly. Rapid decrease of ground water level is seen in post monsoon season when rate of water utilisation is increase. This study lead to conclude that water management practices is urgent need to maintain the ground water in Malshiras thasil.
Keywords: Groundwater level, Malshiras Tahsil, Solapur District, Maharashtra.
Water Level Variations in North Eastern Parts of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh
A.G.S. REDDY1 and K. NIRANJAN KUMAR2 1Central Ground Water Board, Hyderabad 2Geology Department, Kakatiya University, Warangal Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The study on water level conditions of north eastern parts of Anantapur district is of immense significance as the area is covered by varied geological formations and has different irrigation pattern. The monthly ground water level data of 154 observations wells for five years (2001-06) is analyzed to decipher the behavior of water levels in different seasons and geo-environments. The hydrographs of the average water level data of each Mandal (group of villages) indicate steady declining trend ranging from 0.50 to 2.91m/yr. Yellanuru Mandal has both the shallowest and the deepest water levels among eight Mandals, highly undulating terrain could be the reason for this contrasting conditions. The pre-monsoon water levels show steady decline (-8.22m) from 2002 to 2003, a negative seasonal fluctuation of -1.49m has occurred in the year 2002 during which the area received -34% less than Normal rainfall. The mean water levels are deeper by 42% in areas covered by sedimentary formations than those of granite terrain. Raise in water levels is significant where monthly rainfall is more than 200mm. Due to erratic rainfall in space and time, deep water levels are noticed even in post-monsoon period and shallow in February month at some locations. The water levels in command areas are deep and falling as the area forms the tail end part of TBHLC. The deeper water level conditions and its declining feature is directly related to ground water development in the form of increased agriculture acidity, reduced rain fed crops, raise in area under horticulture and continuous exploitation of ground water resources. The wide variations in ground water levels could be due heterogeneous and anisotropic conditions of granites and poor porosity - permeability of shales. Uneven topography, lack of vegetation, arid climatic conditions, low precipitation and increased ground water extraction are some of the factors contributing for steady decline in water levels in the area.
Keywords: Ground water levels, granites, shales, rainfall, agriculture, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Aquifer Sustainability through Water Level Fluctuation and Recharge in Sukinda Chromite Mining Area
RATNAKAR DHAKATE1, A.K. MOHANTY1, B.GLADSON1, V.V.S.G. RAO1 and D.B. PANASKAR2 1National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad – 500606 (A.P) India 2Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded - 431606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The excavation of ore from open and underground mines has impact on surface and groundwater regime. The mining areas generally face problem of water quality and declination of water table. This causes the impact on local habitat surrounding the near by villages in the vicinity. Due to continuous mining the aquifer looses its sustainability. The objectives of sustainability can be achieved by knowing the aquifer behaviors and recharge and discharge areas and detailed account of annually draft. A healthy balance between the annual draft and ground water recharge is the fulcrum of sustainability. Integrated analysis, interpretation and resolution of geophysical, hydrogeological and Remote Sensing data are the most ideal approach to accomplish the same. This paper deals with the sustainability of aquifer in chromite mining area through water level fluctuation and through recharge. The static and dynamic groundwater resources of the area have been calculated for future development and management of groundwater resources.
Keywords: Aquifer sustainability, water levels, recharge, groundwater, Sukinda Chromite mining area.
Artificial Recharge to Regional Pipe Water Supply Source Well by Innovative Chetan Pattern: A success story of Gondumri Village, Sakoli Taluka of Bhandara District
CHETAN GAJBHIYE Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Nagpur Email: [email protected]
Abstract The Executive Engineer, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP), Bhandara prepared the regional pipe water supply scheme for 4 villages namely Gondumri, Nilaj, Palasgaon and Mahalgaon of Sakoli taluka of the Bhandara district . It was based on surface water as a source with the norm of 55 litre per capita per day for the proposed population of 11600 souls. The designed annual drinking water requirement was 233 million litres. In view of this huge drinking water requirement submergence of a proposed minor irrigation dam on the river Chulband was proposed by the local irrigation department initially. In consideration of the above proposal the MJP constructed a source well of 6 m. diameter and 15 m. depth on the left bank of the river Chulband. The well is located due north of the village Mahalgaon at a distance of about 2 km. Meanwhile due to some administrative constraints, the construction of proposed irrigation dam did not materialize. As such the source well of the Gondumri regional pipe water supply well could not sustain the huge drinking demand of the four villages. During the summer the situation was very precarious. The drinking water requirement was 0.638 MLD. The 2 submersible pumps of 15 and 3 horse power installed on the source well worked for a very short time. The discharge of the 15 and 3 horsepower pumps was 34640 and 6900 litres/hour respectively .In summer the 15 HP submersible pump worked only for 45 minutes discharging 26000 litres water and the 3 HP pump worked for only 2 hours discharging only 13800 litres of water. Thus, in all only 39800 litres was discharged from the source well. This lead to a very grave drinking water situation in all the 4 villages. Every year these villages faced drinking water scarcity. In view of the meager water supply from the well the zilla Parishad, Bhandara refused to take over the pipe water supply scheme for further maintenance. It however, agreed to take over the regional pipe water supply scheme if the source well is strengthened by adopting suitable water conservation structure, so that the perennial drinking water supply as per the of all the four villages is ensured. The paper discuses the measure implemented by the author to alleviate the drinking water problem and create a sustainable source by innovative Chetan Bandhara. Incidentally the Govt. of Maharashtra has adopted the Govt. Resolution based on the measure adopted by the author to execute such structures in hydrogeologically related terrain. He was also awarded Maharashtra Bhushan Award by the Chief Minister Maharashtra for the same.
Keywords: Chetan Bhandara, artificial recharge, Chulband River, Bhandara District, Maharashtra.
Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) and related Softwares, a powerful tool for micro level monitoring with respect to Groundwater recharge and withdrawal during the Hydrologic Cycle
D.V. CHANNE and P.M. GUJAR Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Bhandara Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Information technology has brought about revolutionary changes at Global level and a progressive country like India is no exception to adopt this technology. At national level Maharashtra is one of the leading State which has introduced this technology at Government, Government undertaking and private sector since long and shown excellent results in the field of science and technology and else were also. Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency is the key organization in Maharashtra state involved in the field of qualitative and quantitative estimation of ground water since last 38 years. It is running parallel to the pace of technological development and brought about necessary changes from time to time. Hydrology project is one of the ambitious projects undertaken by G.S.D.A. and developed Hydrological Information System (HIS). Under this project necessary infrastructure has been created in order to have qualitative and quantitative estimation of ground water. Piezometer Bore wells of 25 to 30 meter depth have been drilled and they are installed with Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR) to monitor micro level water level changes with respect to recharge and discharge condition of the shallow aquifer during the hydrologic cycle. Memory Chip can store high frequency water level data of even one minute interval. Apart from this useful software have been developed / purchased in order to store water level, Water quality, Rainfall, Groundwater Assessment data for further analytical purpose. Historical data available with the organization has also been computerized and fed in the appropriate software. In this paper, an attempt has been made by the Author to project utility of different software for data storage, its analysis and to generate various reports such as long term water level trends, prediction of scarcity, Groundwater Assessment results, Water quality results etc. This revolutionary change in the form of information technology has brought complete automation for storage of scientific data, its analysis and to arrive at certain conclusion which otherwise would have been very tedious, time taking and laborious. The technology is of tremendous use to the hydro geologist for generation of various reports and maps as per his requirement.
Keywords: Automatic Water Level Recorder, groundwater recharge, hydrologic cycle. Estimation of Ground Water Recharge in the Upper Piedmont Zone of a hilly Watershed, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand
D.C. SINGHAL1, LAXMI KANT KACHHWAL2, M. ISRAIL3 and BHISHM KUMAR4 1 Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Western Ontario, Canada. 3Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. 4National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247 667 Email: [email protected] Abstract
The present study attempts to estimate ground water recharge in the upper piedmont zone of the hilly Pathri Rao Watershed of District Haridwar (Uttarakhand State), India by using hydrogeologic and isotope techniques. Nuclear isotope studies have been carried out to estimate groundwater recharge, in the areas by using Tritium Tagging technique. This was found to vary between 9% to 29%. The specific yield of the granular aquifers in the area was calculated to be 15% by using water level data of observation wells made for the non-monsoon period for year 2004-05. An assessment of groundwater availability and stage of groundwater development has been made by employing the CGWB methodology from the available data. On the basis of the study, it is found that the stage of groundwater development in the area indicates over-exploitation of groundwater. A few sites for artificial recharge of groundwater have been proposed for augmentation of groundwater resources through check dams in the upstream areas of the watershed.
Keywords: Groundwater Recharge, Upper Piedmont, Haridwar, Uttarakhand.
Success story of bore well as a sustainable drinking water source in metamorphic terrain of Bhandara District, Maharashtra: a case study based on lithology, cropping pattern and nature of aquifer
D.V. CHANNE and P.M. GUJAR Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Bhandara, Maharashtra Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The unique feature of Bhandara district is that 61percent of (419 villages) the villages are dependant on Borewell as a source of drinking water. This dependency is linked up with the factors such as lithology of the area, cropping pattern and occurrence and movement of groundwater. This has been dealt with at length in order to understand borewell as a sustainable source in this metamorphic terrain. Geologically the major part of Bhandara district is occupied by Archean metamorphics with rock types namely schist, phyllite and granite gneisses. Part of Lakhandur and Paoni Taluka in the southern part of the district is covered by alluvium which is known as Chauras belt (Flat Terrain). Apart from this a very small area in the extreme southern part is occupied by Vindhyan sandstone. The paper mainly concentrates on the Metamorphic Terrain and performance of drinking water borewell in the district. The data of last 30 years confirms that the successful percentage of bore wells drilled in this terrain is more than 98 percent. Secondly, irrespective of low or high yield of the borewell, they run round a year uninturptly. In order to review the success story of the borewell author has undertaken a scientific study of the area. The systematic study done reveals that there is thick overburden of clayey nature derived from rock in situ and its thickness ranges from 10 m to 20 m. It acts as an aquitard. This is followed by moderately weathered, fractured and jointed rock which acts as an aquifer. The overburden acts as a confining layer over the aquifer. Nature of aquifer is semi confining or confined and it shows pressure head in the bore well. The Summer Water level is within 12 m from GL and water level fluctuation is low. Paddy is the main crop taken during Kharip Season in rectangular fields. In this paper it is tried to explain that how the paddy field are responsible for arresting rain water that keeps the overburden saturated for a longer period. This zone which acts an aquitard contributes to the aquifer below through vertical infiltration. A huge quantity of water is conserved through typical cropping pattern. A detailed statistics is given in the paper with respect to area under paddy crop, water arrested and quantification of additional recharge to ground water through vertical infiltration from paddy field. The study of water level is done by using high frequency water level data obtained from piezometer borewell drilled by GSDA .and estimates of additional recharge are based on Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC) norms. In this manner groundwater conservation is done naturally through typical cropping pattern with the support of existing lithological condition involving no extra expenditure which ultimately helps to run bore wells smoothly throughout the year. This is really helpful to negotiate deficit rainfall and draught conditions.
Keywords: Groundwater, sustainability, metamorphic terrain, Bhandara District, Maharashtra.
Groundwater Quality and its Relationship with Land Use in Karamana River Basin, South Kerala, India
R.B. BINOJ KUMAR, K. SARAVANAN, and RAJESH REGHUNATH Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Trivandrum 695581 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The chemistry of water is an important factor to be considered before using it for domestic, irrigation or industrial purposes. It is now generally recognized that the quality of groundwater is just as important as its quality. The type and concentration of salts present in the groundwater depends on the surrounding geological environment, the source of groundwater and movement of groundwater through the rocks. The present study focuses on the analysis of groundwater quality in the Karamana river basin, which drains through the Trivandrum district, Kerala. Major portions of Karamana basin is composed of crystalline rocks such as charnockites and khondalite suite of rocks, overlain by laterites. Sedimentaries of Tertiary age are found at a small stretch which is also subjected to lateritisation. Lateritic soil is the dominant soil type in the study area. Water samples were collected from 112 open wells and subjected to chemical analysis by following the standard procedures. The estimated values were compared with domestic and irrigational water quality standards. It is found that excluding pH, all other parameters are within the desirable limits, except at Vizhinjam, where the International sea port is going to come up. While considering the pH of groundwater samples, almost all samples are found to be slightly to highly acidic in nature. The U.S salinity diagram revealed dominance of C1 S1 (59%) and C2 S 1 (33%) types of salinity and sodium hazard in the study area. Other types such as C3 S1, C2 S2, C1 S2 C3 S2 are also found in the study area in a sporadic manner. The highest sodium and salinity hazard found in the Karamana river basin is C4 S3 type and it is reported from Vizhinjam area. Wilcox diagram was also plotted and this indicated that 78.5% of samples fall within excellent to good category, and a single sample fall within good to permissible, 19.6% of samples fall within permissible to doubtful, and the sample near Vizhinjam fall within doubtful to unsuitable category. Hill piper diagram revealed various facies in the groundwater such as Na-Cl, Na-Ca-Cl, Na-
Ca-Cl-HCO3 and Na-Cl-HCO3. Land use is a unit of landscape that can be categorized by its stage of existence or management. The way in which a part of the landscape serves a functional purpose defines its land use.
When the rain water is percolated through a particular land use, it will be imprinted with few inherent properties of the prevailing land use and land management practices. To appreciate the effect of land use on the groundwater chemistry, the samples were characterized based on the land use classes found in the study area. The samples from the tea plantations are characterized with low pH and TDS. In the case of water samples collected from rubber plantations, the pH is low but sporadic increase of EC is found. In the case of built up areas, the pH, EC and other parameters exhibit a wide range of values indicating a possible contamination due to anthropogenic impacts.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Land use, Karamana River Basin, South Kerala, India.
Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Mettur Taluk, Salem District, Tamilnadu: An integrated approach
K. SRINIVASAMOORTHY, K.VIJAYARAGAVAN, M. VASANTHAVIGAR and R. RAJIVGANTHI Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002 Email:[email protected]
Abstract
The study area Mettur forms an important industrial town situated NW of Salem district in Tamilnadu with a total spread of 777 sq. km. The geology of the area is mainly composed of Archaean crystalline metamorphic complexes. The effluents derived from house hold, agricultural and industrial activities considerably affect the groundwater chemistry. Resistivity soundings and hydrogeochemical studies were carried out in order to assess the extent of groundwater vulnerability status. A total of 35 Vertical electrical soundings were carried out and interpreted using curve matching techniques. From the data low resistivity zones was observed in areas more vulnerable to pollution and higher resistivity in less vulnerable zones. A total of 198 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major, minor and trace elements during Pre and Post monsoon seasons. The general abundance of the ions were of the order of Na > K
> Ca >Mg = HCO3 > Cl > NO3 >SO4 > F > PO4. Concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Cd are within the permissible limit, and Fe and Pb were found to be higher along the industrial zone locations. Three vulnerable zones of the aquifer were determined using DRASTIC vulnerability index. The highly vulnerable zones are confined to Navapatti and surroundings, medium vulnerable zones are confined to north western and northern part of the study area and Low Vulnerable zones are confined to north eastern part of the study area. Stable isotope analysis of 18O and 2H also confirm the same. A comparison of TDS and Cl with identified groundwater vulnerable zones proved good correlation. From the hydrogeochemical point of view the contaminants derived from anthropogenic activities proved to be the major cause of groundwater pollution.
Keywords: Groundwater chemistry, resistivity soundings, aquifer, DRASTIC vulnerability index, stable isotope analysis, Salem District, Tamilnadu. Groundwater Quality Assessment in Tons River Basin, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh
R.N. TIWARI and S.L. BHARTIA Department of Geology, Government P.G. Science College, Rewa 486 001 (M.P.) Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The paper intends to assess the groundwater quality with reference to drinking and agricultural uses in the Tons basin, Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh. The fifth order Tons River has dendritic to sub dendritic drainage pattern. Geologically, the area is occupied by sandstone, shale and limestone of Rewa and Bhander Groups of Vindhyan Supergroup. A total of 30 ground water samples have been collected and analysed as per standard method. The study reveals that groundwater from the Karst aquifers is fairly hard with calcium – magnesium – bicarbonate type whereas from the interbedded shale – limestone zones, it is calcium – magnesium – bicarbonate – sulphate type. Analysed data suggest slightly alkaline, low sodium and medium salinity water. Generally, the total dissolved solids (TDS) exceeds the permissible limit in shale aquifer. Most of the chemical analyses fall in the C2 S 1 field of the U.S. Salinity diagram suggesting its suitability for irrigation. Other parameter like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), Kelly’s Ratio (KR) are within permissible limit. Except few cases, the water is generally suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Tons River basin, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.
Groundwater Quality in the Suketi River Basin, Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh
ANIL M. POPHARE1 and UMESH S. BALPANDE2 1Post Graduate Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 001 2 Central Ground Water Board, Dharamsala 176 057 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Suketi River basin is situated in the central part of Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh and covers an area of 422 km2. The basin has two distinct physiographic units viz. a valley area (Balh valley) in its central part that covers an area of 79 km2 and surrounding hilly area of 343 km2. The Balh valley is underlain by the quaternary alluvium and the surrounding hills are underlain by the older rock formations. Occurrence and distribution of groundwater is variable in both these physiographic units and it is a function of hydro-geological, hydro-geomorphological setup of the area. The groundwater is exploited through dug wells and bore wells in the valley area. Whereas in the hilly area the major sources of groundwater are springs and few bore wells. Total 29 water samples were collected during the pre-monsoon season (May 2009) from the various sources of groundwater representing the entire basin. Moreover, water samples were also collected from the various tributaries of the Suketi River draining the base flow during the lean period to co-relate the water quality results. Various chemical parameters such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), Kelly’s ratio (KR) and corrosivity ratio (CR) were computed. Most of the water is of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type and mixed type. The USSL classification shows that out of the 29 groundwater samples, 24 belongs to C2-S1 water class and 5 belong to C1-S1 water class. The study also indicates that most of the water is suitable for drinking as per World Health Organisation (WHO) and Indian Standards (ISI). However, localized, high concentration of fluoride of 3.11ppm was encountered in the groundwater sample from the source bore well at village Pabu. Further studies are in progress.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, hydrochemical facies, fluoride, Suketi River, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh.
Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater for Irrigation in Purna Basin, Maharashtra, India
P. RAJA1, D.B. MALPE2, B.P. BHASKAR1 and P.M. TAPASWI2 1National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440010 2 Postgraduate Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Law College Campus, Nagpur 440010 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
Purna basin (76o 0’ to 77o 55’E and 20o 10’ to 21o41’N) covers 18,300 km2 in Vidarbha region with 2827 km2 of saline tract having highly shrink-swell black soils with low hydraulic conductivity. The lower cropping intensity (110-112%) in the basin is due to poor quality of ground water for the irrigation of rabi wheat. Nineteen surface and subsurface water samples of pre and post monsoon season were hydrochemically characterised to evaluate suitability for irrigation. The major ion chemistry indicate that sodium and magnesium account for more than 90 per cent cations, whereas, 60-80 per cent of anions are represented by chloride and bicarbonates with the equivalent ratio of Na/Ca+ Mg more than 1 in 60 per cent of dug and bore well water samples, associated with permanent hardness and high alkalinity. The results indicate that the river water is suitable for irrigation, with moderate salinity and low sodicity. The dug well and bore well waters have high salinity in pre- and post monsoon seasons but show perceptible variations with medium to high sodicity in pre monsoon and low to medium sodicity in post monsoon samples. These waters are unsuitable for irrigation. Therefore, the present study advocates artificial recharge techniques for the dilution of salinity and sodicity, conjunctive use of ground water with river water, for irrigating saline-sodic soils. Addition of adequate amount of gypsum with high quantity of organic matter is also suggested for the amelioration of saline sodic soils of this region.
Keywords: Purna basin, Hydrochemistry, Groundwater quality, Vidarbha region, Maharashtra.
Imprints of Lithological Diversity on the Chemical Composition of Groundwater from Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra
S.K. GAIKWAD and N.J. PAWAR Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Hydrogeochemical studies involving collection and analyses of 75 surface, spring and ground water samples undertaken in the area between Karli and Terekhol Rivers bordering part of Coastal Maharashtra, revealed distinctiveness in spatio-temporal patterns. Spatial and temporal geochemical trends demonstrated dominance of alkali metals over alkaline earths coinciding with laterite, hornblende-, amphibolite-, chlorite – phyllite schists and quartzite aquifers followed by granite, granite gneisses, shale, and quartz-chlorite-amphibolite schist aquifers with mixed characters. The aquifers from basaltic lithology typically displayed Ca+Mg cation dominated waters in association with bicarbonates as predominant anion. Abundance of water types with Na+K-HCO3 in laterite, hornblende-, amphibolite-, chlorite – phyllite schist and quartzite aquifers and Ca+Mg-HCO3 > Na+K-HCO3 in granite, granite gneisses, shale, quartz-chlorite-amphibolite schist aquifers besides Ca+Mg-HCO3 in basaltic lithology further confirm this.
In general, Ca+Mg-HCO3 water type dominates the pre-monsoon water characteristics, which in post monsoon changes to Na + K-HCO3 slight excess over Ca+Mg-HCO3. However, the order of abundance of individual ions in waters is Na > Ca > Mg > K and HCO3 > Cl >SO4 > NO3 > F. In pre-monsoon an increase in the concentration of HCO3, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, and F as compared to the post monsoon can be related to moderate water-rock interaction. Based on type of water, highest concentration of ions is observed in saline water samples, while minimum in fresh surface and groundwater samples. It is inferred that high rainfall and steep hydraulic gradient in the area has hastened the process of surface runoff thus providing less residence time for geochemical interaction of water with rock. In nutshell, both lithology and topography has played key role in governing chemical composition of water from the area. A few wells from the coastal areas show chemical signatures of salt water incursion.
Keywords: Lithology, Groundwater, Karli, Terekhol, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra.
Impact of weathering processes on the hazardous interaction between surface and groundwater environment, in the region of confluence of Bhima and Mula-Mutha Rivers, Maharashtra (India)
U.D. KULKARNI1, Y.M. NANDURKAR2, R.R. SANGPAL2 and N.J. PAWAR3 1 Department of Geology, Nowrosjee Wadia College, Pune 411 001 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 3 Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Sixty groundwater samples were collected in different seasons from the region of confluence of Bhima and Mula-Mutha Rivers, Maharashtra. The water soluble products of congruent weathering reactions such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, and SiO2 have been probed. Apart from these, anthropogenic parameters such as Cl, NO3, PO4, SO4 have also been analyzed. The mathematical and graphical tools are used to unearth the weathering pattern. The study reveals that the concentration of major ions is controlled by the water-rock interactions. The highest contribution of bicarbonates anions indicates that products of weathering dominate the groundwater composition, when compared to anthropogenic impacts and the weathering of feldspar mineral. Most of the water samples are of Ca+Mg-HCO3 type, suggestive of the weathering of silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. The recharging of groundwater and temperature are intervening factors evolved through temporal analyses. The change of water type from recharge to discharge area is regulated by congruent geochemical reactions like dissolution and deposition of minerals and ion exchange process of natural zeolites.
Keywords: Weathering pattern, water-rock interactions, groundwater geochemistry, Bhima and Mula- Mutha Rivers, Maharashtra. Studies on the Groundwater Quality from six villages of Hatkangale Taluka, District Kolhapur, Maharashtra
P.P. LONI, A.K. PATIL and P.D. RAUT Department of Environmental Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Email: [email protected]
Abstract It is a known fact that clean water is completely essential for healthy living. Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings. Yet there is a scenario that millions of people worldwide are deprived of this due to over exploitation, poor management and by ecological degradation. As groundwater is one of the important source of drinking water in rural and urban area it has also has failed to escape from the pollution. In recent decades there were many reports of groundwater contamination by many factors. Since quality of the available water is of a vital concern a study based on assessment of groundwater quality with respect to certain parameters was carried out. Samples from bore wells were investigated for parameters such as iron, fluoride, chloride and nitrate content. The samples were collected from the six villages of Hatkanangale taluka, district Kolhapur. Hatkanangale is situated 20 km to the east of Kolhapur. Apart from Panchaganga River, people here are mostly dependent on groundwater for drinking purpose. Water samples were collected from three different sites of each of the six villages. The collected water samples were analyzed. From the analytical results, it was revealed that the values of certain parameters were within the limit while some were exceeding. One of the site in the village named Rendal showed exceeding limits of nitrate and iron which was about 48 mg/l and 2.8 mg/l respectively beyond standard limits. Fluctuations in the values of the parameters were due to certain environmental factors as well as due to unplanned anthropogenic activities. Other parameters such as iron, fluoride and chloride in rest of the villages were within the permissible limits of WHO standards. The results are discussed in the full paper. Keywords: Groundwater quality, nitrate, iron, Hatkangale, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra.
Groundwater Quality studies from the Mahabaleshwar-Panchgani plateau
IFTEKHAR A. KHAN Department of Geology, Nowrojee Wadia College, Pune 411 001 Email: [email protected]
Abstract The groundwater quality of Mahableshwar-Pachgani plateau was extensively monitored in the months of April and September to assess its suitability for domestic and agricultural use. In all, 40 samples were analyzed for various physico–chemical attributes like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Na, K, Ca, Mg, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, TDS and phosphate sulfate. Values of all the parameters analysed fall well below the permissible limit. As the groundwater from the study area is free from any industrial pollution, it was not thought necessary to determine the dissolved oxygen. The chemical data was plotted on Pipers trilinear diagram. Majority of the samples show Ca+Mg, CO3+HCO3 facies. The SAR values of the water samples plotted in salinity hazard diagram indicating low sodium and posses medium to high salinity for at least a few samples. The values of permeability index plotted against total concentration indicate suitability of water for apicultural use. The good groundwater conditions in the Mahabaleshwar-Panchgani area needs to be protected and will prove a boost to the existing tourism and horticultural activates of these hill stations. Keywords: Groundwater quality, Mahableshwar-Pachgani plateau, Maharashtra. Study of Fresh Groundwater Resource Potential in Coastal Aquifers
V.K. SAXENA National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Seawater intrusion in the delta/coastal region is widespread. Such intrusion/ingress may contaminate the fresh groundwater regime and also reduces the fertility of the soil, which intern effect agricultural production. During the past few decades, the rapid increase in sea water intrusion has caused the transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish/saline water. Because of sea water intrusion most of the fertile land has become waste land and cultivation rate has also decreased. Main sources of saline water intrusion are: (1) changes of land use from agriculture to residential (2) increase number of bore wells /dug wells and hand pumps (3) low rain fall conditions (4) untimely depression cause for flood and high tides and (5) increase rate of aquaculture etc. The withdrawing of excessive groundwater in coastal areas may be a cause for the possible intrusion of sea water. Hydrochemical and hydrological studies have been carried out in Krishna, Godavari and Pennar delta for the delineation of fresh groundwater aquifer and for the identification of fresh groundwater potential zones. The distribution trends of major and trace elements were examined in relation to fresh, brackish and saline water regions. The strontium, boron,
HCO3/Cl, TDS, etc. have been deduced from the water quality parameters and showed significant variations in different environment and formulate to be a sensitive tool to identify the fresh ground water resource potential in coastal aquifers.
Keywords: Groundwater, saltwater intrusion, tracer, environment, Krishna, Godavari and Pennar delta.
Salt Water Intrusion into the Piyali River Aquifer of the Sundarbans, West Bengal
SUJANA DHAR, SUBHASISH DAS and ASIS MAZUMDAR School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The livelihood of rural population mainly depends on the sustainable development and management of groundwater resources and more than 70% of India’s population live in rural areas. In India and elsewhere, however, groundwater is considered to be the personal property of the landholders and the abnormal growth of population and spurt in industrial activities for the last four decades and conversion of vast waste lands into cropping land forced more abstraction of groundwater. This has resulted in socio-economic conflicts. The land has been divided in to small land-holdings and each holder started developing new wells (shallow and deep bore wells) without any management approach. Today, in India millions of wells are not in operation as they are dried up. Competitive spirit in deepening wells is going on without understanding its consequences. During drought years entire rural folk suffers for their day-to-day food. Thus, groundwater plays a major role in the livelihood of entire rural sector. Salinity is common problem in the Sundarbans. Sea water contains chlorides with other salts that can be detrimental to agricultural crops and can exceed drinking water standards. During the summer period when the saltwater intrusion becomes more severe due to extensive over pumping in the absence of the development of supplemental water supplies to the area. The problem of sea water intrusion increases as population centres and water demands in localized coastal regions develop. The problem arises whenever a coastal aquifer serves as an important source of water supply. The Basin of Piyali River, an estuarine river with regular tidal influx, with special emphasis on Kultali block has been chosen for utilizing the water of the Piyali River during dry months and augumenting water supply through rainwater harvesting in the Kultali block down to mouza level. During flash floods the entire catchment of the Piyali River overflows. An extensive plan will be made on the basis of field study for augumenting water supply through rain water harvesting with the help of storage of ponds network for irrigation facilities for multi cropping in the area of Kultali block of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the extent of the salt water intrusion phenomenon of the Piyali River located in the Sundarbans of India, and to provide management options in order to alleviate the situation. Water and soil samples from each village of the Kultali block located in the South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal have been analyzed for their contents in order to understand the management scenarios available to the people.
Keywords: Coastal Management, water quality, soil sampling, saltwater intrusion, Piyali River, Sundarbans, West Bengal.
Effect of Seawater Intrusion on Groundwater in Kelwa-Mahim Villages of Palghar Taluka, District Thane, Maharashtra
M.S. DESHPANDE and A.V. HEGADE Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Konkan Bhavan, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Thane Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The proximity of coastal aquifers to saltwater creates unique issues with respect to ground-water sustainability in coastal regions. These issues are primarily those of saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers and changes in the amount and quality of fresh ground-water discharge to coastal saltwater ecosystems. Groundwater is a subject of rising social concern, especially in coastal zones where it is increasingly mobilized to satisfy water demands for agriculture and domestic uses. Overexploitation of coastal aquifers may lead to permanent water quality degradation as a consequence of seawater intrusion. Sea water intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers caused by ground-water pumping from coastal wells. Villages Kelwa and Mahim from Palghar taluka are included in the group watershed WF-19 having an approximate area of 74 sq. km. The area is situated 103 km northwest of Thane District headquarter between latitude 19º35’53" to 19º41’06" N and longitudes 72º40’54" to 72º47’00" E. The groundwater assessment of the area when considered on mini watershed basis as well as delineated micro watershed basis shows the gradual increase in the net withdrawal. The stage of development suggests it as semi critical category. This further indicates the adverse effect on the groundwater regime. Maintaining a stable balance in the saltwater/freshwater interface is primarily a function of the rate of aquifer recharge (primarily through rainfall) and the rate of groundwater withdrawals (primarily through wells). It is wiser to plan ahead to prevent seawater intrusion rather than to react after an aquifer has been intruded. Mitigatory measures as a permanent solution has to be worked out and implemented in the area with a view to protect coastal environment thereby protecting the groundwater in its quality and quantity. The usable water sources in the limited area are now fresh and soft. However, increased withdrawal will lead to saline water intrusion. The preventive measures recommended are to be implemented to prevent or minimize salt water intrusion for the area of villages. Groundwater exploitation has been increased to a large extent. Different areas previously marked as safe for groundwater exploitation are now subjected to seawater ingression. The extent of these areas is growing rapidly due to various reasons. The exploitation of groundwater in the area may be allowed up to the end of February every year until there is fresh water in the wells. This needs to be monitored regularly by the community. Instead of constructing the new wells it is better to utilize the existing wells and if possible, on common source basis i.e. community well principle. Individuals or group should allow the energization of wells only on the implementation of the feasible preventive measure. Salt-water intrusion into aquifers in the coastal areas has occurred. Mapping of the fresh water/salt water interface(s) in most of the coastal aquifers is yet to be carried out, thereby making it difficult for many of the communities to be provided with fresh potable water. There is a great and urgent need for all stakeholders in coastal region to appreciate the phenomenon of salt water intrusion and initiate the necessary studies to delineate, monitor and manage the fresh water resources of the coastal areas to the benefit of its people.
Keywords: Saltwater intrusion, Palghat Taluka, Thane District, Maharashtra.
Geochemical characterization of shallow and deep groundwater in coastal aquifers, from Pondicherry to Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu
S. CHIDAMBARAM1, K. TIRUMALESH2, P. PARMAGURU1, G. JOHNSONBABU1, U.S. KARMEGAM MANIKANDAN1 and V. DHEIVANAYAKI1 1Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu 608002 2Scientist, Isotope Hydrology Division, BARC, Mumbai Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The rising demand for water in India, mostly drinking, irrigation and Industrial use lead to problems of over exploitation of these resources. The situation becomes more critical in coastal regions. Apart from these factors, salinity increase in the coastal aquifers and changes in coastal configurations due to tsunami impacts also adds magnitudes of problem. Understanding the quality of groundwater is as important as its quality because it is the main factor determining its suitability for drinking, domestic, irrigational, and industrial purposes. The 62 shallow and 22 deep groundwater samples were collected and analysed for cations and anions. pH is higher in shallow groundwater than deep water samples In deep water samples, Electrical Conductivity (EC) with an average of 1566.81 ìs/cm which is higher than shallow water samples of average 2229.16 ìs/cm. The diamond field of Piper for shallow water shows a clear variation of shallow and deep groundwater samples. The thermodynamic stability of the groundwater reflects the stability of the chemical composition of the water with respect to specific temperature. The shallow water samples are stable with kaolinite fields in the silicate system and the deeper along the boundaries of kaolinite composition. The statistical analysis shows the variation in different factors contributing to the water chemistry of the region. The Saturation index values show a drastic variation in the SI of carbonates, sulfates, and silicates. The speciation of carbonates, sulfates and phosphates indicate the association of cation to the major anion species.
Keywords: Geochemistry, coastal aquifers, Pondicherry-Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu. Beach Ridge-Sand Aquifers in Coastal Tract- A case study from Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
B.U. RAO and P.N. RAO Central Ground Water Board, Southern Region, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad 500 068 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Beach ridges associated with sand dunes occurring along the coastal plain of Andhra Pradesh are important fresh groundwater repositories in East Coast of India. In these aquifers, fresh water floats over saline water and excessive withdrawal of fresh water affect the fresh saline water interface. In this context, a study is undertaken in paleo beach ridge-sand dune (BRSD) aquifers extending over 40 sq. km. in Prakasam district, with the objective of studying hydrogeological conditions. Ground water is the principle source or all drinking and irrigation requirements in the 7 revenue villages in the area. Ground water occurs mostly under unconfined conditions. The depth to water levels ranges from 1 to 7 m with seasonal fluctuation of 2 to 5 lps. The discharge of the wells transmissivity of aquifers rangers upto 900 m2/day. The ground water abstraction used to be through small pits locally known as Doruvus till 1990. Subsequently, abstraction has increased considerably through power driven filter point wells with depth range of 7-10 m (occasionally up to 30 m) so much so that about 2000 wells are in operation by the year 2000 with average density of 50 wells/sq. km. The width of BRSD aquifers ranges from 1.45 to 2.1 km while the thickness varies from 2 m towards margins to 53 m towards crest with thickness of fresh water aquifers generally decreasing from crest to margins. Electrical logging data of two exploratory wells drilled by Central Ground Water Board down to 120 m indicated occurrence of fresh water upto 14-16 m bgl, slightly contaminated water between 14 and 45 m, and brackish water below 45 m. The stage of ground water development is of the order of 80-90 %. The ground water development has come to such a stage that any excessive withdrawal of ground water particularly under drought conditions may results in salinisation of aquifers through upconning or brackish water. In certain parts already signatures of salt water intrusion are observed. Keeping in view the high stage of ground water development, high density of power driven wells, aqua culture and prevailing agriculture practices, care should be taken in further exploitation of the ground water in the area. Measures for sustainable management of ground water in the area are suggested in this paper.
Keywords: Beach ridge-sand dune complex, fresh water aquifers, ground water development, salt water ingress, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh.
