Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84489-5 — a Concise History of Greece Richard Clogg Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84489-5 — A Concise History of Greece Richard Clogg Index More Information

Index

‘17 november’ terrorist group 187, anti-Americanism 215, 234, 239–40 and Bush’s ‘war on terror’ 240 and Cyprus 223 administrative decentralisation, under and Imia 220–3 PASOK reforms 181 terrorist attacks 234 Aegean islands, and Greek–Turkish anti-clericalism 13 tensions 171–3, 223, 228–9 antiquities 240, 249 and oil 173, 188–9 european collectors 276 Agnew, Spiro 162 Arafat, Yasser 187 Agrapha villages 15 Aristotle, and Physiognomonica 30 Albania 107 arkhaiolatreia (worship of antiquity) 27 exodus of ethnic Greeks from 201–3 army Greek relations with, 1994 214, 215 modernisation plan (1996) 224 immigrants from 204 Revolution of 21 April 1967 and Mussolini’s attack on Greece 159–60 118–19 right-wing elements in 157–8 religious prohibition in 203 Asia Minor see also epirus Greek occupation 284–5 Alexander the Great 208 and population exchange 99–101, Alexander, King (son of George I) 89, 103–4 95 war in (1919–22) 91–7, 283, 285 Alexandros Karatheodoris Pasha 70, 83 Askoutsis, nikolaos 132 Alfred, Prince 55, 292 Aspida (Shield) and Andreas Algava, Isaac 128–9 Papandreou 158, 159 Ali Pasha 20, 32, 296 Athanasiadou, Anna 271 Allende, Salvador, and Hortensia 187 Athens Alliance of the Left and of Progress Academy of 76, 290 197, 198 choice as capital 47, 49 Amalia of Oldenburg (wife of King demonstrations in 162, 164–5, Otto) 50, 53–5, 58, 301 170–1, 249, 253–7 Andrew, Prince (son of George I) 100–1 German occupation of 121 Angelopoulos, Angelos 132 metro 288 Ankara Convention (1930) 107 national Library and Opera House Annan plan, see Cyprus 288, 289 Anthimos, Patriarch of Jerusalem 13 and Oraia ellas café 52

339

340 Index

austerity programme (2010) 251–2, Bush, President George W. 240, 244 273 Byron, Lord 33, 38, 210–11, 276, 280 relaxed 263 Byzantine empire 2–3, 7 results of 252–3 see also financial crisis; troika Canada Australia, Greek emigration to 146, Greek migrants in 111, 227–8 192–3 and Macedonians 207 and Macedonians 207 Canning, George 39 autochthons 47, 296 Cappadocia, Greek population in 48, 92 Bakirtzis, Colonel evripidis 132 Castlereagh, Viscount 1 Bakoyanni, dora 246 catholics 10 bailouts, see financial crisis; troika Cavafy, Constantine 112–13 Balkan alliance, and war with Ottoman Cem, Ismail, earthquake diplomacy 232 empire 77–9 Centre Union 152, 155, 157, 168, 302, conflicting territorial claims 79–81 303–4 Greek new territories 81, 284 split 158, 159 Balkan crisis (1875–8), effects on see also Papandreou, Georgios Greece 65–7 Chios 10, 15, 33, 79, 86, 297 Balkan nationalism 47 Chrysostomos, Archbishop of Smyrna Balkan nuclear-free zone 187 94 Balkan Pacts Church, Richard 297 (1934) 107 Church settlement (1833) 49 (1953) 147 Churchill, Winston 119, 127, 136–7, Balkan wars (1912–13) 268–9, 283, 293 284 establishment of regency 134 Bank of Crete, and financial scandal percentages agreement with Stalin 195–6 130–1 Benakis, emmanouil 78 civil war (1946–9) 141, 142–3, 287 Benjamin of Lesvos 32 Clerides, President of Cyprus 224, 229 Bosnian conflict 209 clientelism 226 brigandage 48–9, 66–7 Clinton, President Bill 210–11, 233 Britain and anti-Americanism 231 and Cyprus 147, 149, 154–5, 167 and Imia 220, 221 and edeS 129–30, 131 Coalition of the Radical Left, see and Mussolini’s attack on Greece SYRIZA 119 coalition government and Venizelos 284 after June 2012 election 261, 263 and war of independence 281 under Papademos 257 see also Byron; Canning; Codrington, Admiral Sir edward 41 Castlereagh; Churchill; Colonels, see military regime of Entente powers Colonels British Museum 270 communism Bulgaria 107, 284 and civil war 141, 142–3, 287 armistice (1918) 284 expulsion of Yugoslavia from attack on Serbia 85 Cominform 139 and Macedonia 268–9 and military regime 161 see also Balkans post-civil war attitude to 144, 145 Bulgarian exarchate 67 see also United democratic Left

Index 341

Communist Party of Greece (KKe) corruption 245 104, 309 and inancial crisis 256, 257, 288 and 2015 elections 263, 264 Couvaras, Costas 126 and 2019 election 269 Crete 10, 15, 17, 70, 85 abstention from 1946 election 135 defence of 119 and Alliance of the Left and of enosis 292 Progress 197 German occupation of 121 balance of power in 1989 196–8 and Goudi coup 73–5 balance of power under George II muslims in 48, 99 113–15, 286 uprisings in 65, 67–9 boycott over ratiﬁcation of eC Crimean War 53, 60 treaty 174 Cyprus 5, 10, 67, 85, 229–30 and democratic Army 137–9 accession to eU 223–4 legalisation of by Karamanlis 167–8, and Greek-controlled area 244 235, 287 Annan plan 243–4 resistance to fascist occupation British interest in 147, 149, 154–5 122–3 and Colonels 162, 287 share of vote in 2012 259, 260 debt crisis in 258 and Slav Macedonians 208 and enosis 147, 283 split into two parties (1967) 160 Greek population in 104 see also eAM and Makarios 271–2 Communist Party of Greece of the muslims in 48 Interior 160, 197 power sharing in 149, 155 Congress of Berlin 65, 70, 104 and taksim (partition) 148 Congress of Vienna 29, 294 Turkish invasion (1974) 151, 154–5, Constantine, Crown Prince 166 (subsequently Constantine I, Turkish occupation of north 172, King of the Hellenes) 291 188–9, 283, 287 abdication 98, 100–1, 284, 285 Un peacekeeping force in 155 dispute with Venizelos 83, 284 see also Grivas; Makarios III see also national Schism Cythera 16 Constantine II 169–70 confrontation with Georgios damaskinos, Archbishop of Athens Papandreou 158–9 128–9, 134, 136–7, 293 exile under Colonels 161, 162 daumier, Alphonse 64 Constantine xI Palaiologos 18–19 deliyannis, Theodoros 61, 63, 282, Constantinople 7, 12, 20 291–2 and the Great Idea 47 and revolt in Crete 67–9 Greek population in 54–5 delta, Penelope 78 and Venizelos 91 demertzis, Konstantinos 300 see also Istanbul demirel, President Süleyman 223 constitution, irst (1822) 280 democratic Army 137–9, 141, 143 construction investment after civil war democratic defence 168–9 145 democracy in europe Movement 2025 Corfu (Kerkyra) 10, 16, 87 264–5 Italian occupation of 107 democratic Left (Dimokratiki Aristera) Corinth canal 68, 282 259, 260 coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic and coalition government (2020) 272, 273, 288, 290 261, 264