Origin of salinity in the groundwater from semi arid Karha basin, Maharashtra, India
SANJAY S. KALE1 and N.J. PAWAR2 1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 2Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken in Karha River basin in semi arid parts of Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of India with the aim of identifying geoenvironmental controls over groundwater mineralization and development of salinity. The watershed covering geographical area about 1333 km2, situated in the upland rain shadow region of DVP faces acute shortage of water due to increased frequency of drought years, growing population and rising demand for water for agriculture. The investigations carried out on geochemistry of groundwater indicated spatial and temporal variations. The intra-annual variations in water types occur from Ca+Mg-HCO3+CO3 in post- monsoon to Na+K-Cl+SO4 during pre-monsoon. The variations have been related to rock dominance, precipitation and evaporation effects during progressive chemical evolution of groundwater from recharge to discharge zones. Positive correlations between Mg vs. HCO3,
Ca+Mg vs. HCO3 and Na+Ca vs. HCO3 together support dissolution of silicate minerals. Similarly, the affirmative relationship between Ca and HCO3 and Na vs. Cl correlations respectively indicates role of carbonate and dominance of evaporation process in controlling the chemistry of groundwater. In conclusion, by collating geological, hydrogeological and geochemical data, the process of mineralization and development of salinity in the groundwater has been related to climatic, geomorphologic, geologic and anthropogenic variables. It is inferred that whilst the annual fluctuation of monsoonal rainfall promotes high mineralization during the extremities like drought and high rainfall under natural conditions, overuse of irrigation water and fertilizers in lower part of the Karha basin have been identified as anthropogenic factors of salinization.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, salinization, Karha basin, Maharashtra.
Geochemical interaction between the shallow and deeper groundwater around Lonar town and its geoenvironmental implications on the future of the impact crater lake
D.R.WARE1, K.C.WANKHEDE2 and R.A. DURAISWAMI1,3 1Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Konkan Bhavan, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 2Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Amravati Region, Amravati 3Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Lonar impact crater (1830 m in diameter) is one of the World’s largest impact craters within the basaltic terrain. The Lonar crater is a huge circular depression cradling a saline water lake in the central portion. The lake has a remarkably circular outline and occupies a depression, which sinks to a depth of about 150m below the surrounding country Lonar town is situated at the northeastern edge of the crater. A total of 553 irrigation wells are inventoried, out of which 124 wells are perennial, 260 are seasonal and the remaining are in a disused condition. Depth of the well ranges from 3.50 to 16.00 m. The Pre Monsoon static water level was at depth of 4 to 18 m. bgl, while the Post Monsoon static water level was at depth of 1.5 to 13 m. bgl. The yield of the wells in summer season ranges from 9 to 108 kiloliters/day while in winter season yield of the wells ranges from 18 to 270 kiloliters/day. The density of irrigation wells was in the range of 2 to 11 per sq. km. Detailed geochemical sampling of the groundwaters from shallow and deep aquifers from in and around Lonar was undertaken recently to evaluate the nature of the groundwater vis-à-vis spring water and lake water from the impact crater. Most groundwaers from the northern art of the crater show TDS values between 500 to 2000 mg/l while those from the lake vary from 2000 to 9840 mg/l. The area south of the Similarly, high (hazardous limit) chloride concentration is observed in the lake water in central part bf project area while samples around Lonar city chloride concentration is within the permissible limit while chloride concentration is in lower range (allowable limit) in the northern, southern, eastern and western part of the crater. High fluoride concentration (1.5 to 1.9 mg/l) is present in the lake water and north-west of Lonar and Saraswati. Boron ranges from 0.139 to 15.11 ppm in the groundwater and concentrations of 39.76 ppm was recorded from the Lonar crater. The shallow aquifer in the study area is dominated by Ca+Mg; CO3+HCO3 with minor SO4+Cl as anionic water type. On the contrary, the borewells tapping the deeper aquifers have increasingly Na+K>Ca+Mg cationic facies with SO4+Cl anionic facies, where Cl is the predominant anion. Out of the three spring, the Ramgaya spring shows similarly with the shallow aquifer while the Dhara spring Sita nhani shows affinity to the deeper aquifer system. The crater lake samples show Na+K cationic facies and Cl+SO4>HCO3 anionic facies where Na and Cl are the dominant cation and anion respectively. From this study it is concluded that sinking of deep borewells in Lonar has resulted in the upconing and/or mixing of the shallow groundwater the crater lake water within the ejecta blanket resulting the deterioration of water quality of both the shallow groundwater and the lower springs. Keywords: Groundwater quality, impact crater, salinity, Lonar, Maharashtra.
Mitigation of Fluoride problem through artificial Recharge Strategies – Case study from Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India
ROLLAND ANDRADE, D. MURALIDHARAN, R. RANGARAJAN, U. SATHYANARAYANA and S.D. DESHMUKH National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad- 500 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater with high levels of fluoride constitutes a health hazard in many semi-arid tropical parts of the world which includes India also. Andhra Pradesh state is one of the Indian states which have more than 7000 habitations with excess fluoride in drinking water supply based on groundwater. Several defluoridation methods have been deployed but all these high technology based treatment ended up with several constraints like availability of chemicals, electricity, skilled man power and without any proper sludge disposal treatment. In this paper the authors intend to present the results of simple and replicable approach of rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge for in-situ dilution of groundwater fluoride over a small area of ~2 sq. km in Nalgonda District of A.P. for creating safe drinking water source creation. Through hydrological and geophysical integration, suitable artificial recharge strategies were adopted and the groundwater fluoride concentration of > 3.5 mg/l over the study area was brought down to < 1.5 mg/ l which is appreciably within the WHO norms for drinking water standard. The sustainability both in terms of quantity and quality over the subsequent years are being monitored before initiation of water supply to the villages. Site suitability and understanding of the subsurface can enable in solving the problem of excess fluoride in drinking water supply over similar geomorphological terrain.
Keywords: Fluoride, Artificial Recharge, Rainwater Harvesting, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh.
Zonation of Geogenic and Anthropogenic Fluorine Contamination in Granitic Aquifer: A case study from Hyderabad Granites
SURENDRA ATAL1, PHILIP NÉGREL2, H. PAUWELS2, JÉROME PERRIN2,3 and SHAKEEL AHMED1 1 Indo-French Centre for Groundwater Research, NGRI, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India 2 Bureau de recherches géologiques et miniéres, Orléans, France 3 BRGM, Water division, IFCGR, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Increasing stress in the aquifer due to uncontrolled population growth and improper management which has lead to deteriorating water quality. 260 million people in 30 nations of the World are under the dreadful fate of fluorosis. In India, 16 out of 28 states are facing the high fluoride problem in granitic aquifer regime, which has affected its growth and economic. Apart from these few parts of Indo-gangatic plain are also affected with similar problem. In this connection, present work has been taken up to delineate geogenic and anthropogenic fluorine contamination zones in Maheshwaram watershed. The main occupation of people is agriculture and other related occupation, which represent typical rural nature. Rock types of area predominently consists of biotite granitic followed by leucocratic granites and intermixing of both. Several groundwater samples were collected in pre, post-monsoon followed by meteorological, hydrogeological and hydro-geochemical studies which revealed remarkable signatures of dual sources i.e., water-rock interaction and anthropogenic nature. As precipitation is the only source of fresh water on the whole Earth. The quantification of atmospheric input due to rainwater requires of knowledge precipitation chemistry of the watershed. Based on calculations made, the chloride concentration in unpolluted samples should not be beyond 20 mg/l. Subsequently corrections of rainwater and water-rock interaction have been made to the polluted samples. The results have shown that fluorine concentration in unpolluted and polluted samples reaches up to 1.41 and 6.42 mg/l respectively. The success of fluorine remediation techniques depends on cause and hence present investigation is of prime importance.
Keywords: Precipitation chemistry, geogenic fluorine, correction technique, Granitic aquifer.
Geochemistry of fluoride bearing groundwater in a Precambrian terrain of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh
A. SUBRAHMANYAM1, N. SUBBA RAO1 and P. SURYA RAO2 1Department of Geology, Hindu College, Guntur 522 003 2Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater quality investigations have been carried out to assess the geochemistry of fluoride bearing groundwater in a Precambrian terrain of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. The study area experiences a hot climate. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. Groundwater is the main source of drinking. Banded-biotite-hornblende-gneisses associated with migmatites, pink- and grey- gneisses, and alkaline granites are the major lithological units, which are overlain by Nallamalai Group of rocks (quartzites, phyllites, dolomitic-limestones and shales) of Middle to Upper Proterozoic. Groundwater occurs in the weathered and fractured portions of the rocks under water table and semi-confined conditions. Groundwater is alkaline, with pH of 7.1 to 8.5, total alkalinity of 200 to 406 mg/l and bicarbonate of 292 to 542 mg/l; hard to very hard (160 to 480 mg/l) and fresh environment (529 to 1,077 mg/l). Fluoride ranges from 2.10 to 3.60 mg/l. The results indicate that the weathering and leaching of fluoride bearing minerals under the alkaline environment are responsible for higher concentration of fluoride in the groundwater. Other factors are higher rate of evapotranspiration, longer contact of water with the aquifer zone, intensive and long-term agricultural irrigation, and heavy use of uncontrolled chemical fertilizers for higher crop yields, which play to further increase in the concentration of fluoride in the groundwater. The study classifies the area as fluoride risk zone, with reference to concentration of fluoride (>1.20 mg/l) prescribed for drinking purpose. Dental fluorosis is observed in the area. A suitable groundwater management programme is suggested for policy-makers and decision-mangers.
Keywords: Groundwater chemistry, Fluoride, Fluorosis, Precambrian terrain, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh Study of Fluoride in Groundwater and its impact on human population in villages of North- Eastern Rajasthan
DEVIKA BHARGAVA Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The occurrence of fluoride in the groundwater has become one of the most important health related issues in many countries of the world. In India, the problem is acute in at least 17 states. Excess of fluoride in groundwater has resulted in widespread endemic disease called fluorosis and all the 32 districts of Rajasthan are declared as fluorosis-prone. In the present study, Niwai Tehsil of Tonk district in north- eastern Rajasthan has been selected as it lies in the semi-arid region with groundwater being the major source of water supply. Water samples were collected from handpumps, tube wells and open-wells, periodically. Apart from fluoride, other chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate and chloride were also estimated. Six villages had fluoride in the groundwater in the range of 3.9 to 12.5 ppm, which is much beyond the permissible limit of 1.5 ppm. In these villages, impact assessment on human population was done by grading dental and skeletal flourosis on the basis of Dean’s classification. The overall dental fluorosis was found to be 70% and skeletal fluorosis 7.39% in the study area. Fluorosis was found to increase with age and was more common in males in comparison to females. Correlation between water fluoride content and community fluorosis index (CFI) was found to be positively significant.
Keywords: Fluoride, dental and skeletal fluorosis, community fluorosis index, Tonk District, Rajasthan.
Fluoride Contamination Status of Groundwater around Bhokar Area, District Nanded, Maharashtra, India
D.B. PANASKAR and B.S. DESHMUKH School of Earth Sciences, S. R. T. M. University, Nanded- 431606, Maharashtra, India. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. One of the major problems associated with drinking water in the some parts of the State of Maharashtra is fluoride contamination. The fluoride pollution can occur due to both natural and man made reasons. Fluoride in drinking water may be beneficial or detrimental depending on its concentration and total amount ingested. Nanded is one of the affected districts in the state. Bhokar and Kinwat taluka of Nanded district are also facing same problem. In study area numbers of dental and skeletal fluorosis cases are found. A total of 57 water samples were collected from different locations of each village of which 53 are of groundwater samples and 4 are of surface water samples. It is observed that the northern part having high fluoride content as compared to the southern part. The high fluoride zone occurs along Kolgaon budruk, Kolgaon khurd, Divshi budruk, Divshi khurd and Mahagaon villages. It is also observed that the concentration of most of the water quality parameters increases in pre monsoon season while decreases during post monsoon season. This can be attributed to the dilution by precipitation. It is also observed that low calcium, magnesium and high pH, bicarbonate alkalinity favor high fluoride content in groundwater. Majority of study area is covered by basalt and is underlained by granite. The granite is one of the important sources of fluoride contamination. Most of the groundwater samples from study area show fluoride concentration below permissible limit, but on the other hand people from such areas are also affected by dental fluorosis, it indicates that water is not only the source of fluoride contamination other factors like nutrition and environmental conditions are also responsible. It is reveled that the main factors responsible for increase in fluoride concentration are geological, chemical and physical characteristics of the aquifer, the porosity of the soil and rocks, rock water interaction, rainfall, and temperature. The higher values of fluoride in groundwater can be attributed to leaching of fluoride from natural sources like granite, mica and other fluoride bearing minerals present in study area and anthropogenic activities like application of phosphate fertilizers because study area has intensive agricultural belt and farmers are using lot of phosphate fertilizers.
Keywords: Fluoride, Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis, Basalt, Granite, Bhokar Area, Nanded District, Maharashtra
Influence of Fluoride contaminated groundwater on human health in some fluorosis endemic villages of Chandrapur District, Maharashtra
JAYA KODATE1, RASHMI URKUDE2 and VARSHA DHURVEY3 1Shivaji Science College, Congress Nagar, Nagpur 2S.P. College, Pune 3Post Graduate Department of Zoology, RTM, Nagpur University, Nagpur Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Ground water in many countries of the world has been contaminated with fluoride due to some specific geo-environmental conditions. Excessive fluoride ingestion through drinking water leads to development of a slow poisoning disease known as fluorosis. Chandrapur District of Maharashtra is threatened by high fluoride contamination of groundwater. Hence some of the villages are fluorosis endemic. This study includes some selected villages of this district. The groundwater of the area is alkaline and bicarbonate type. HCO3 has strong positive relation with fluoride whereas Ca has a negative correlation with Fluoride. No role of Na is observed in dissolution of fluoride in both deep and shallow aquifers. Fluorite present in Pakhal limestone is the main source of fluoride in groundwater of study area. Fluoride concentration in shallow aquifers is more as compared to deep aquifers. Fluoride contents in shallow and deep groundwater ranges from 0.59 to 11.8 ppm and 0.68 to 5.33 ppm respectively. But the surface water in the area is containing fluoride within safe limit (0.41 to 1.3 ppm) therefore artificial recharge of the aquifers is recommended in the area to reduce the high concentration of fluoride in groundwater. The influence of fluoride contamination on human health is chronically observed in villages Dhoptala, Matha, Gadegaon and Arvi where fluoride contents in groundwater are far above the permissible limit prescribed by BIS. People of these villages are suffering severely from both dental and skeletal fluorosis. Dhoptala village is the most adversely affected village. Dietary pattern of the population is also investigated to suggest remedial measures.
Keywords: Fluoride, fluorosis, endemic villages, Chandrapur District, Maharashtra. Arsenic cycle in aquifers in irrigated regions of West Bengal
D. CHANDRASEKHARAM1, P. THAMBIDURAI1, SYED HILAL FAROOQ1, R. RAJLAXMI1, S. NORRA2, Z. BERNER2 and D. STUEBEN2 1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, powai, Mumbai 2Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The problem of arsenic contamination in groundwater of alluvial aquifer in Bengal delta plain has become a matter of concern to World scientific community. The arsenic content in groundwater varies from 0.05 to 3.7 mg/L, with an average of 0.2 mg/L. About 44% of total population of West Bengal is suffering from arsenic related diseases like conjunctivitis, melanosis, hyperkeratosis, and hyper pigmentation. Besides groundwater, food crops irrigated with arsenic contaminated groundwater have registered high arsenic content. It has been reported that (Norra et al., 2005) rice plant roots accumulated very high levels of arsenic (169 mg/L) and the arsenic content in other parts of the rice plant is much higher than the limit prescribed by WHO (5 ¼g/L). Thus arsenic has entered the food chain. In order to establish whether similar conditions exists or not in other parts of the rice cultivated regions of West Bengal, we have selected two sites, Nabipur, where the arsenic content in groundwater is 83 ¼g/L and Najipur, where the arsenic content in groundwater is 0.93 ¼g/L. In both the areas groundwater is being used for irrigation. Arsenic content in soils, collected at regular intervals, from 1m deep pits from paddy field from both the areas have been also determined. Leaching experiments on these soil samples show that arsenic content is increasing with increasing content of amorphous Feoxyhydroxides in the soils while such correlation is absent between Fe-oxyhydroxides and silicate bound arsenic. Further, arsenic content in soils sample from shallower depth is much higher relative to those from deeper depth. The “accumulated arsenic” in shallow soil horizon is being circulated back to the aquifer. This clearly demonstrates that a process of “arsenic cycle” in the aquifers is in operation in major areas where paddy is cultivated using groundwater.
Keywords: G roundwater, arsenic cycle, aquifers, West Bengal.
Norra, S., Berner, Z.A., Agarwala, P., Wagner, F., Chandrasekharam, D. and Stüben, D. 2005. Impact of irrigation with As rich groundwater on soil and crops: a geochemical case study in Maldah District, West Bengal App. Geochem. 20, 1890-1906.