342 Index

democratic Socialist Party 303 elisabeth, Princess of Romania 293 dervenakia, Battle of 40–1 Elliniki Nomarkhia (Greek nomarchy) diaspora 4, 227–8, 273, 276 (1806, anon) 277–8 benefactors 76, 289 emigration 4, 69, 111 and nationalism 28 from inancial crisis 265, 273, 288 and Philiki Etairia 31 in postwar period 146, 273 in Soviet Union 204–5 from Turkey 151 see also Greek merchants to United States 282 dervenakia, Battle of 40–1 see also diaspora dimas, Stavros 262–3 enosis (union) 147, 149, 283, 292, dionysios IV Mouselimis 13 298–9 dodecanese islands, Greek population Entente powers 83 in 104 and dardanelles campaign 85 and Italy 107, 281 and royalist government 87 don Paciico incident 53, 301 and Smyrna 91–3 dragatsani, battle of (1821) 33, 280 and Venizelos 85, 91 dramali, Mahmud 40–1 environmental concerns, and forest ﬁres drosios, Georgios 76 247–8 dukakis, Michael 5, 111, 227 eOKA (national Organisation of Cypriot Fighters) 147, 283 eAM (national Liberation Front) eOn (national Youth Organisation) 122–3, 127, 280 116, 117, 300 and Papandreou government 131, epirus 67, 70, 81, 85, 91 133–4 and Greek–Italian war 120–1 and PeeA 130, 132 see also Albania earthquake diplomacy 221, 232–3, ePOn (Uniﬁed Panhellenic Youth 283 Organisation) 123 ecevit, Bülent 176 erdogan, Recep Tayyip, Turkish ecumenical Patriarchate 206 president 242–3, 265, 266 eden, Anthony 134, 136–7 eRT (Greek Radio and Television), edeS (national Republican Greek closure of 261 League) 123, 127–9, Ethniki Etairia (national Society) 69, 304, 310 72–3 and Britain 129–30, 131 european Realistic disobedience Front education, and classical past 49, 278 (MeRA25; Metopo evropaikis egypt, Greek migration to 78 Realistikis Anypakois) 265, eisenhower, General dwight 140 269 el Greco (Theotokopoulos, european Union domenikos) 17 accession of Cyprus 223–4, 244 eLAS (national People’s Liberation customs union with Turkey 215 Army) 123, 127–9, 287, 307 diplomatic relations with Macedonia attack on edeS 129–30, 310 213–14 and demobilisation 133–4 emergency loan from 194 postwar tensions 137–9 Greek membership of 174, 215, 237, elgin marbles 210–11, 231, 238, 287–8 233–4, 249 changing attitude to 178 call for loan of 270 Maastricht Treaty 211

Index 343

and PASOK policy 186, 187 George II, King 98, 100–1,106, 113– and refugees from Turkey 266–7 15, 119, 138–9, 140, 293 Turkish accession to 233, 242–3 appointment of regent 134, 136–7 see also ﬁnancial crisis; troika exile 285 evert, Angelos 128–9 and resistance groups 123, 127–9 evert, Miltiades 212 restoration 286 and new democracy 213, 225 Germany, Wehrmacht occupation 286 evgenidis, Stephanos 82 Giotopoulos, Alexandros 240 ezekiel, Bishop of Melbourne 192–3 Gizikis, Lieutenant-General Phaidon 163–5 Fallmerayer, J. P. 2 Golden dawn (Chrysi Avgi) famine 121, 124–5, 286 June 2012 election 260 inancial crisis (2008–9) 250–1 2015 elections 264 anti-German feeling 251 disintegration after 2019 election asset sales 254 269–70 bailouts 251–2, 253–7, 258 links with neo-nazis 259 defence spending 256 Gorbachev, Mikhail 205 emigration 265, 273, 288 Gorgopotamos viaduct, destruction of recovery from 269, 272, 273, 288 127, 307, 310 results of 262 Goudi coup (1909) 71, 72–4, 114, 284, and taxation system 251, 257, 261 293, 308 see also troika Gounaris, dimitrios 98, 100–1 Fleet, General James van 140 Gounaropoulos, Georgios 120 Florakis, Kharilaos 185, 197, 199 government bond purchase, and France ﬁnancial crisis 258 and Venizelos 284 Great Crash (1929) 286 and war of independence 281 effects on world economy 107 Frederica, Queen (wife of King Great Idea, the (Megali Idea) 46–7, 60, Paul), and Karamanlis 98, 275, 282, 296 138–9, 295 and national Schism 83–7 Friendly Society, see Philiki Etairia and occupation of Asia Minor FYROM (Former Yugoslav Republic of 284–5 Macedonia) 207–9 Greek merchants and Ottoman trade agreement on name 244, 265, 267 21–3 Greek relations with 213–14 development of national interim accord 214 consciousness 25–7, 277–8 US recognition as Republic of and national movement 23–5 Macedonia 244–5 Greek Rally 144, 295, 302 see also Macedonia Greek–Serbian treaty (1913) 79 Greek Solution party 269 Gavdos 223 Greek–Turkish relations 283–4 Gavriilidis, Kostas 132 in mid twentieth century 150–1, Gennadius, Ioannis 70 162, 163, 213, 238 George, Prince, High Commissioner of in 2000s 242–3 Crete 69 davos agreement 189–90 George I, King 55–9, 83, 281, 284, economic consequences of tension 292–3 173–4 foreign policy of 65 and erdogan 265