Organic carbon in paddy fields and its effect on arsenic in groundwater, West Bengal
S.H. FAROOQ1,2, D.CHANDRASEKHARAM1, P. THAMBIDURAI1, Z.BURNER2 and D.STÜBEN2 1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 2Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH), Germany Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In West Bengal the cultivable land area is about 54640 sq. km and 47650 sq. km of this land (~85%) is cultivated through tube well irrigation. Ninety one percent of this cultivated land is under paddy production (~ 92% of food produced in the state). Tube wells are extensively used for irrigation and according to the recent sense, about 5, 50,000 tube wells are in place in the state. In paddy cultivation, after harvest, the remains of previous crop (roots and stem) are ploughed back for the next cultivation. Such practice leaves significant quantities of organic matter on the surface of Bengal delta. During monsoon as well as during the paddy growth, the fields are filled with water that promotes decomposition of organic matter leading to the formation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil. Water sample collected from eight paddy fields show DOC in the range of 59 - 153 mg/L. Paddy field selected for detailed investigation is irrigated with water containing 80 µg/L of arsenic. Arsenic from irrigational water mainly accumulates itself in plants and soils. In plants, formation of iron plaque on roots mainly acts as fixation site while in soils arsenic adsorbs itself on clay surfaces. Top soil (0-8 cm) of paddy field contains arsenic as high as 42 mg/L which decreases gradually with depth and at the end of 9 meter deep soil profile only 1.3 mg/L of arsenic is measured. The decay of remains of previous crop and development of reducing conditions associated with it, results in release of all the arsenic accumulated in plants and soils into surface water. Iron (Fe) and Arsenic (As) concentrations in water samples ranges between 0.6 - 4.1 mg/L and 29 - 68.2 µg/L respectively. A stronger correlation (r2=0.74) between Fe and As shows mainly redox driven mobilization of arsenic into the water from the sediments. Despite the high availability of organic matter on the surface of Bengal delta, organic carbon in the sediments remained below 0.5%, except for the top sediments (0-8 cm) where it accounts around 1%. The lower organic matter in the sediments and higher correlation between Fe and As suggests decay of organic matter as the main process in triggering redox conditions, which plays important role in contaminating the groundwater.
Keywords: Organic carbon, arsenic, groundwater quality, West Bengal.
Groundwater Quality and Nitrate Contamination in Pili River area of Nagpur Urban, Central India
D.T. MARGHADE1, D.B. MALPE2 and A.B. ZADE1 1Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur 2Department of Geology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Deterioration in groundwater quality and nitrate contamination of groundwater regime in Nagpur city is a pervasive and serious problem. The present study is an investigation of the groundwater quality, nitrate pollution and suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Groundwater samples both from dug wells and bore wells have been collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. Most of the locations are contaminated by higher concentration of EC, TDS, Total hardness, Na+, Cl- and NO3-. Major hydro chemical facies were identified using piper trilinear diagram. Based on US salinity diagram, most of the samples fall in the field of C3S1, indicating high salinity and low sodium water. About 51.8% and 48.1 % of total samples in post – and pre – monsoon respectively exceed the guideline value of 45 mg/L for - NO3 suggested by WHO. The result revealed that the seasonal differences in nitrate concentration in dug wells are more observable than those of the bore wells. Majority of samples are not suitable for domestic purposes and far from drinking water standards. It is suggested that concrete polices in pollution control and/or prevention measures could be formulated upon better understanding of environmental factors.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, hydro geochemical parameters, nitrate pollution, Nagpur urban, Maharashtra. Iron in Ground Water in C handrapur district Maharashtra: A case study
A.K. MADHUKAR Central Ground Water Board, Western Region, Jaipur 302 004. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater exploration were carried out in Chandrapur district in the year 1987 – 1989 of Maharastra state of India by Central Ground Water Board, CR, Nagpur. Tube well up to 100 m were constructed in Kamathi overlain Barakar Formations, from 100 to 450 m in Barakar formation and up to 60 m in the Talchir shale succession Kamathi (average depth 20.00 m) overlain Talchir rock of Gondwana group. Kamathi depth is in average up to depth of 40 m. in Kamathi overlain Barakar formation. Talchir boulder bed was identified in-between depth from 40 to 50m bgl in drilling. All these Tube wells fall under the survey of India Toposheet no 55 P/4, 55 M/5, 55 P/8, 56 M/1, 56 M/1, 55 P/3, 55 P/8, 56 M/10, 56 M/6 and 56 M/9. Water samples of all these Tube wells, were collected for analysis of Iron content and were found to be rich in Iron in the Gondwana formation especially in the Kamathi rock due to the oxidation process of this rocks. Few samples were also collected from Dug well and Wardha Perennial River of these areas for comparing result. The following results were obtained.
Source of Water Iron in ppm Wardha River water 0.1 to 0.2 Dug Well (Top soil and Kamathi) 0.2 to 0.3 Tube well up to depth of 100 m (Kamathi covered Barakar) >0.1 to 7.5 (Most of the well in average 1.5 ppm) Deeper Tube well from 100m to up to 450 m (Barakar formation) 3.00 to 6.00 Tube well up to 60 m (Kamathi overlain Talchir) > 0.1 to 0.2 Bore wells in Basaltic rock up to depth 200 m > 0.1
Iron concentrated varied locally at places in Kamathi overlain Barakar formation Tube wells. In most places it ranged in between 1 to 1.8 ppm and some places less than 0.1 ppm and exceptionally more than 6 ppm also. Iron concentration between > 0.1 to 0.3 ppm in groundwater from Talchir boulder bed, dug well and river. In few deep Tube wells which were constructed in Barakar formation tapped depth were 100 to 450 m. Iron concentration varied from 3 to 6 ppm. Iron concentration in basaltic trap water is > 0.1 m in the adjoining area of the Chandrapur district. Therefore, it was inferred that Kamathi / Barakar Formations contributed more Iron at many places.
Keywords: Iron concentration, Barakar, Kamathi and Talchir boulder bed.
Alleyways of contaminants linked with land use changes to the urban groundwater system, Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra
N.J. PAWAR and ASHWINI SUPEKAR Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR) is one of the fastest growing industrial regions in western India located at a distance of 140 km south of Mumbai. It is spread over gently sloping and undulating rocky areas forming the interfluves between three rivers, Indrayani, Mula and Pauna, which have their sources in the Western Ghat hill ranges. The astonishing increase in the population and bulging urban sprawl have enormously amplified the pressure on the already limited groundwater resources besides causing pollution of both surface and groundwater. Therefore, to delineate the spatial and intra-annual trends in the contami- nants linked with land use change hydro-chemical mapping at 4-km2 grid was undertaken to cover 1544 km2 Pune Metropolitan area. The results were used in deriving interrelationships between land use, topog- raphy and aquifer lithology. The results indicated that groundwater chemistry is largely a function of com- position of the basaltic lithology, followed by geomorphologic and land use characteristics. In general, relatively higher proportion of alkaline earth elements to total cations and HCO3> Cl+SO4 reflected weath- ering of primary silicates as chief source of ions on one hand. On the other hand, inputs of Cl, SO4 and
NO3 were related to rainfall and land use factors such as urbanisation, industrialisation and irrigated agri- culture. On spatial scale, the groundwater from recharge area depicted Ca+Mg-HCO3 type that chemi- cally advanced to Ca+Na-HCO3 and Na-Ca-HCO3 type along flow direction and topographic gradient, suggesting the combined role of natural and anthropogenic factors induced cation exchange and precipita- tion processes. On intra-annual scale, while the geochemical changes in groundwater are mainly attribut- able to natural factors (silicate mineral dissolution) + cation exchange reactions in the post-monsoon, the pre-monsoon variability is largely due to anthropogenic factors and post-dissolution modifications. Affir- mative relationships between Mg vs. HCO3, Ca+ Mg vs. HCO3 and Na+ K vs. HCO3 support dissolu- tion of mafic and felsic minerals from the basaltic lithology. Similarly, the acquiescent ASSOCIATION among Cl vs. NO3, Cl vs. SO4 and well elevation vs. ionic concentration respectively confirm role of land use variables and topography on groundwater chemistry. The study puts forward the view that the groundwa- ter composition in PMR is a function of lithology, topography and land use factors. Decrease in pH values and concomitant increase in EC in the areas under intense urbanisation suggest acidification of groundwa- ter in PMR. Acidification index and acid neutralisation capacity followed by GIS overlay analyses confirm this inference.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, contaminants, landuse, Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra.
Major ion chemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra
S.C. PARANJPE1, N.J. PAWAR2 and P.K. JAIN1 1Central Ground Water Board, Central Region 2Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The groundwater from phreatic aquifer in Pune Metropolitan Region is utilized for domestic, agriculture, industrial and other water related activities. Physical parameters like electrical conductivity and pH and major ion concentrations such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, CO3 and SO4 were considered to identify the processes that control the hydrogeochemistry of the ground water in phreatic aquifer of the area. The chemistry of ground water in the area is controlled by hydrogeochemical processes like dissolution, ion exchange, precipitation and residence time. The chemical composition of groundwater is altered as it moves from the recharge to the discharge areas. In the western part of the study area dominance of cations
Ca>Mg>Na>K and anions HCO3>Cl>SO4 is observed in the phreatic aquifer of the recharge zone. In the highly urbanized transitional zone in the central part the sequence of dominance is Mg>Ca>Na>K,
HCO3>Cl>SO4 whereas the discharge zone in the east exhibits Na>Mg>Ca>k and HCO3>Cl>SO4. The phreatic aquifer in the area is characterized by three different types of hydrochemical facies. Alkaline earths and weak acids i.e. Ca+Mg-HCO3 +CO3 dominate the chemical properties of the phreatic aquifer. Low EC values in the recharge and transitional zones represent low conductivity class. The spatial distribution of EC indicates that the EC values increase in the direction of ground water flow towards discharge zone and also in localized pockets in the east indicating salinity problem. TDS content in 85 % of the ground water samples fall in the fresh water category and the remaining 15 % fall in the slightly saline category. Analysis and interpretation of the hydrochemical data suggests that ion exchange, reverse ion exchange, carbonate weathering and silicate weathering are the major processes responsible for the groundwater chemistry of the phreatic aquifer in the area. The comparison of water quality parameters with Bureau of Indian standards: 10500-93 reveals that the ground water in the area is suitable for drinking purposes except in localized pockets in the eastern part.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra.
Municipal solid waste and its effect on Groundwater environment - A case study from the waste-dumping site at Urauli Devachi, Pune
UDAY PATANKAR1 , SATLAJ KARANJE2 and RUPALI MORE2 1Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Pune 411005 2Department of Geography, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India 411 005 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Globalisation and Industrialisation, resulting into Urbanisation in recent years, has given rise to high production of solid waste. Underestimation of the volume of solid waste generation or not ready for the amount of the garbage produced with development, metropolitan cities of India like Pune Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore are facing difficulty in mitigating the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal. Environment and community’s health is by and large being seriously threatened by MSW. Uruli Devachi is one of the dumping site for the Municipal Corporation of Pune metropolis receiving 75 % of the total garbage (1000 tones) generated everyday. The unscientific dumping of solid waste on the ground, on the upstream side of an abundant stone quarry, has given rise to the accumulation of leachate in the quarry. In the present case study a detailed analysis has been done to ascertain the quality of groundwater in the 16 dugwells, 2 borewells used for irrigation and domestic purpose. The study reveals that chemical and biochemical contamination is on the higher side and for many parameters beyond the standard limits of WHO, BIS and CPCB norms. The biochemical contamination is to such an extent that the groundwater is not potable for human consumption. Further study and analysis suggests that if proper care is taken in segregating the garbage at the grass root level the garbage load can be reduced to 27% as the composition of the MSW shows that Organic matter constitute 65% of the total quantity and paper matter constitute 8 %.( Environmental Status Report by PMC, 2006). It is also proved by the presence of microbial contamination in all the samples collected from the sampling stations and high COD in the leachate, generated by the waste. The extent, type of the contamination caused by the leachate accumulation and remedial measures that need to be strictly adopted for any such sites are placed in this study for discussion.
Keywords: Leachate, solid waste, landfill, grounwater pollution, Urauli Devachi, Pune. Impact of urbanization on the water quality of Godavari River at Nashik city, Maharashtra
S.N. THITAME1, M.W. BADGUJAR1, S.K. THORAT2 and G.M. PONDHE3 1Department of Environmental Science, University of Pune, Pune 2Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Sangli 3Department of Environmental Science, P.V.P.College, Pravaranagar
Abstract
There are fourteen major rivers viz. Ganga, Yamuna, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada, Tapi and Godavari etc. flowing in India that meet the ocean. Every river including Godavari has got historical or unique importance besides providing water to mankind for number of purposes like drinking, irrigation and industry. Godavari is one amongst 14 river that originates at Trimbakeshwar near Nashik in Maharashtra at an elevation of 1064 m amsl and flows about 1465 kilometer before discharging into Bay of Bengal. Nashik is one of the big cities located at Godavari River. All wastewater of city from residential and industrial area is disposed off into the river with or without treatment, which pollute the river water. In concern with this, the present investigation was undertaken to study the impact of urbanization of Nashik city on quality of Godavari River water. It is observed that almost all-sampling station showed the physical, biological and chemical quality of water below the standards given by MPCB/CPCB/ISI. Similarly at some locations river water shows high value of Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) indicating unsuitable quality of water even for irrigation.
Keywords: Water quality, wastewater, Godavari River, Nashik city, Maharashtra.
Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality of Jalgaon City, Maharashtra State
DEEPALI YEOLE, NILESH WAGH and S.N. PATIL School of Environmental and Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
There is no doubt that water and sustainable development are closely linked. Once viewed as an infinite and bountiful resource, water today defines human, social, and economic development. Without adequate supplies and management of fresh and salt-water resources, socio-economic development simply cannot take place. Jalgaon is one of the developing urban centres in North Maharashtra region with nearly four lakhs of population in the city area. Jalgaon city comes under water scarcity zone with very low annual rainfall with depleted groundwater table. In addition to this poor water conservation approach enhance the drinking water scarcity problem during the summer season in the urban centre. There are three wastewater streams flowing through Jalgaon urban centre, among which Lendi nala, Khanderao nala and Ring road nala covers maximum residential area in the city. Maximum solid waste dumping sites were observed nearby these nalas. Total 12 locations were selected for the surface/groundwater sampling in the city as representative samples. The wastewater analysis carried out immediately after the sampling according to Standard Methods suggested (APHA and AWWA, 1998). It is observed that Lendi nala is having higher COD and BOD values with higher amount of total solids followed by Ring road nala. Among the groundwater sample analysis it is observed that the dug-wells are having higher pollutional load (higher COD and BOD values) followed by bore well water samples. During the analysis remarkably bacterial pollution was observed in groundwater samples. This may indicates that there are chances of surface water infiltration in the groundwater at sampling locations. The groundwater samples also shows higher amount of chlorides in almost all groundwater samples. From the above analylitical data it is clear that the anthropogenic activities in and around the residential area and poor drainage system leads to the groundwater pollution problems in the urban centre.
Keywords: Groundwater pollution, surface water pollution, water quality, anthropogenic activities and water quality assessment, Jalgaon city, Maharashtra.
Groundwater quality assessment around solid waste dumping site from Sangli city, Maharashtra
D.D. BIRAJE, A.K. PATIL and P.D. RAUT Department of Environmental Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Besides surface water, groundwater is also a major source of drinking water. Pollution of groundwater occurs due to various industrial and developmental activities. One of the major contributors to the groundwater pollution is solid waste which has become a major problem for many countries. As solid waste has potential to pollute the ground water a study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality around the solid waste dumping site situated at Sangli city. The groundwater samples were collected around 1 km radius of the solid waste dumping site. The analysis of certain physio-chemical parameters and biological test i.e. MPN was carried out. The analytical data shows that chloride, total solids, total dissolved solids and hardness were found far below the permissible limits of WHO. The average values of nitrate of the samples in the study area were in between 55 to 189 mg/l. It shows that the ground water is contaminated by nitrate content whose probable sources may be due to combined effect of solid waste and agricultural runoff as the dumping site was situated in the agricultural field itself. The MPN count resulted from the bacteriological study of these sample has given the information regarding the suitability of the water for drinking and use for domestic purposes. The results are discussed in the paper.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, solid waste dumping site, Sangli city, Maharashtra.
Survey of Open Wells from Kolhapur City
Y.Y. PATIL, A.K. PATIL and P.D. RAUT Department of Environmental Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The traditional sources of water present today like open wells, streams, etc. are on the stage of vanishing. For years, urban dwellers have been silently suffering an intermittent supply of poor quality water. Water scarcity has forced people to take desperate measures, considering these problems, it is necessary to identify these traditional sources of water in the cities, reconstruct and restore them. These wells play significant role in groundwater chemistry of that region. These are mostly neglected water resources in the cites. In the present study open wells from Kolhapur city were studied. Approximately more than 200 wells were present in Kolhapur city, but now most of them are defunct. In the study thirty five wells were identified from Kolhapur city and six were selected for study from different wards of the city. Social survey was also carried out to find out people participation and attitude towards conservation of these well water resources. From the study it is revealed that these water resources are rapidly vanishing from cities under the name of development and ignorance. These resources can be used as alternative water resources and for healthy groundwater system. There is need to clean and secure these wells for present and future to use as an alternative source of water.
Keywords: Open wells, groundwater, Kolhapur city, Maharashtra.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Solapur Industrial Belt, Maharashtra, India
D.B. PANASKAR and R.S. PAWAR School of Earth Sciences, S. R. T. M. University, Nanded 431606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Solapur Industrial Belt area is situated in the northern side of the city. The Textile mills are the major industries in this belt. The hydrochemical study was undertaken by collecting 50 representative Groundwater samples from dug wells and bore wells covering the entire belt. The 14 physico-chemical parameters were determined. Majority of the groundwater samples represent Ca + Mg > Na + K (Alkaline earth exceeds alkalides) and CO3 + HCO3 > Cl + SO4 (Strong acid exceeds weak acid) hydrochemical facies. The groundwaters from the study area have been classified domestic and irrigation purpose on the basis of SAR, KR, SSP, RSC, %Na, PI. The values of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Percent Sodium (%Na), Permeability Index (PI), for the pre-monsoon season are within permissible limit (80%) prescribed by WHO (1984) is excellent for irrigation purpose. The Nitrate and Sulphate contents are more than the permissible limit, which is unfit for the human consumption. The Textile mills, Sugar industry and N-fertilizer are mainly responsible for the deterioration of the groundwater from the study area. Keywords: Groundwater Quality, Industrial belt, Textile Mill, Solapur, Maharashtra.