344 Index

Greek–Turkish relations (cont.) immigration, in twentieth century 273 Greek defence spending 224 Independent Greeks 259, 260 and Imia (Kardak) 220–3 and 2015 election 264 and Kosovo war 231–2 coalition with SYRIZA 263, 267 and Ocalan 230 infrastructure PASOK defence policy 187–9 eU subsidies for 288 and refugees 266–7 modernisation in 2000s 240 territorial claims in Aegean 171–3, railway system 282 223, 228–9, 283–4 Ioakheim, Metropolitan of Kozani 132 see also Cyprus; earthquake Ionian Islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, diplomacy; Ottoman empire; Zakynthos, Cythera, Levkas, thirty-day war Ithaca, Paxos) Grey, Sir edward 84–5 French occupation of 29 Grigorios V, Patriarch of Constantinople and Venetian rule 16 11, 13, 36–7, 277, 293–4 Ioannidis, Brigadier dimitrios 163–5 Grivas, General Georgios, and eOKA punishment of 171 147, 154–5, 299 Islam, conversion to 14 guerrillas (Makedonomakhoi) 72–3, Istanbul, 1955 anti-Greek riots in 126 222–3, 283 see also edeS; eLAS; resistance Italy Guizot, François-Pierre 296 armistice (1943) 129 occupation of Greece 121, 286 Hadzianestis, General 98, 100–1 treaties with 107 Hanke, Hans 52 war with 118, 120–1 Hansen, Theophilos 76, 290 Ithaca 16 Hansen, Christian 76 haradj (tax on Christians) 14 janissary levy (paidomazoma) 14 Haralambopoulos, Yannis 187 Jaruzelski, General 187 Hawke, Bob 192–3 Jewish community Hellenic Library 271 and nazi extermination 206, 286 heritage, awareness of 1–2, 27, 278 Salonica 81, 125, 128–9 Hess, Peter von 41 John, don, of Austria, and Lepanto 15 heterochthons 47, 296 John Paul II, Pope, and Great Schism resentment towards 50–1 (1054) 241 Hitler, Adolf 118, 119 Johnson, President Lyndon, and Cyprus Hobhouse, John Cam, on condition of 155 Greeks (1809–11) 276–7 Joint US Military Advisory and Planning Holbrooke, Richard 220–3 Group (JUSMAG) 140 hospodars 21, 24–5 Hydra 23, 26 Kaftantzoglou, Lysandros 76 hyperinﬂation 124–5, 162 Kammenos, Panos 263, 267 Ibrahim Pasha 39, 281 Kanellopoulos, Panayiotis, and national Radical Union 159 IdeA (Sacred Bond of Greek Ofﬁcers) Kapodistrias, Count Ioannis 32, 41–3, 158 280, 294–5 idionym law 106 assassination of 43 Ieronymos II, Archbishop 271 Karakioulaphis, Anastasios 30 Imia (Kardak), crisis 220–3, 283 karamanlides 54–5