Groundwater quality studies in an emerging industrial cluster at Butibori near Nagpur
S.H. BARI1, V.U. DESHMUKH1, L. SURYANAIDU2, C. PADMAKAR1, P.R. PUJARI1, V.V.S. GURUNADHA RAO2 and P.K. LABHASETWAR1 1Geo Environment Management Division, NEERI, CSIR, Nagpur 440 020 2Ecology and Environment Management Division, NGRI, CSIR, Hyderabad 500 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater samples from 30 observation wells have been collected from Butibori region of Nagpur district, Maharashtra which is one of the most emerging industrial clusters in Central India. Geologically the area is covered by Deccan Trap basalt of Cretaceous age. The samples were analyzed ++ ++ + + - - for pH, EC, TDS, Fluoride, Heavy metals, major cations (Ca , Mg , Na , K ) and anions (Cl , HCO3 - -- , NO3 , SO4 ). It is found that the range of TDS and chloride are 374 – 1356 mg/land 20 – 292 mg/l respectively. The fluoride concentration exceeds the BIS permissible limit in 2 – 3 samples.
Keywords: Groundwater, geology, TDS, water quality, Butibori, Nagpur. Quality of groundwater around Majri coal mine area of Chandrapur District of Maharashtra
JAYA KODATE1 and REKHA GAJBHIYE2 1Shivaji Science College, Congress Nagar, Nagpur 2Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Nagpur Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Majri coal mine area lies in Bhadravati tehsil of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. Groundwater samples from deep and shallow aquifers around Majri coal mine area were collected and analysed to ascertain the suitability of groundwater for various purposes. Hydrochemical parameters of the study area are compared with BIS and WHO standards for drinking water quality. Certain parameters like electrical conductivity, salinity hazard, Sodium percent, Sodium absorption ratio, residual Sodium Concentration, integrated SAR and EC, permeability index have been calculated for irrigation water quality. The area is mainly occupied by Talchir and Kamthi Formations of Gondwana sediments. Higher concentrations of
SO4, Cl and TDS in most of the samples indicate mining and anthropogenic impact on water quality which restricts direct use of groundwater for drinking. The total hardness in groundwater ranges from 296 to 1116 ppm indicating moderately hard to very hard types of water. pH values vary from 6.95 to 8.2 indicating slightly acidic to alkaline nature. At few places fluoride contents are also exceeding prescribed limits. The interpretations based on investigations suggest that the groundwater of study area is suitable for domestic use with few exceptions. Water is safe for irrigation purpose.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Majri coal mine area, Bhadravati tehsil, Chandrapur district, Maharashtra.
G round Water Quality in the vicinity of Fly Ash Ponds at Koradi near Nagpur City
V.U. DESHMUKH1, S.H. BARI1, L. SURYANAIDU2, C. PADMAKAR1, P.R. PUJARI1, V.V.S. GURUNADHA RAO2 and P.K. LABHASETWAR1 1Geo Environment Management Division, NEERI, CSIR, Nagpur 440 020 2Ecology and Environment Management Division, NGRI, CSIR, Hyderabad 500 007 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the chemical quality of groundwater in the vicinity of fly ash ponds in Koradi, near Nagpur city. The study area is demarcated on the basis of the watershed principle. A network of observation wells has been set up for monitoring of groundwater level and collection of water samples. The water samples have been analyzed for physicochemical parameters namely pH, EC, TDS, hardness, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, fluoride and heavy metals. The results indicate that concentration of sulphate, chloride, sodium, potassium, TDS are above the permissible limit in some samples. It is also noted that, high hardness of some water samples may be due to the underlaying calcareous formation.
Keywords: Fly ash, groundwater, geology, TDS, Koradi, Nagpur. Understanding the nature and extent of Hard rock fracture aquifers: A case study
J.P. KUKILLAYA State Groundwater Department, Jala Vijnana Bhavan, Ambalamukku, Thiruvananthapuram-695003, Kerala, India
Abstract
Electrical resistivity profiling, pumping tests and data of existing bore wells are used to understand the nature and extent of a major fracture aquifer in crystalline hard rock in the Archaean metamorphic terrain of Peninsular India. In an earlier study by the author, which was published in the Journal of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore in May 2007, certain inferences on the nature of crystalline fracture aquifers were made based on responses to pumping in bore wells in Thrissur district. The present study in a panchayat in a district attempts to carry this further by delineating a linear aquifer with the help of resistivity profiling and using the results in interpreting pumping test data. Bore wells with high yields occur along this linear fracture zone. Resistivity profiling, supplemented by data from fifty seven bore wells in the area, has helped understand the lateral extent of the zone and indicated the presence of other narrow parallel linear zones separated from the main zone by intervening areas of massive or poorly-fractured rock. Pumping test data shows three types of responses: response indicating semi confined aquifer with recharge from phreatic zone, double porosity model response and the response of a linear aquifer with parallel barrier (no-flow) boundaries on both sides. The study indicates a linear zone of fractured rocks with access to the phreatic aquifer through interconnecting fractures at least in some places. The aquifer is bounded on the two sides by massive or poorly-fractured rocks, which act as barrier boundaries. Specific capacity data and resistivity profiles suggest homogeneity on a large scale within the main fracture zone. Early responses in observation wells indicate quick spreading of the area of influence in response to pumping.
Keywords: Resistivity profiling, Pumping Test, crystalline fractured aquifer.
Geophysical Approach for Delineation of Ground Water Potential Zones: a case study from Deccan Basalt area
C.P. BHOYAR1, S.P. KHADSE2 and V.M. ROKADE3 1 Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra, Jalgaon (M.S.) 2 Department of Geology, Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati (M.S.) 3 School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (M.S.) Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Amongst all the geophysical methods, the electrical resistivity method is widely used for groundwater exploration studies in all type of terrain, and especially well suited for hard-rock areas. Delineation of weathered zones, location of groundwater bearing formations, and estimation of their thickness and depths, are some of the major issues associated with groundwater exploration that can be investigated with this method. In Deccan basalts, the degree of weathering, fracturing, and development of joint pattern, together controls the accumulation and movement of groundwater within the shallow water table zone. In view of lateral and vertical discontinuity in the weathered and fractured zones, groundwater promising zones in basaltic areas are generally of local extent. Hence precise hydrogeological and geophysical investigation is essential in search of potential aquifers. Integrated interpretation of electrical resistivity parameters in corroboration with hydrogeological field details can yield useful information for precise assessment and delineation of groundwater potential zones. In this paper, an attempt has been made to apply this integrated approach to basaltic terrain of the Kholad river basin, Amravati district (Maharashtra).
Keywords: Groundwater potential, Electrical resistivity, weathered zone, Kholad River, Deccan basalt.
Delineating the potential aquifer and characteristic resistivity of the Zeolitic formations using Integrated Geophysical Study in western Deccan Traps of India
DEWASHISH KUMAR, V. ANANDA RAO, E. NAGAIAH, P. KRISHNAM RAJU, D. MALLESH, M. AHMEDUDDIN and SHAKEEL AHMED National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Geologically Deccan volcanism is associated with the separation of the Seychelles micro continent from India and this breakup itself is often ascribed to the Reunion plume. The trappean rocks are the result of fissure type volcanic eruptions which spread over the vast area in western, central and southern parts of India at the end of the Mesozoic era. In hard rock water is available mainly due to secondary porosity while in Deccan Trap - another variety of hard rock, the presence of zeolites along with weathered/fractured basalt is the direct indication of availability of water. Zeolites are porous crystalline solids associated with vesicular/weathered basalts. These zeolites are a group of silicates containing true water of crystallization; hence identification of the zeolite/zeolite cavities which are the contributing sources for groundwater in Deccan traps is a challenging task. Keeping this in vew Integrated study using surface 1-D Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI), geological drilling and litholog preparation and lastly sub-surface resistivity logging using specially designed logging tool was carried out both for zeolites and groundwater in Pune, Nashik and Aurangabad regions of Western India. In total, 39 2D resistivity surveys were completed and covered about 18 km profiles. The ERI results have clearly shown the signature of high resistivity anomaly indicating the cavity effect or could be the cavity created due to zeolite, which is our main interest here in addition to groundwater exploration. In some of the 2-D sections the specific range of resistivity between 40 – 50 Ohm-m and 90 – 105 Ohm-m had quite clearly indicated the zeolite bearing zone. At the same time the low resistivity zone/anomaly in few 2-D sections had also clearly indicated the potential water bearing zone(s). The layered structure of the basalt formation is seen in the 2-D resistivity sections with appreciable resistivity contrast. In addition, 1-D sounding results had delineated mostly the 4 layer case of the sub-surface. The % of RMS error for the 1-D sounding interpretation ranges from 2.79 to 5.86 which shows the interpreted model parameters (resistivity and thicknesses) of the resistivity curves represents very close to the sub-surface resistivity values for the different layers. The qualitative nature of the model VES curves indicated namely A, H and K type and its combination which shows variation in the geological set up of the basaltic rock. Based on the confirmed resistivity anomaly/results five borewells drilled up to a maximum depth of 91.5 m. Latter resistivity logging was perfored at six borewells right from the static water levels to the bottom depth to confirm our results. On combined interpretation the characteristics resistivity obtained for fresh basalt in association with zeolite have a resistivity ranges between 90-105 Ohm-m while the weathered zeolitic basaltic layer lies between 40-50 Ohm-m as compared to 500-600 Ohm-m which corresponds to fresh basalt without the presence of zeolite. It is very interesting to note that the change in resistivity values in resistivity logs beautifully reflected conductive and resistive formations and the kinks observed in these logs very well shows even the minor variation in resistivity. Finally the resistivity logging aids in drawing the final conclusions and serves as a supplementary tool to understand better the geological set up of the Deccan basalt in the present study.
Keywords: 1-D sounding, 2-D Imaging, Resistivity Logging, Deccan Traps, Groundwater, Western India. Delineation of groundwater potential zones in the hard rock terrain of Deccan Volcanic province using electrical resistivity data
V.C. ERRAM1, V.R. GHODAKE2, G. GUPTA1, S.M. SABALE2, A.B. NARAYANPETHKAR2, S. MAITI1 and B.D. KADAM1 1Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. 2School of Earth Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur, Maharashtra. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The electrical resistivity gives information on soil thickness and the thickness of the weathered and fractured rocks. It also gives an estimate of depth to the water table and identifies multiple aquifer systems. An attempt is made to study the occurrence and movement of groundwater in the present investigations along Guhagar to Chiplun between latitude 17.47° to 17.50° and longitude 73.25° to 73.45° with the help of resistivity measurements. Chiplun is located in Deccan Trap covered region. Groundwater is available in such terrains in the inter and infra trappean zones. Analysis of electrical soundings represented five to six layer earth sections. The top soil resistivity ranges between 0.1 to 1.5 ohm-m towards the western margin of the study area, representing high salt content near Guhagar whereas the eastern margin shows top layer resistivity between 24 and 42 ohm-m indicating weathered formations. However the central portion has resistivities ranging from 168 to 2672 ohm-m due to the hard and compact formations. Isoresistivity contours have been presented to show the resistivity distributions at six subsurface horizons. Higher resistivities are observed at shallow depths in the eastern part and at deeper horizons in the western part. This reveals that the shallow aquifers are present in the western side and that the deep aquifers are present towards the eastern portion. The central portion shows moderate depth for aquifers. Subsurface resistivity distribution has also been shown along four cross sections identifying fracture zones which have been confirmed by ground magnetic studies.
Keywords: Resistivity surveys, groundwater potential zones, Chiplun Deccan Traps.
Assessment of Groundwater Potential and Quality in Basaltic Terrain of Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India
G. THAMMA RAO1, V.V.S. GURUNADHARAO and G. RAMESH National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 606 Email:[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The growing pressure on land for food, fiber and fodder in addition to industrial expansion and consequent need for infrastructure facilities due to ever increasing population have given rise to competing and conflicting demands on finite land and water resources. Keeping in view of the ever increasing population and need for food security for the future generation, it is realized that the water and land resources need to be developed, used and managed, in an integrated and comprehensive manner. In the present study an integrated geophysical and chemical investigation carried out in the Basaltic Terrain and associated quaternary sediments. The occurrence and distribution of groundwater are systematically analyzed in relation to the geomorphological, geological conditions within the watershed. The Resistivity Tomography studies has been carried out at 18 locations with the aid of an automatic multi electrode resistivity meter and it is indicates a three layered weathered zone, fracture zone and hard rock as the bottom layer. From 2D resistivity cross sections, medium to high groundwater potential found in the study area and the groundwater quality in terms of hardness, total dissolved solids, salinity and chloride is suitable for domestic and irrigational purposes. The data base can be extensively used for the identification of water bearing zones water quality analysis in order to assist the agriculture as well as domestic needs.
Keywords: Multi Electrode Resistivity Survey, composting area, basaltic terrain, water quality, Bagalkot District, Karnataka.
Multistoried aquifer studies with the help of electrical resistivity in BasalticTerrain: a case study from Dhubdhubi basin, Solapur District, Maharashtra, India
A.B. NARAYANPETHKAR, S.M. SABALE, G.I. PATEL and V.R. GHODAKE Department of Applied Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur 413 001 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Electrical resistivity soundings have been taken in the Dhubdhubi basin, a tributary of Bhima River in the Solapur District, Maharashtra, India. The results of the sounding data revealed two, three and multi layer earth sections. 2 D coverage of the soundings spread over the area facilitated to delineate subsurface interfaces of different layers and qualitative regional correlation between the subsurface geology and electrical resistivity. The electrical resistivity in tern has been used to map possible multistoried aquifers. It is interesting to note that the base of the top layer broadly resemble groundwater surface map, prepared from the observed pre-monsoon water levels in the field. Further, the flow system for second, third, fourth and fifth aquifer has also been visualized. It is interesting to note that for the low resistivity (less than 20 ohm-m), for the first aquifer the corresponding transmissivity shows lower values (between 20 to 60 m2/day). For the resistivity range of 60 to 100 ohm-m, the transmissivity increases and the values are between 120 to 200 m2/day. This is because of secondary porosity due to fractures. Therefore it is concluded that the secondary porosity plays an important role in transmitting groundwater in basaltic terrain. Thus, the resistivity studies are useful to: (1) delineate flow systems for multistoried aquifer. (2) Planning groundwater development programs and (3) to determine the depth at which artificial recharge is possible and therefore the type of recharge structures to be constructed.
Keywords: Electrical resistivity, multistoried aquifer, artificial recharge, Dhubdhubi basin, Solapur district, Maharashtra.
Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater in Tectonically Active Koyna Region, Maharashtra
G. GUPTA1, V. C. ERRAM1, S. KUMAR2, B.D. KADAM1 and S. MAITI1 1Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Kalamboli Highway, New Panvel (W), Navi Mumbai 410218 2Department of Geology, Government Science College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract Electrical resistivity is one of the most effective geophysical methods for investigating the presence of groundwater. In a hard rock terrain like the Koyna and adjoining regions in the Deccan Volcanic Province of Maharashtra, the nature and extent of weathering may vary significantly, depending mostly on the presence of fractures and lineaments at depth and the geomorphological features at the surface. Hence, electrical resistivity studies are vital in a hard rock terrain for identification and analysis of concealed lineaments and fractures zones. An attempt is made here to understand the tectonic framework of Koyna and its surrounding regions and its relation to the movement of groundwater. A total of 26 vertical electrical soundings were conducted from Chiplun to Patan. Isoresistivity contours for different depths, drawn from interpreted resistivity values indicate the presence of lineaments. Longitudinal geoelectrical sections along Chiplun- Koyna-Patan also reveal the signature of the lineaments along with the occurrence of groundwater. These lineaments allow large scale migration of groundwater, particularly in a tectonically disturbed and seismically active region.
Keywrods: Vertical electrical soundings, groundwater, Chiplun-Koyna-Patan, Deccan Volcanic Province, Maharashtra.
Geophysical Exploration Studies for Ground Water in Raver Taluka of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra
S.N. PATIL1, M.V. BARIDE2, ANUPAMA PATIL3, S.T.PADMANE4 and AAFREEN PATHAN1 1School of Environment and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University Jalgaon 425001 2Registrar, North Maharashtra University Jalgaon 425001 3Rural Water Supply Department Z.P Jalgaon 425001 4Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Amravati Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The present area under investigation of Raver Taluka is located towards north-eastern parts of Jalgaon district in Maharashtra State. The total geographical area under study is about 101097 hectares. The area is covered with undifferentiated Quaternary sediments and exhibits an undulating topography with southward gradient. The existing land use pattern of the area clearly shows that more than 60% of the area is utilized for agricultural sector. This area is famous for banana and sugarcane plantation. Ground water is the major source of irrigation and domestic purposes. A hydrological investigation was carried out with the help of the well inventory data and utilizing geophysical techniques. Geophysical Exploration was carried out with the help of Resistivity Meter from 23 representative Vertical Electrical Sounding stations from the study area. Data obtained from resistivity in Raver Taluka of Jalgaon district in Maharashtra State, were interpreted by the Inverse-slope method of Sanker Naraan and Ramanujachari. Resistivity, values obtained showed a variation of between 0-3 ohm-m for clay/silt,3-5 ohm-m for medium grained sandy layer, 5-7 ohm- m for loose sand and gravel bed, 7-15 ohm-m for clay with pockets of sand, 15-25 ohm-m for clay with lenses of sand, 25-45 ohm-m for compacted clay with pebbles, cobbles,gravels,40-60 ohm-m for compacted clay beds, and over 60 ohm-m for hard and compacted litho logical units, sites were recommended for dug wells/bore wells, 90% of which proved to be successful. The data thus recorded is found to be very much useful in the hydrological correlation studies. The litho logs from the dug wells were correlated with investigation data. The Field observations and VES (Vertical Electrical Soundings) data indicates that typical behaviour of alluvial (i.e. clay beds are generally pinches out towards north direction) is discussed. The survey emphasizes the need and importance for demarcating the productive areas in the area. The authors conclude the paper with the opinion that the geophysical studies play a vital role in the overall water resources development of the area for better environment in future.