Index 345

Karamanlis, Konstantinos 6, 139, Kontoglou, Photis 54–5, 103, 156 184–5, 201, 209, 210–11, 217, Korais, Adamantios 2–3, 28, 30, 278, 219, 246, 295–6, 302 297–8 and 1961 elections 151–2 Koryzis, Alexandros, and war with and Greek accession to eC 149–51, Italy 119 174, 287–8 Koskotas, George, and Bank of Crete agreement with Menderes over ﬁnancial scandal 195–6, 211 Cyprus 149 Kosovo 230–1 metapolitefsi 166–8, 170 Kostaki Mousouros Pasha 83 and national Radical Union 148 Kotzias, Kostas 116 new democracy’s structure 176 Koufodinas, dimitris 240 and Olympic Games 242 Koumoundouros, Alexandros 305 ‘opening’ to Balkans 174–5 Koundouriotis, Admiral Pavlos, Presidency 177, 191–3, 200 election as President 106 referendum on monarchy 169–70, Koutsogiorgas, Agamemnon 211 287 Kütchük, Fazil 149 resignation of 153 return from exile 165 Lagarde, Christine 260 tensions in Aegean Islands 171–3 Laiki Bank 258 Karamanlis, Kostas, and new Lambrakis, Grigorios 153, 191 democracy 219, 246 language, of Greek populations 48, election of 2000 233 54–5, 205 2004 election 245 and population exchange 99–101, resignation 249 285 Karatzaferis, Giorgos, and LAOS 248 purity of 2, 27–8, 49, 157, 278, 298, Karavangelis, Germanos, Bishop of 301 Kastoria 72–3 LAOS (Laikos Orthodox Synagermos) Kastellorizo 157 248, 249, 259 katharevousa 2, 27, 49, 157, 301 Leo the Wise, Oracles of 18–19, 20 Keun, Bernhard 298 Lesvos, refugee camps 266 Khatzibeis, Stamatis 132 Levkas (Lefkada) 16 Khatzimikhail, Theophilos 80–1 Leyen, Ursula von der, eU Commission Khoremis family 78 267 Khristodoulos, Archbishop of Athens Liani, dimitra 195, 213, 217–18 234, 237, 241 Lloyd George, david 96 Khruschev, nikita 282 loans, from protecting powers 64–5 Khrysanthopoulos, Photakos 39 and International Financial Kissinger, dr Henry 167 Commission 69 KKe, see Communist Party of Greece see also troika Kleanthis, Stamatis 76 Lymberis, Admiral Khristos 220 klefts 279 Lyons, Sir edmund 53 and resistance to Turks 15, 40–1 Kokkalis, Petros 132 Macedonia Kolettis, Ioannis 296–7 agreement with 265, 267 and the Great Idea 47, 51, 269–70 and Albanian national movement 77 Kolokotronis, Theodoros 35, 40–1, and KKe 104, 269 43, 297 refugees in 103, 267 Kondylis, General Georgios 106, 113 territorial claims in 67, 72–3, 79–81, Konstantinovna, Olga 292 268–9

346 Index

Macedonia (cont.) opposition to 162, 164–5 and Young Turk conspiracy 73–5 popularity of 161–2 see also FYROM; north Macedonia; punishment of after overthrow Republic of Macedonia 170–1 Mahmud II, Sultan 20, 32, 39–41, 281 US attitude to 162 Makarezos, Colonel nikolaos 159 see also Cyprus; Ioannidis; punishment of 171 Makarezos; Papadopoulos; see also military regime under Pattakos Colonels Miller, William 284 Makarios III, Archbishop and President millet system 10 of Cyprus 147, 298–9 Milošević, Slobodan 230 and independent Cyprus 149, 154–5 Mitsotakis, Konstantinos, and and Ioannidis 163–5 new democracy Party 157, and power-sharing 155 169, 185, 190, 197, 199–200, relations with Greek military regime 246 162 and 1993 election 212–13 Makriyannis, General Yannis 12, 35 allocation of government Makronisos (prison island) 138–9 posts 212 Mandakas, General Manolis 132 economic policy 209–11 Maniadakis, Konstantinos 117 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos 265 Markezinis, Spyros 163 head of new democracy Markos (Vaﬁadis) 137–9 government 270 marriage reforms 181 Moldavia 25 Martis, nikolaos 192–3 monarchy 43, 281 Matthaios, Metropolitan of Myra 17 1843 coup 58 Mavromikhalis, Kyriakoulis 74 abolition of 106 Mavromikhalis, Petrobey 295 Bavarian inﬂuence on King Otto 50, Mavromikhalis clan 43, 44 58, 281 Mavros, Georgios 178 choice of successor to Otto 55 Megali Idea, see Great Idea institutional infrastructure 48, 49 Mehmet, Sultan 11 referendum on 169–70, 287 Mehmet Ali, of egypt 39, 281 restoration of Constantine I 95 Menderes, Adnan 149 restoration of George II 113–15 MeRA25 see european Realistic see also Constantine II; Great Idea; disobedience Front George I; George II; Otto of Mercouri, Melina 234 Wittelsbach Merkel, Angela 251, 260, 261 monotoniko, single accent system 181 see also troika Montenegro 284 mesa 4, 61 Morritt, John 276 metapolitefsi 219, 235 Moukhtar Pasha 296 Metaxas, Colonel Ioannis Mourouzis, Konstantinos 36 and communist opposition 117–18 Movement for Change, and 2019 dictatorship of 115–17, 285, 286, election 269 299–300 muslims 10, 14, 48, 81, 99 foreign policy 118–19 and Athens mosque 241–2 Michel, Charles, european Council 267 in Macedonia 208 Military League 73, 281 in western Thrace 104, 206–7, 237 military regime of Colonels 160–1, Mussolini, Benito, war with Greece 275–6, 287 118

Index 347

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) 93, 98, 232 share of vote in 2015 263, 264 and Venizelos 105, 107 victory in 2019 election 269, 270 victory in Asia Minor 95–7 see also Karamanlis; Rallis, Georgios mutinies, in Greek forces 130, 131 niarchos, Stavros 289, 290 Mytilini (Lesvos) 79, 80–1 nikotsaras 279 nixon, President Richard 167 nahmias, Alberto/Avraam 128–9 north Macedonia, Republic of 267 napoleon Bonaparte 29 popular opposition to agreement national Camp 175–6 267, 268, 269 national defence (Ethniki Amyna) notaras, Grand duke Loukas 7 87–9 national health service 181 Ocalan, Abdullah, and Kurdish national Liberation Front, see eAM Workers’ Party 230 national Organisation of Cypriot occupation, during World War II 121, Fighters, see eOKA 273–4 national People’s Liberation Army, see see also resistance eLAS Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 126 national Progressive Centre Union Okhi (no) 120–1, 256 143, 305 Old Calendarists 205–6 national Radical Union, see Olympic Games (2004) 242, 272 Karamanlis Omonoia 214, 215 national reconciliation policy 180 Onassis, Aristotle 290 national Republican Greek League, see Operation Golden Fleece 205 edeS Orthodox Church 236 national Schism (Ethnikos Dikhasmos) conservatism of 3 83–7, 95, 284, 291, 308 and office of patriarch 13 national Society, see Ethniki Etairia under Ottoman empire 277 national Solidarity 123 Othonaios, General 100–1 national Youth Organisation, see Otto of Wittelsbach, King 43, 281, 300–1 eOn and army 66 nATO and constitutional government 50, and Cyprus 148 51, 58, 281 Greek and Turkish admission to and Crimean war 53 147, 150–1, 283 overthrow of 53–5, 281 and military regime of Colonels 162 Ottoman empire PASOK’s relations with 185–6 decline in eighteenth century 19–20 and Pericles plan 152 and Greek merchants 21–3 withdrawal from 178 and Phanariots 20–1 natural gas, reserves in eastern effects on Greek society 3–4, 7–10 Mediterranean 283 millet system 10 nautical islands 23 office of Patriarch 13 navarino, battle of 39, 44, 281 revolts against 15–19, 282–3 naxos 10 status of Greeks in 14–15 neo-martyrs 57 thirty-day war (1897) 283, 284 new democracy Party Overseas Hellenism, and ethnika coalition in 2013 261 zitimata 227–8 defeat in 2009 249–50 Özal, Turgut, and davos agreement failure of reform programme 245–8 189–90