Keywords: Geophysical exploration, Raver taluka, Jalgaon District, Maharashtra. Estimation of Aquifer Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity from Electrical Resistivity Sounding Data for Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Campus (UA)
N.V. SHARMA Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Nashik Region, Nashik 422 101 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The role of groundwater as an uncontaminated source of water has drawn the attraction and endeavor of a number of workers. As a result many studies have been made to evaluate the aquifer characteristics like Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity under different geological situations using various known methods. Several methods are available in groundwater hydrology for evaluation hydraulic characteristics. The most commonly used methods involve conducting aquifer performance test on existing or newly drilled wells followed by analysis and interpretation of pumping test data. The various formulae available for estimation of the aquifer characteristics from pumping test data analysis are valid only if various assumptions about aquifer continuity, thickness, homogeneity, isotropy and well storage and nature of fluid are valid under field conditions. Further, large diameter wells and dug cum bore wells which are quite common in most of the part of India pose critical problems in the analysis of field pumping test data. In the presence of diverse field conditions the various assumptions are seldom valid during pumping test and thus the estimation of aquifer parameters may lead to calculation of erroneous values from relevant parameters. At the same time these procedures are time consuming and cost prohibitive. Since late sixties many workers have published papers proposing different theories and empirical relationships between Hydraulic and Electrical resistivity related parameters. Singhal et al (1998) proposed an empirical relationship between Hydraulic parameters and Electrical resistivity parameters for Roorkee and surrounding area. In the present work an estimation of aquifer characteristics like Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity is done for different locations of Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR) campus area. For these computations, the relationships developed by Singhal et al. (1998) have been applied. The computed values of Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity are found to be within the range of values of the Roorkee and surrounding area. The main advantage of this study is that in an area where groundwater exploration is carried out using surface geoelectrical measurements, predictive estimates of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of aquifers can be made without significant additional expenditure by using these indirect methods. It is recommended that to arrive at more definite conclusion about the applicability of above approaches in geologically diverse areas, more field data should be made available.
Keywords: Transmissivity, Hydraulic Conductivity, Aquifer, resistivity survey, Roorkee.
Application of surface geophysical exploration in ground water assessment and development in hard rocks: A case study from Bilaspur city, Chhattisgarh
SUBRATA KUNAR1, A.K. SINHA2, D. TEWARI3 and A. MUKHERJEE1 Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, India 1Faridabad 2Raipur, 3Chandigarh Email: [email protected]
Abstract The significance of geophysical investigations in ground water exploration for its assessment and developmeis growing fast, particularly in urban ground water augmentation, where the resources are under stress. The geophysical investigations gained significance in source finding and hence became indispensable. Its use in managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is the new trend. Palaeokarst fill alluvium occurs along Arpa River in Bilaspur city of Chhattisgarh. To augment ground water for the city, palaeokarst surface below the alluvium was mapped using the contrast range of resistivity values of river alluvium and karstic dolomite within the city area. In order to identify such aquifers, VES data acquisition was carried out at thirty-three locations of Bilaspur city. The alluvium thickness varies from 0 m at Gokena nala to 39 m at Dyalbandh. Alluvium thickness illustrates the presence of 25-35m thick alluvium in large part of city area, mainly occupied between Arpa River and Gokena nala where Hirri dolomite is occurring below alluvium. Within this Hirri dolomite area along Arpa River two semicircular palaeo depressions have been identified having aerial extent of 3.4 sq. km. with radius of 0.45 and 0.75 km. In these locations the maximum thickness of alluvium is found varying between 35 and 40 m. The geometry of the palaeo-depressions/sinkholes was delineated and was used for obtaining higher yield wells for community water supply. Wells constructed on these selected sites have comparatively higher specific yield and reveals higher transmissivity of aquifer.
Keywords: Groundwater, vertical electrical sounding, palaeo karst, Bilaspur City, Chhattisgarh state.
Electrical Resistivity Surveys for Hydrogeological and Geotechnical Investigations at Army Rowing Channel Area, CME
M.R. BHUTIYANI and P.R. AITWADE College of Military Engineering, Dapodi, Pune-411 031 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper discusses the results of hydro-geological and subsurface geotechnical investigations carried out to assess the overall thickness of the overburden including topsoil cover and weathered basalt, nature of bedrock and its depth and evaluate groundwater potential of the area where a man-made rowing channel, conforming to the olympic and international standards is under construction in College of Military Engineering, Pune. Electrical resistivity measurements with Wenner Configuration were taken with current electrode spacing varying from 1.5 m to 300 m in six vertical electrical soundings. The investigations have revealed that the area consists of 4 sub-litho units, viz. top black-cotton soil, and highly weathered basalt, followed by moderately weathered/fractured vesicular basalt and compact and highly jointed basalt at the base. Thickness of overburden was observed to vary from 4.5 m to 34 m along the channel. An unconfined aquifer indicating presence of groundwater, consisting of moderately weathered and highly fractured basalt occurs at depth of about 3 to 14 m with another secondary aquifer at depths varying from 60 to 72 m in both the zones. Due to presence of one unconfined aquifer and other secondary aquifer in the area, the possibility of tapping this water was recommended as a potential source to meet the water requirements of the Rowing Channel partially, if not fully. The investigations proved to be of immense value as the rock profiles obtained during excavation work matched with results of these investigations with reasonably good accuracy. Using GIS, the data were analyzed with 3-D profiles.
Keywords: Electrical resistivity, hydrogeological surveys, Pune. Interpreting the Resistivity Curves with transitional increase in Resistivity with Depth – A Non Conventional way of approach
N.V. SHARMA Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Nashik Region, Nashik 422 101 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater geophysics deals with a resource which is time variant in quality and quantity. Role of geophysics in groundwater exploration is vital, to understand subsurface conditions accurately and adequately. Geophysical method commonly employed in Groundwater source finding is that of the electrical resistivity because of its efficacy to detect the water bearing layers, besides being simple and inexpensive to carry out the field investigation. Resistivity sounding method is employed for vertical investigation of subsurface geological layers. Conventionally, the curve matching technique of interpreting the field resistivity sounding data is widely used. Electrical resistivity measurements have yielded satisfactory results. But, there have been a number of failures too, because of inherent limitations of the method and conventional interpretative techniques. It is observed that, in many cases where there is a transitional increase in resistivity with depth the conventional interpretation technique do not hold good. An attempt is being made to interpret such type of field curves where there is a transitional increase in resistivity with depth in a non conventional way approach. The theoretical base for this approach is in the evolving stage.
Keywords: Groundwater, geophysics, resistivity sounding, interpretation and curve matching.
Electrical imaging of shallow and deep crust using Magnetotelluric survey
D.C. NASKAR ER, Geophysics Division, Geological Survey of India, DK-6, Sector-II, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Tectonics in the Himalaya foothills is a result of the compressional forces active since the intercontinental collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates and are best understood as a continuation of thin skin tectonics and the basement level faulting. In order to prepare the electrical image of the deep crust which is associated with seismotectonic activity and faulting in the region, wide band magnetotelluric studies were conducted at 14 stations along the Islampur-10 mile traverse in the Lesser Himalaya. The station interval is about 7 km. The subsurface layer is highly conducting (with conductivity <2 Ohm-m) at depth of about 6 km. The Siwalik formations are mapped and are found to occur in the depth range of 500-3000 m. Gondwanas was observed at a depth of 2000-3500 m below the Siwalik. The Siwaliks and the Gondwana sediments overlie a rather complex high resistive Archaean basement at a depth of 2600 m to 5600 m. Several faults were inferred from magnetotelluric data. The conductive layer seems to be located in the deep crust of the subducting Indian plate.
Keywords: Himalayan foothills, Siwaliks, magnetotelluric, electrical imaging, 1D model, 2D model. Remote Sensing and GIS Based Multi-Thematic Mapping for Efficient Management of Natural Resources
L. SURINAIDU1, P. LAXMI NARAYANA2, J. MAHESH1, S. SRIDHARA NAIDU2, V.V.S GURUNADHARAO1 and P. RAJENDRAPRASAD3 1National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500007 2Remote Sensing Application Center, Hyderabad 3Department of Geophysics, Andhra University, Hyderabad Email: [email protected]
Abstract
India is basically an agrarian country with a gross cropped area of 177 million hectares out of the total geographical area of 328.7 million hectares; the extraction of biomass, ground water has been very intensive over large areas. This activity has resulted in a considerable degree of land transformation, environmental deterioration and the land availability per capita is declining. For effective and sustainable use of these natural resources watershed based program is very effective with the advent of modern information systems, such as Satellite Remote sensing and GIS. In this paper Remote Sensing and GIS based multi-thematic mapping of Kannapuram sub-watershed of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh has been prepared. This study incorporates climate, slope, drainage, surface water bodies, lithology, structure, geomorphology, Land use/land cover.
Keywords: GIS, Remote Sensing, watershed, Multi-thematic mapping, Kannapuram sub-watershed, West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.
Remote Sensing and GIS based comparative Morphometric study of two sub-watersheds of different physiographic conditions, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
G. THAMMA RAO1, V.V.S. GURUNADHA. RAO1, RATNAKAR DHAKATE1 and A. NARAYAN SWAMY2 1National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007 2Department of Geophysics, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In this present study, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were used to update drainage and surface water bodies and to evaluate linear, relief and aerial morphometric parameters of the two sub-watersheds. The Jilugumilli and Regulapadu sub-watersheds considered for the study are located in the northern part of the West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. The Jilugumilli and Regulapadu watersheds areas measures about 110 and 80 sq. km respectively. The morphometric analysis of the drainage networks of the Regulapadu and Jilugumilli sub-watershed exhibits the sub dendritic and sub parallel drainage pattern. The variation in stream length ratio changes due to change in slope and topography. It is also concluded from the study that the streams are in a mature stage in Regulapadu and Jilugumilli watersheds, which is an indicative of geomorphic development. The variations in values of bifurcation ratio among the sub-watersheds are described to the difference in topography and geometric development. The stream frequencies for both sub-watersheds of the study exhibits positive correlation with the drainage density values, indicating increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density. The Jilugumilli watershed is related to coarse drainage texture and Regulapadu sub-watershed is very fine drainage texture in nature. Remote sensing and GIS comparative study of two sub-watersheds have successfully resulted in the evaluation of morphometric analysis of the two sub-watersheds.
Keywords: Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS), Watershed and Morphometric Analysis.
Micro level study of delineation of groundwater potential zones by integrated approach in Ambur Minor-basin, Tamil Nadu
C.G. HEMAMALINI1 and M. KRISHNAVENI2 1Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur – 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India 2Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai – 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Increasing water demand for domestic as well as industries caused over exploitation of groundwater in Ambur Minor-basin. Also continuous discharge of treated as well as untreated effluent from tannery industries into water bodies and open fields made groundwater unsuitable for any use. As a result, there is an acute shortage of usable ground water in this basin. During the field investigation it was found that domestic wells are not used for drinking purpose because of severe contamination of groundwater. Water samples, collected from thirty observation wells tested for drinking water standards indicate the unsuitability of groundwater. Tamilnadu water supply and drainage board revealed that drinking water supply heads were shifted away from the highly polluted areas of the Ambur Minor-basin. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to conduct micro level study on delineation of groundwater potential zones with suitability of water for drinking in Ambur Minor-basin. In micro level study, large scale remote sensing data integrated with GIS provided appropriate analysis of multidisciplinary data and identification of potential zones. Different thematic maps of slope, lithology, hydrogeomorphology, lineament and drainage network were prepared. By overlaying these maps groundwater potential zone map with suitability of drinking water were generated.
Keywords: Groundwater potential zone, tannery effluent, geographical information system, remote sensing, Ambur Minor basin, Tamilnadu.
Ground Water Potential Zones using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in and around Holenarasipur Schist Belt Karnataka, India
G. SATISHKUMAR and A. BALASUBRAMANIAN Department of Studies in Geology, Manasagangothri, Mysore
Abstract
Identification of lineaments and hydrogeomorphological units is a prerequisite for undertaking ground water exploration and development in any hard rock terrain. Remote Sensing techniques have proved extremely useful in hydrogeomorphological analysis and ground water studies. Remote Sensing techniques with an emphasis on lineament identification and can play a great role in ground water prospecting in semi- arid hard rock area. The present paper deals with the use of various direct or indirect indicators of the occurrence of ground water and delineating ground water potential zones for the assessment of ground water availability in a hard rock terrain. Area selected for this study is around Holenarasipur schist belt, Karanataka, India. Satellite data IRS-IC, LISS II has been used to prepare hydrogeomorphological and lineaments maps. Various thematic maps have been integrated with the help of Geographical Information system to demarcate of the ground water potential zones.
Keywords: Hydrogeomorphological units, lineaments, groundwater potential zones, Holenarasipur schist belt, Karanataka,
A GIS-based hydrogeological study of a part of the Vedganga River basin in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra
PARAG JYOTI DUTTA1 and G.N.JADHAV2 1Department of Geology, Cotton College, Guwahati 2Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract
This study aims at identifying zones of high groundwater potential in the shallow aquifers situated at the interface of the Deccan Traps and the Precambrian Kaladgi sandstone inliers in a part of the Vedganga River watershed (from 16°15’00" to 16°25’00" North latitudes and from 74°05’00" to 74°10’00" East longitudes) of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. The study also aims to asses the suitability of water for domestic and agricultural purposes. Thematic maps pertaining to lithology, drainage frequency, drainage density, slope, geomorphology, landuse/landcover and seasonal water-table fluctuations corresponding to the study area (a major part of the Bhudargarh tehsil in Kolhapur district) have been generated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) which were subsequently analyzed using ‘overlay’ and ‘cross- tabulation’ operations to delineate groundwater potential zones on the basis of terrain classification and information value methods. It is concluded that the high groundwater potential zone is confined to the plains at low elevations (560 m above m.s.l.) whereas the zones of low groundwater potential coincide with the high slopes facilitating run-off. The available bore well data reveals that groundwater at deeper levels is in a sub-artesian condition and a ‘red bole’ horizon (H” 3m) serves as the confining layer. Comparisons of the piper plots of dug well and bore well water samples from the study area suggest that the chemistry of waters from the shallow aquifers is controlled by extraneous factors, like chemical fertilizers, rather than by the inherent rock-groundwater interaction. In view of the scarcity of groundwater resources in the Deccan Traps, the study can aid in the systematic and sustainable development of water resources in the State of Maharashtra.
Keywords: Groundwater potential, hydrogeology, hydro-geochemistry, GIS, Deccan Traps, Kaladgis.
Utilisation of Remote Sensing and GIS methods for ascertaining Groundwater Potential of Hard Rock Basaltic terrain of Kagal, South Maharashtra
RAO KUMAR RAGHVENDRA Faculty of Civil Engineering, College of Military Engineering, Dapodi, Pune-411 031 Email: [email protected]
Abstract The integrated analysis in GIS is useful in evolving practically reliable ground water potential maps. The structuring of various layers based on the objective of analysis in GIS domain need to include inputs from remote sensing better resolution data along with digitized vector data using topographical map, geological and field data including electrical resistivity, details of subsurface strata, etc. to achieve validated groundwater potential layers of the area. The local raster interpolation tools using kriging geo-statistical method in GIS is of value addition in decision making and for acting as an input in spatial GIS analysis helpful in finalizing the groundwater potential map. A case study on this basis carried out in hard rock basaltic terrain located at Kagal, south Maharashtra, is discussed in the paper.
Keywords: Raster interpolation, hydrogeology, electrical resistivity, spatial data, kriging, Kagal, Maharashtra.
Remote Sensing and GIS in Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones: A Study at Thirumullaivasal Village, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu
V. RAJESH KUMAR and P. BENEDICT School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 402 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The demand for need of groundwater goes with descending powers, when compared with the available natural resources to meet the expectations of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial needs. Consequently, groundwater is being withdrawn from storage and water levels are declining resulting in crop failures, seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, land subsidence etc. This urges the need of artificial recharge of groundwater by augmenting the natural infiltration of precipitation into subsurface formation by some suitable methods of recharge. This in turn expects the quantitative availability of groundwater in the area, at the earliest, to follow suitable recharge methods. This rapid determination is found possible only when remote sensing and GIS approaches are applied as a substitution for conventional methods, where time frame is lagging. In this study, remote sensing and GIS approaches were used to identify ground water potential zones in Thirumullaivasal village of Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu. Various thematic maps were prepared for the factors that influence groundwater such as rainfall, soil type, land use, slope and geology using satellite imageries, toposheets and data from government and other organizations. Ranks and Weightages were assigned for different categories by devising criterion table and Cumulative Suitability Index (CSI) values were found out using Multi-criterion analysis of the prepared thematic maps through GIS. Based on CSI values, the area was prioritized into different ground water potential zones for future investigation.
Keywords: Remote Sensing, GIS, Cumulative Suitability Index, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu.
Identification of Groundwater Prospective Zones of Malanpur Industrial complex by using Remote Sensing, GIS and Geoelectrical Method
P.K. SINGH1 and U.C. SINGH2 1Center for Remote Sensing and GIS, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462007 2 Schools of Studies in Earth Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011 Email: [email protected]
Abstract The present study was undertaken to evaluate the groundwater prospective zones of the Malanpur Industrial Complex, Bhind District of Madhya Pradesh. India. IRS-ID + PAN and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital data along with other field data were used in present investigation. The interpretation of Remote Sensing data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify various ground features such as geology, lineament/ structure, geomorphology and slope map; they may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of groundwater. The multi criteria evaluation techniques (MCE) were used for assigning weightages and scores to various themes by assessing the importance of it in groundwater occurrence by using “spatial analyst ‘’ extension tool of ARC GIS software. The results show that there are four categories of groundwater potential ranging from very good to poor. The results thus obtained from Remotely Sensed images were cross checked with the resistivity data and pumping test data. The results obtained from integration of various thematic maps shows good agreement with the resistivity and pumping test data.
Keywords: Groundwater, Remote Sensing and GIS, Geoelectrical Method, Malanpur Industrial Complex, Bhind, Madhya Pradesh.
Groundwater Prospects Zonation and Rainwater Harvesting Sites Delineation Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Mewat District, Haryana
ANUP KUMAR, R.S.HOODA, OM PAL, SACHIN KUMAR and PREM PRAKASH SHARMA Haryana Space Applications Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Haryana CCS Haryana Agricultural University Campus, Hisar 125004, Haryana Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Water is necessary for the living beings. Of all the available water, only 0.26% is fresh drinking water. Intensive agriculture, urbanization and industrialization have put a great stress on the water resources especially on groundwater. In the National Capital Region (NCR), the population is increasing and the demand of water for drinking and industrial purposes along with agriculture is also increasing. The surface water scenario is not so good and hence, groundwater is used for all purposes. Mewat district of Haryana in the NCR is situated in the southern part of the state between the latitude 27°39’ to 28°20’ N and longitude 76°51’ to 77°20’ E and falling in the Survey of India toposheet no. 53 D/15, 53D/16, 54A/13, 54A/14, 53 H/3, 53H/4, 54E/1, 54E/2, 53H/8, 54E/5. The climate of the area is semi-arid type. In the present study, IRS-P6 LISS-III satellite data have been used to delineate the groundwater prospects zones by integrating geomorphology, lithology, structure, drainage and well inventory data in GIS environment. Alluvial plain, palaeochannels, valley fill, gullies, pediments, structural hills, linear hills, denudational hills and residual hills have been delineated. Groundwater prospects of each unit have been categorized into good to very good, good, moderate and poor. The rainwater harvesting sites have also been demarcated on the integrated map using the parameters like order of drainage and structures. The study is highly useful in further demarcating of the well site with the help of geophysical methods and in construction of rainwater harvesting structures at delineated locations. The study can help in proper land use planning like urbanization/industrialization in less groundwater prospects areas and in future groundwater development and management planning.
Keywords: Groundwater Prospects Zonation, Rainwater Harvesting,Remote Sensing and GIS, Mewat District, Haryana An approach of WIOA and Boolean logic analysis for deciphering artificial recharge zone and recharge site in hard rock Granitic terrain of Kurmapalli watershed, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India
R.K. PRASAD1, V.S. SINGH1, S.K.G. KRISHNAMACHARYULU2 and PALLAVI BANERJEE2 1National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), Hyderabad 500007 2School of Earth Science, S.R.T.M. University, Vishnupuri, Nanded 431606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Ground water is the largest source of fresh water available on the planet earth excluding polar ice and glacier. It is widely distributed through out Earth just like other economic mineral resources. But among the other mineral resources it is invaluable for the existence of mankind. Today, in the age of human race the groundwater is being degraded its quality and quantity everyday due to mismanagement, negligence and unawareness of the people. Artificial recharge is one of various approaches to sustain the quality and quantity of groundwater. Therefore, the concept of groundwater artificial recharge has become most important and challenging particularly for the peninsular region. Geographic Information System (GIS) is used for the integration and conjunctive analysis for large volume of various data, both spatial and non spatial in the same geo – referencing platform. The integration of these two data provides a significant result in the field of groundwater harvesting and management, especially in the field of hard rock terrain. In the present study an attempt of deciphering artificial recharge zone and recharge site for augmenting groundwater is made by the integration of various thematic layers such as geology, geomorphology, lineament, slope, soil by applying weight index overlay analysis (WIOA) and Boolean logic and condition method in GIS environment. Groundwater fluctuation level and specific yield method has been adopted for the quantitative evaluation of groundwater recharge zone. After analysis, the artificial recharge model is found to be more on gentle slope, valley filled, moderately Pediplain and at maximum depth to basement of the area.
Keywords: Artificial recharge zone, Hard rock, GIS, WIOA and Boolean logic.
Recharge of Wastewater Using Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) and Multi-Criteria Approach (MCA)
K. DEEPA and K. KARUNAKARAN Center for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai – 25 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater is one of the prime sources of fresh water. Its exploration and evaluation depends on various methods and criteria, geology, geomorphology, land use, slope, soil salinity, aquifer depth, etc. are the governing factors for the development of groundwater regime. In the present study an attempt has been made to use Multicriteria Evaluation techniques that are numerical algorithms that define the suitability of a particular solution on the basis of the input criteria and weights together with some mathematical or logical means of determining trade offs when conflicts arise. In this techniques weight is assigned to the data layers to reflect their relative importance. Delineation of the groundwater is done by overlaying the various thematic maps in ARCGIS software. Weights of each thematic map are given by pair wise comparison method called Analytical Hierarchy process, after considering the experts opinion. These weights were applied in linear summation equation to obtain a unified weight map containing due weights of all inputs variables, which was further reclassified to arrive at groundwater potential zone map for Adyar Watershed. Land suitability is a component of suitability evaluation of a land use for Soil Aquifer Treatment. Further the groundwater potential maps and soil texture, soil salinity and aquifer depth maps were utilized for the determination of treatment of wastewater using soil aquifer treatment. The objectives are:
1 To develop a program for Multi-Criteria Analysis using Analytic Hierarchy Process in Visual Basic 6. 2 To develop a methodology for evaluating the groundwater potential using Multicriteria decision making techniques and GIS 3 To carry out the land suitability analysis for Soil Aquifer Treatment.
Keywords: GIS, multi-criteria analysis, soil aquifer treatment, wastewater reuse, groundwater potential zone map, Adyar watershed.
Application of Artificial Neural Network in Groundwater Forecasting in Hard Rock Region
PALLAVI BANERJEE, V.S. SINGH and R.K. PRASAD National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500007, A.P., India Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater is the major source of fresh water in most part of world. The problem of getting this meager resource of fresh groundwater sustained for longer time becomes more difficult task, particularly, on hard rock region with seasonal streams and large population depending on it. Kurmapally, drought prone area of Nalgonda district is situated at a distance of about 60 km from Hyderabad, capital of Andhra Pradesh, India. Seasonal streams are not sufficient to reach freshwater requirement for the inhabitants in this region. Recurring drought coupled with increase in ground water exploitation has already resulted in declining ground water levels. The aquifer potential has shown signs of depletion and quality deterioration. Thus the purpose of this study is to estimate and forecast the behavior of water resources that become imperative in order to develop sustainable management scheme. Feed-forward artificial neural networks (FFANN) have been used for model to forecast the groundwater head in the study area with respect to time and recharge. The model was trained with the inputs of recharge, water level, time and abstraction rate to forecast the behavior of the water table for different rates of recharge from water supply wells. Hydrological data collected during the fieldwork spanning from 1st September 2004 to 30th April 2007 have been used as the inputs to forecast the groundwater level.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, groundwater forecasting, Kurmapally, Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh. Groundwater Level Forecasting using Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ): A Case Study
OKADE1 AMTEKE2 HOYAR3 HADSE4 V.M. R , R.J. R , C.P. B and S. P. K 1 School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001 2Department of Computer Science, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425001 3Postgraduate Department of Geology, Sant Gadge Baba Amaravati University, Amaravati – 444 603 4Department of Geology, Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati-444 603 Email: [email protected]
Abstract Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are presently being widely used by researchers for simulation of the complex non-linear relationship between the input and the output variables of the system. A proper design of the architecture of ANN models can provide a healthy tool in water resources modeling and forecasting. The performance of different neural networks in a groundwater level forecasting is examined in order to identify an optimal ANN architecture that can simulate the decreasing trend of the groundwater level and provide acceptable predictions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to present the experimental evaluation of ANN trained with Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) algorithm for forecasting of water levels. Titur watershed of the Jalgaon District, Maharashtra (India) is the study area in present case in which, twenty six dug wells were selected uniformly as an observation wells. In this watershed, because of heavy exploitation of groundwater resources high rate of water level fluctuation is observed. For this study different types of network architectures and training algorithms are investigated and compared in terms of model prediction efficiency and accuracy. The model generated by Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) provides the similar trend between real world field data and mathematical model results. Thus for precise and accurate groundwater level forecasting, ANN appears to be a promising tool. Keywords: Groundwater level forecasting, Annular Neural Network (ANN), regression coefficient, Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), Non-linear modeling, Jalgaon District, Maharashtra.
Finite Element Groundwater Flow Modeling of southern part of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India
L. KALPANA1, R. MURUGAN1, L. ELANGO1, S.T.MANIKANDAN2, S. FABY2 and R.N. NAYAR2 1Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025 2 Environment and Health Safety Division, BARC, Mumbai. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
A three dimensional model was created to simulate groundwater flow of the southern part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, covering an area of 750 km2. The country rock of the area is Achaean hard rock with many fractures and intruded by many dykes. 40 wells of the area were chosen to collect the water level fluctuations. Groundwater of the range 43.2 to 172.8 m3/ day is discharged from the wells for vegetation and for domestic use and these wells come across unconfined aquifer. Wells in the area are shallow with maximum depth of 10m (bgl). The model was run for transient flow condition, for two years from March 2008 to March 2010. There is a good match between the computed and observed water level fluctuations; hence the model can be used further for groundwater management for sustainable use.
Keywords: Ground water flow modeling, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh.
Impact of fluid velocity on matrix diffusion in a fractured media
N. NATARAJAN and G. SURESH KUMAR EWRE Division, Civil Engineering Department, IITM, Chennai - 36 Email: [email protected], [email protected],
Abstract
The study of flow and transport processes in fractures rock has received increased attention because of its importance to underground natural – resource recovery, waste storage, and environmental remediation. To understand the movement of contaminants in the fractured media, a simple conceptual model of a single fracture categorized as dual porosity has been considered for this study. Numerical modeling is carried out using two separate expressions, one for the fracture and another for the rock-matrix. The expressions are coupled with each other using the coupling term. The fracture aperture plays an important role in the coupling action between the fracture and the rock-matrix as it affects the flux transfer, technically referred to as matrix diffusion. Initially the velocity of the fluid and the solute remains the same but as time progresses the velocity of the solute retards and this has a significant impact of the matrix diffusion. The mathematical expression for coupling fracture and rock-matrix has no specific term accounting for the fluid velocity implying that the fluid velocity has negligible effect on the flux transfer. This work focuses on bringing out the significance of the fluid velocity and its impact on matrix diffusion as there is direct correlation between the flux transfer and the residence time of the solutes. In this work, advection is modeling using Upwind scheme and the central difference second order finite difference scheme has been used for dispersion. A constant continuous source is considered at the fracture inlet. The coupled equations are numerically solved using implicit finite difference scheme. Results suggest that a very low fluid velocity increases the residence time of the contaminant and enhanced matrix diffusion is observed. This results in significant absorption of the contaminants into the rock-matrix.
Keywords: Velocity of the solute, Matrix diffusion, Residence time, Dual-porosity.
Long-term rainfall analysis and runoff estimation in a mountainous watershed, Goa
MANOJ IBRAMPURKAR and A.G. CHACHADI Department of Earth Science, Goa University, Goa Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Mountainous watersheds of Western Ghats region call far a special hydrological treatment because of their highly variable topography and rainfall. The present study covers an interstate river basin falling in Karnataka and Goa states. An attempt has been made to estimate the surface runoff contributions in the respective watershed areas falling in Karnataka and Goa. The stream flow measurements at few locations have been carried out during the summer months to ascertain the base flow contribution from the upstream Karnataka region. It has been estimated that the major part of the surface runoff is gener ated in Goa region than in Karnataka. The study is likely to generate the authentic base line data for judicial distribution of the water resources among the interstate stakeholders.
Keywords: Rainfall analysis, surface runoff estimation, mountainous watershed, Goa.
Water Resource Management in Hard Rock Terrain – A Case Study of Jharkhand
SURESH PRASAD SINGH (Former Vice-Chancellor, VKS University, Ara, Bihar) Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatisilwai, Ranchi-835103, Jharkhand Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Water is a precious natural resource, a basic human need and prime national asset. The extent to which water is plentiful or scarce, clean or polluted, beneficial or destructive, influence the quality of human life. From the hydro-geological point of view the hard rock are those lithological units which lack primary porosity. All the igneous and metamorphic rocks namely granite, gneisses, schists, khondalites, dolerites, gabbro, basalt etc. can be grouped in this category. The water bearing capacity of these rocks depend on their ability to develop the secondary porosity which depends on the nature and extent of geological, structural and tectonic processes. Weathering also enhances the porosity of the rock formation. These processes generally convert the massive rock into a granular rock. Jharkhand - The 28th State of India constitute a part of Indian peninsular shield – a stable cratonic block of Earth crust. The major portion of the State stands on a hard rock of granite gneiss of Archaen age. The state of Jharkhand is plateau region with geographical area of 79.714 sq. km with 2.60 crore population. After creation of the state water scarcity is increasing as additional people are staking their claims to the water resources of the Region. The water table is falling at the rate of 0.4 m/year, forcing people to bore deeper and deeper. The recharge of aquifers is negligible as compared to extraction of water. Due to loss of topsoil of cropland, the food security is at risk. The total available surface water in Jharkhand state is 23789 MCM out of which only 4777 MCM of water is being utilized for irrigation, drinking water and industries. The total ground water available in the state is 4992 MCM out of which only 1328 MCM water is being utilized for different purposes. Thus total surface and ground water unutilized is 23677 MCM. Thus we are utilizing only 21.20% of total water resources at present. It is essential to utilize the 78.8% of unutilized water. The paper is mainly confined to outline the contours of hydrological set up, quality of ground water, sustainability of irrigated agricultural land and water resource management of Jharkhand.
Keywords: Water resources management, hard rock terrain, Jharkhand.
Strategies for Sustainable Groundwater Development in Basalt
N.R. TANKHIWALE1 and S.M. DESHPANDE2 (Footnotes)3Ex-General Manager, NABARD2Directorate, Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Pune 411 005 Email: [email protected] Abstract
Groundwater development in basalts remained shadowed by tube well drilling in alluvial forma- tions. Owing to complex hydrology of the basalt, even the research and academic institutions have not given as much attention to hydrogeology of basalt formations as it attracted them in alluvial and other sedimentary formations. Though basalt occupies about two third of peninsular India, ground water in these formations was not considered as a dependable source of water particularly for irrigation until Green Revolution program in the country. There has been a phenomenal increase in ground water development in Basalt since late 60s and since then it has been attracting intense attention of planners, hydrologists, univer- sities and even the farmers. Concerns about over extraction and necessity of efficient management are expressed in almost all states and have become issues of fundamental importance to resource sustainability. Hence for sustainable groundwater development in Basalt a multi pronged approach is very much re- quired. The short term strategies like preparation of GIS maps for lineaments and fractures, enhancing resource availability by augmenting storages, soil and water conservation through watershed development, inter-sector water consumption and water use priorities, human resources development needs promotion, in conjunction with the long term strategies.
Keywords: Groundwater development, sustainability, basalts.
Groundwater Management Studies in Overexploited Watersheds of Purna River Sub-Basin, Buldhana District, Maharashtra
PANDITH MADHNURE Central Ground Water Board, SR, GSI Post, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad, 500068. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Groundwater management studies were carried out in PT-10 and PT-11 watersheds of Purna river sub-basin of the Tapi river basin covering an area of 566 km2 in part of Jalgaon (Jamod) and Sangrampur taluks of Buldhana district during the year 2006-07. Geologically it is underlain by 300 m thick Quaternary sediments and basalts. The drainage pattern is dendritic/ sub-dendritic in basalt and parallel/ sub-parallel pattern in alluvium formations. The climate is tropical- characterized by hot summers and general dryness throughout the year except during the southwest monsoon season. Normal annual rainfall is 719 mm. Ground water occurs under un-confined conditions in the weathered residual and semi-confined to con- fined conditions in fractured rocks. The potentiometric ground water table varies from 230.5 m amsl to more than 339.5 m amsl during pre-monsoon season and between 231.3 m amsl to 352.6 m amsl during post-monsoon season with a general ground water flow from north to south direction. The pre and post- monsoon long-term water level trends (1997-2006) are showing a decline trend varying from 0.003 to 0.046 m/year and 0.045 to 0.07 m/year respectively. The depth of dug wells varies from 11.85 m bgl to more than 30.5 m bgl with a diameter of 1.80 m to 8 m and most of the dug wells from alluvium formation have gone either dry or the water levels are very deep. The yield of dug wells during winter and summer seasons varies between 15 to 100 m3/day and 5 to 25 m3/day respectively in talus and scree deposits and between 5 to 25 m3/day during winter season and between 5 to 10 m3/day summer season in clayey sand and gravels, while, the yield from bore wells varies between 100 to 64530 litres/hour (lph). The dug well yields of basalt during winter season vary from 5 to 100 m3/day and between 5 to 40 m3/day during summer season, whereas, bore well yields range between 500 and 36000 lph. The transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) in alluvium formation vary from 1 to 158 m2/day and 3 x 10-6 to 1.1 x 10-3 respectively, whereas in basalt, T varies from 108 to 153 m2/day and S from 8 x 10-8 to 2.6 x 10-4. As on 31st March 2004, the net annual available groundwater resources are 4446.5 ham (-2356 ham which can not be put to immediate use because of its poor quality, EC is as high as 3300). The net annual draft is 4117.56 ham of which 153.7 is of poor quality. The stage of groundwater development varies from 184 % to 192% leaving no scope for further development. For better management of groundwater resources strict imple- mentation of existing “Maharashtra Ground Water (Regulation for Drinking Purposes) Act, 1993” along with newly formulated “State Water Policy-2003” in coordination with stakeholder in regulating and man- aging resources should be implemented along with in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques like compart- mental bunding with composed coirpath incorporation treatment (Thamilmani et al, 2007). Strategy adopted by Oman country in managing the demand and supply side resources (Planning Commission, 2007) can also be tested. Total about 50 MCM of water is available for recharge and central part of the area is highly potential for ground water recharge. Therefore, artificial recharge techniques like construction of percola- tion tanks, recharge shafts, cement plugs and nala bunds are recommended. Successful borewells con- structed by CGWB may be put to immediate use in mitigating the drinking water needs and data generated during various studies can be put to use in planning the groundwater development programmes.
Keywords: Groundwater management, Purna River basin, Buldhana district, Maharashtra.
Development, Augmentation and Management of Ground Water Resources of Nagpur Metropolitan City
P.K. JAIN1, S.C. PARANJPE2 and P.K. PARCHURE2 Central Ground Water Board, SUO, Pune Central Ground Water Board, North Central Region, Bhopal Central Ground Water Board, Central Region, Nagpur Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Cities grow with the migration of population from rural areas and Nagpur city is no exception to this. This is the third largest city in the western state of Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune. With a population of 2.1 million (2001 Census) and an area of 217.53 sq. km., Nagpur is the nations 13th largest urban conglomeration. The city receives a supply of 323.5 million liters per day (mld) from surface water source, but the net supply available to consumers is about 242.63 mld after accounting for distribution losses, especially due to pipeline leakages and non domestic bulk supplies. Against a demand of 200 liters per capita per day (lpcd) as per the norms prescribed by Central Public Health and Environmental Engi- neering Organization (CPHEEO), the city dwellers on an average receive an amount of 110 liters which is about half of the prescribed norm. Therefore, most of the households resort to ground water pumpage as an alternative and dependable source of water supply. Nagpur city face water scarcity even during the winter too in certain areas and the problem aggravates when the existing ground water structures, such as dugwells and bore wells, gets dry due to low monsoon recharge. The recent spurt and expansion of roads and residential societies throughout Nagpur has drastically reduced the area facilitating ground water re- charge through rainfall infiltration. Remedial measures are thus essential to improve the ground water supply scenario. Harvesting rainwater and surface runoff seems to be a viable solution. The volume of water generated on the roof tops of the city is estimated to be 25.5 million cubic meters (MCM) with an average rainfall of 1242 mm and roof area of 20.5 sq. km. Considering 10 percent losses, the total volume of rain water available for augmentation of ground water resources in the city is estimated to be around 23 MCM. However, very little efforts have been made so far to tap this vast and valuable resource. The present paper is prepared on the basis of study carried out by CGWB, CR for Nagpur Metropolitan City and briefly enumerates the scope of rain harvesting and suggests remedial measures.
Keywords: Groundwater resources, scarcity, Nagpur Metropolitan City, Maharashtra. Evaluation and Management of Groundwater Resources of Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra
S.C. PARANJPE1, P.K. JAIN1, P.K. PARCHURE1 and N.J. PAWAR21 Central Ground Water Board, Central Region2 Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR) covers an area of 1605 sq. km. of which rural area is 67.9 percent and urban area is 32.1 percent and is located in the Deccan Trap Hydrologic Province. As the dependency on groundwater in the study area is increasing for various purposes like drinking, gardening, irrigation, construction activities, industrial etc. the groundwater resources of the area are quantitatively estimated in scientific manner for proper management and optimum utilization of this valuable resource. The total recharge in urban and rural areas from all sources is estimated to be 3097.95 Ham and 9453.86 Ham. Net ground water availability is calculated to be 2943.05 Ham in urban area and 8981.27 Ham in the rural area. Net ground water draft is computed to be 1710.77 Ham and 5547.33 Ham for urban and rural area respectively. The stage of ground water development is computed to be 58.13 in the urban area and 61.77 percent in the rural. The ground water development can be done by sinking of 2033 dug wells at suitable sites in rural area for irrigation purpose and 762 additional bore wells in the urban area at feasible sites. The ground water problems normally evolve over long periods therefore it is necessary to tackle the ground water problems in the initial stages. The management of this natural resource in a judi- cious manner is very much necessary, as it is non-substitutable and its quantity in the hydrological cycle is fixed. In rural areas construction of artificial recharge structures like check dams, farm ponds, percolation tanks, recharging of dug wells and in urban area recharging deeper aquifers through bore wells and re- charge shafts would augment the ground water resources, thereby mitigating the water scarcity problem. Using good quality of groundwater only for potable water supply and treated waste water and poor quality for irrigation and nonsensitive domestic use are the management strategies to be adopted for sufficient water availability for all uses in PMR.
Keywords: Groundwater resources, Pune Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra.
Rain Gardens - A New Ecosystem in City Landscape for in situ Harvesting of Rain Water
V.V.S. GURUNADHA RAO and L. SURINAIDU Ecology and Environment Group National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between the hydrological cycle and climate will provide the key to making realistic predictions, not only of climate but also of water resources availability. Since water plays a fundamental role in agriculture and food production adequate understanding is a prerequisite for future predictions of human food availability. Already most of the human water consumption is for agricultural purposes. The limiting role of soil moisture on plant growth and transpiration also provides an important link to the carbon and other nutrient cycles and through those ultimately to Water Quality and Biodiversity Issue of how the hydrological cycle will change as the climate changes is complicated. However, with warming, the main prospect is for increased water holding capacity of the atmosphere and associated water vapor. Hence the prospects are for increases in precipitation intensity but decrease in duration or frequency of precipitation. The changes directly impact partitioning into soil moisture, evaporation and surface runoff, and make both floods and droughts more likely. Flooding of Urban areas may become a concern. In this context, the holding of extreme event rainfall in rain gardens wherever is possible in open spaces has become imperative in City landscape. An assessment of impact of a model rain garden in NGRI for mitigating the flood peaks presented.
Keywords: Rain garden, extreme rain fall, water quality, biodiversity, city landscape.
Dual pump a solution to the sustainable rural water supply for the Bore well dependent habita- tions of Maharshtra
S.V. DESHPANDE Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Bhujal Bhavan, Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In most of the rural areas of Maharashtra, bore wells and dug wells are the only means of water supply as the 85 % rural water supply is groundwater based. The urban masses are blessed with proper pipeline network for water supply and thus this every day facility is overlooked. On the contrary, in rural areas the availability of tap water is rare and a much desired entity even though it is not affordable. The villagers yearn deeply for the day when their struggle for water will come to an end. The long duration power cut makes them reluctant towards installation of power pumps in the bore wells which could reduce the efforts. No solution was sought to these problems until GSDA came up with the innovative Dual Pump System. Dual Pump System comprises the installation of Single phase 1 HP Submersible pump in the existing high yielding bore well in addition to the Hand pump, 5000 liters HDPE Tank, a Stand post and Rooftop Rainwater harvesting provisions made it possible. Neatly constructed platforms with chequered tiles gave an aesthetic look to the scheme.
Keywords: Rural water supply schemes, dual pump system, bore wells, Maharashtra. Focused groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid regions in a climate-change scenario: an insight from Rajasthan
S. SINHA-ROY Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur 302 001 Email: [email protected]
Extended Abstract
In natural setting groundwater recharge takes place by two main mechanisms, namely, spatially distributed recharge of the aquifers from the vadose zones (diffuse recharge), and seepage from the streams and water bodies into the underlying aquifer (focused recharge). Diffuse recharge is conditioned by the hydraulic conductivity and saturation state of the vadose zone while focused recharge is possible in segments of the stream channels and water bodies that are hydraulically connected to the underlying water table by structural inhomogenieties. In climate-change scenario the complex recharge hydrology plays an important role in groundwater replenishment in arid and semi-aid regions like Rajasthan because these regions are sensitive to short- and long-term changes in climate. The important variables of regional climate models (RCM) include precipitation, evaporation, surface air temperature and wind speed etc. that in addition to landcover-landuse patterns and human intervention constitutes the significant forcing input variables of hydrologic models (HM). This scenario links RCM and RM with a bearing on groundwater recharge dynamics, storage budget and groundwater-surface water interactions. The major orographic water divide in Rajasthan is the Aravalli hill range that separates two climatic zones, namely, the western arid zone (Thar desert) (rainfall = 200-500 mm/yr) and the eastern semi-arid zone (rainfall = 500-700 mm/yr). 500 mm/yr isohyet follows the hill range that acts as a barrier to SW monsoon. The Quaternary climate in the region has fluctuated between hot arid and humid. During the Holocene the humid phase at 10-6 ka caused massive recharge of the aquifers with the water table of unconfined ones reaching almost the surface. The subsequent arid phase at 6-3 ka caused drainage disorganization including the disappearance of the Vedic Saraswati and lowering of the water table that resulted in the formation of extensive groundwater calcrete and gypcrete horizons at variable depths in the vadose and phreatic zones. These hard pan impermeable layers act as seals restricting diffuse groundwater recharge of shallow aquifers in the arid western zone that has no significant surface drainage system, but in the semi-arid eastern zone where the major drainage basins are located (e.g. Banas basin) focused recharge is aided by faults and fracture zones that have entrenched the hard pan.In shallow hard rock aquifers groundwater recharge dynamics is controlled by neotectonic and reactivated fault systems that control groundwater flow pattern, water table disposition, recharge potential, water mixing, groundwater thermal profile and hydrochemistry. The study in the Banas drainage basin in eastern Rajasthan has indicated that in semi-arid regions where the groundwater hydrology is highly sensitive to focused recharge parameters the controls of neotectonic segmentation of shallow hard rock aquifers on groundwater flow and temperature regimes are significant. In a part (ca. 18,000 sq. km) of the Banas drainage basin in south-central Rajasthan major strike-slip and extensional normal faults demarcate three groundwater blocks. The groundwater flow-path pattern indicates that the block-bounding and within-block extensional faults behave as conduits for along-and across-fault groundwater transmission while the strike-slip faults generally act as barriers to such flow. This has resulted in groundwater table troughs in regions traversed by strike-slips faults, and in groundwater table ridges in focused recharge areas traversed by extensional faults. The extensional faults displace the water table by 5- 15 m, and have also tilted the groundwater blocks to variable degrees causing flow-path disorientation. The above features of water table geometry are almost stable over a range of 10 years, both in pre- and post-monsoon periods. This suggests a significant role of fault systems in focused recharge in the area. Preliminary groundwater temperature profile across the fault zones also supports the neotectonic- forcing of focused recharge. The water temperature difference across the fault zones is variable with a maximum difference of 3oC between the hangingwall and the footwall parts of the aquifer. This suggests that the thermal profile is controlled by the transmissibility and recharge capability of the fault zones, the variable extent of mixing of recharged younger and cold meteoric water with older and warm aquifer water, and also by the variable degree of temperature homogenization. Many studies have shown that the change in aquifer storage is dependent on two most important climate-dependent parameters, namely, precipitation and evapotranspiration, and also on three important landuse- landcover and human intervention factors, namely, change in vadose zone storage, overland flow and net abstraction. An important issue for groundwater resource management is how will climate change impact groundwater recharge and storage, and how can such impacts be quantified and modeled, i.e. coupling of HM and RCM. A possible future climate-change impact under 2xCO2 scenario in arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan would be increased and erratic precipitation causing increased stream-flow and water ponding that would drive focused recharge in >500 mm/yr rainfall areas to the east of the Aravalli hill range. Since diffuse recharge is impeded due to lack of vegetation, high soil erosion and presence of hard pans the chances of flooding are likely to increase. Since the neotectonic fault systems and their transmissibility control the focused recharge and the water table geometry, increased water flow in fault-controlled channels will significantly alter the water table geometry and aquifer segmentation, particularly in hard rock terrains.
Keywords: Climate change, focused groundwater recharge, arid and semi arid regions, fault systems, Rajasthan.
Climate change, its possible impact on ground water resources: an appraisal with extreme examples from Andaman and Nicobar islands and Arunachal Himalayas, India
AMLANJYOTI KAR1, D. J. KHOUND1, B.N. GOGOI2 and SURESH KUMAR2 1Central Ground Water Board,State Unit Office, B-Sector, Near Police Station, (Naharlagun) Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh-791110 2Central Ground Water Board, North Eastern Region, Tarun Nagar Bye lane-1,Guwahati-5, Assam Email: [email protected] Extended Abstract
Over the years the climatic changes and its impact on the world perspective in general and Indian context in particular has been of great concern for the Indian scientific community. It is especially important for a developing country like India whose agrarian economy is utterly regulated by the climate. In this regard the effect of global warming is being considered as the main culprit, which is creating havoc through the discharge of green house gases from the industries. The envisaged effect from this menace is facilitating the rise in the Earth’s atmospheric temperature, melting of polar ice, sea level rise, glacial retreat in mountains, aberration in rainfall, drying up of surface water sources, decline in ground water table, droughts, etc. In matter of climate change whether the global warming could be solely responsible or not it is highly debatable. In this regard a great deal of research activities all around the globe as also in India are underway to find out the root causes of climatic change and the effect of global warming thereof. Studies are also going on to find out the remedial measures to tackle the deleterious effect of the green house gases on the atmosphere and climatic change. Even in the geologic past, climatic changes occurred on the Earth in succession. However, considerable time was taken by the nature to bring forth paleo-climatic changes as could be measured by the various geological clocks. If a glimpse on the current disaster records of drought, cyclones, abnormal hike in Earth’s atmospheric temperature and retreat of glacier is taken, it may be observed that the frequency of occurrence of the disaster has been accentuated in the last two decades, whose causes are being correlated with the influence of global warming. A very recent economic survey of India carried out in July, 2009 indicates that currently India is spending over 2.6 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) to adapt to the climatic change. The survey also opines that the effect of climatic change on agriculture, Water Resources, health and sanitation, forests; coastal zone infrastructure and extreme events are the specific areas of concern. Indian agriculture is often hit hard due to delay in monsoon. For sustainable agriculture, supplemental irrigation facilities are to be extended through development of water resources. Water resources development is also of utmost importance for catering to the drinking water need for sustenance of life. As surface water sources are becoming dwindled and un- dependable due to the vagaries of monsoon, tremendous pressure is being exerted on the exploitation of groundwater resources to meet the drinking water and irrigation need. At this juncture ground water resources are jeopardized through overexploitation which is a great threat to the human civilization.
Abnormal rise in Earth’s atmospheric temperature, rainfall aberration and glacial retreat are causing desiccation of both natural and manmade surface water sources. Hence, in one side while the surface water sources are on the wane, natural recharge to ground water from rainfall is also being handicapped due to the plausible effect of climate change in all types of terrain. Natural recharge to ground water in the higher altitude from perennial supply from the snow melt water is hindered with its gradual dismal yield. This is causing the down fall in perenniality of the springs or spring fed streams in hilly and mountainous tracts. Due to lack of freshwater supply even in the perennial streams and rivers, the natural recharge of groundwater is gradually declining all along the upper middle and lower stages of the streams and river valleys. Predicted sea level rise due to the melting of polar ice is likely to pose a threat to the coastal areas and islands through sea water ingress and saline water contamination to the fresh groundwater reservoirs. Along the Trans-Himalayan range as could be seen in the hilly and mountainous state of Arunachal Pradesh, the rural and urban water supply system is fully banking on the pristine water supply from the springs and spring fed perennial streams. In the highly sloping terrain, even the supplemental irrigation water is available from such sources. Due to rise in temperature, visible results in the retreat of glacier are being noted. Mapping of these change in position of the glacier are in progress through the study of the Satellite Imageries (verbal communication with the Scientists of DST, Government of Arunachal Pradesh). The climate change is also responsible for decline in rainfall or erratic behavior of rainfall intensity in the terrain. Both are not facilitating good groundwater recharge to the hilly and mountainous region. Now, with the combined effect of decline in perennial water supply from the snow melt water and the rainfall, both the surface and groundwater sources are being depleted day by day in the State. Besides the above factors, the other natural and human induced causes like landslides, rapid urbanization and un-scientific development all along the landscape, environmental menace due to continuation of age old Jhum cultivation, Deforestation etc. are becoming responsible for gradual non-perenniality of the springs, streams and rivers and large scale siltation in the sources. These would be of great concern for the administration of this mountainous State in view of its future sustainable drinking water supply, irrigation as also hydro-power generation which is currently booming.
Besides temperature rise and decline in rainfall and its aberration, the recurrent creation of disastrous cyclones in the oceans all around the world as also in Indian offshore region is also considered as a glaring effect of climate change. These oceanic storms and gusty winds create high sea waves which hit and devastate the coastal regions and oceanic or deltaic islands. Through insurgence of these high sea waves in the coastal tracts of the mainland or in the islands, the coasts are often engulfed and inundated with saline water. Both the surface and shallow groundwater sources are contaminated through these waves. Such disasters often dilapidate the drinking water supply and irrigation systems, which take considerable time for its rejuvenation. The disaster involves massive loss of national and private properties, incurs huge expenditure from the exchequer towards relief and rehabilitation with loss of human and animal lives. In the Indian context, the recent devastating cyclone of 2009 in coastal West Bengal especially in Sunder ban area named “Aila”, Orissa cyclone in 1999; recurrent cyclones hitting Andhra Coast may be referred to as examples.
Apart from cyclones, both the surface and ground waters resources in the coasts and islands are endangered because of the invasion of tsunami, generated from earthquake in the sea bed or various other factors and the gradual rise in sea level due to polar ice melt as an effect of climate change. The former one is rare or occasional disaster and comparatively less dangerous for the water resources as its impact is generally revivable barring few exceptions, while the latter is highly potential and may make permanent damage to the surface water sources through overland submergence and contamination to the subsurface aquifer through vertical infiltration and lateral salinity ingress.
The Indian Ocean tsunami of 26.12.04 had overshadowed all past records of tsunami devastation. During the disaster, thunderous tsunami waves had struck the Indian main land coast as also the Indian island territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands barring its havoc all along the Indian ocean countries especially in Indonesia (Sumatra), Thailand and Sri Lanka. The plate collision generated mega earthquake (M=9.3) and the concomitant tsunami wave of 0.5-11.5 metres height had severely devastated the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with a loss of 80.7 sq. km. surface area. The tsunami waves had contaminated both surface water and ground water sources in the coastal parts of the islands whose affect is nearly obliterated. As a result of plate collision tectonics there has been a subsidence of land mass over a major part of the archipelago to the tune of 0.5 to 1.5 m which caused permanent submergence by sea water at places. The sea water ingress overland as also in the subsurface especially in the areas of land subsidence and land area destruction has been noticed. This has caused the perennial loss of significant proportion of fresh groundwater resources which occurred naturally. Detailed studies carried out by the author (AK) both in the Pre and Post tsunami has established the fact. Study results coupled with plethora of evidences, chemical data plots and the evolved model is perfectly matching with the model developed by the International Groundwater Resource Assessment Centre (IGRAC). The study result also indicates that with the envisaged sea level rise due to climate change, the fresh surface water resources nearby the coast of Andaman and Nicobar Islands will be vulnerable and there will be further loss of groundwater resources and the availability of sustainable fresh water resources in these strategically important islands will be at stake. In this regard the island administration should establish the groundwater surveillance system in the subsided portion of the islands forthwith to record the noticeable salinity ingress as also to adjudge the status of the vulnerable fresh water resources in space and time. The paper embodies the possible impact of climate change on the groundwater resources in the State of Arunachal Pradesh and Union territory of Andaman and Nicobar islands with data support and needful remedial measures.
Keywords: Climate change, global warming, ground water resources, Surface water resources, decline in rainfall, retreat of glacier, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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