348 Index

PAK (Panhellenic Liberation 1961 elections 152 Movement) 168–9, 302 1963 elections 153–5 Paliouritis, Grigorios 27 and Centre Union 144, 152 Palmerston, Lord 53 and Colonels’ military regime 161 Pangalos, General Theodoros, military control of army 158 dictatorship of 106, 109, 285, demobilisation of guerrilla armies 310 133–4 Pangalos, Theodoros (politician) 230, reform programme 157 231, 233–4 rejection of ‘double’ enosis for Panhellenion 41–2, 295 Cyprus 157 Papadiamantis, Alexandros 301 Papandreou, Giorgos, and PASOK 245, Papadopoulos, Colonel Georgios 152, 246 159, 161, 162–3, 164–5, 235 and financial crisis 250, 257 punishment of 171 Papandreou, Margaret 195 see also military regime of Colonels Papandreou dynasty 109 Papagos, General Alexandros 115, 140, Papanikolaou, Georgios 304 141, 142–3, 148, 301–2 Papariga, Aleka, and Communist Party and Greek Rally 144, 302 213 dependence on US aid 146 Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos 2 economic reconstruction 145–6 Papathemelis, Stelios 192–3, 216 majority system 144–5 Papoulias, Karolos 260, 262 Papaheliou, Melpomene (Thyella) 126 parliamentary democracy 282, 287, 288 Papandreou, Andreas, and PASOK, modernisation of 63 157–8, 159, 161, 168–9, and traditional society 51–3, 61–3 175–6, 177–8, 184–5, 198, see also patronage 239, 246, 302–3 paroikies (colonies) 23 and 1993 election 212–13 party politics and Bank of Crete scandal 211 under George I 59, 281–2 ‘Contract with the People’ 178–9 under Otto 50 davos agreement 189–90, 195 PASOK (Panhellenic Socialist divorce and health problems 195, Movement) 168–9, 302 217–18 coalition with democratic Left 264 economic policies of 216 decline in electoral support (2015) 263 elections of 1985 193–4 and electoral law 191 and austerity programme 194 financial scandal 195–6 era of the ‘dinosaurs’ 219 foreign policy of 178, 185–6 financial scandal 195–6 change in style 186–7 and Macedonians 207 davos agreement 189–90 opposition to Karamanlis’ 2nd term defence policies 187–9 as President 191–3 move towards centre 177–8 personal popularity 179–80 official opposition 175–6 reforms of 180–5 Papandreou’s popularity 179–80 and Sismik I 173, 188 return to power in1993 (‘new’ visit to Cyprus 188–9 PASOK) 213–14 visit to Poland 187 education policy 227 see also PASOK and nATO’s bombardment of Papandreou, Georgios 131, 136–7, 246, Serbia 231 303–4 privatisation policies 216, 226–7

Index 349

and Simitis 219–20, 225–6 progonoplexia (ancestor obsession) and single currency 226, 233 2, 27 stability and growth programme 252 Protestants 206 see also Papandreou, Andreas Protocol of St Petersburg 39 patronage 59–61, 281 Protopapadakis, Petros 100–1 Pattakos, Brigadier Stylianos 159 Provisional democratic Government punishment of 171 139 see also military regime under Psara 23 Colonels Psaros, Colonel dimitrios 130 Paul, King 138–9, 144, 148 Pushkin, A. S. 38 and Karamanlis 153 Pavlopoulos, Pavlos 270 Rallis, dimitrios 62, 74 Pavlopoulos, Prokopis 263, 270 Rallis, Georgios, and new democracy Paxos 16 Party 177, 179, 246 Peace of Carlowitz 21 Rallis dynasty 109 Peloponnese, 1821 uprising 280 refugees People’s Party (Laikon Komma) 109, from Middle east through Turkey 111–13 265, 266–7, 273 plebiscite on constitution 135 political affiliations of 104–6 proportional representation under resettlement of 101–3, 285 George II 113–15 Regime of the Fourth of August 1936 Phanariots 20–1, 24–5 115–17 philhellenism 33, 38, 280 religious affiliation, and identity cards Philiki Etairia (Friendly Society) 31–2, 234, 236 34–5, 44, 279–80, 294, 296 Republic of Macedonia 244–5 Philip, duke of edinburgh 210–11 resistance, to Second World War Philip of Macedon 206, 207, 208 occupation 121–3, 127–9, Philorthodox conspiracy 50 286–7 Piano, Renzo 290 coordination of 127–9 Plastiras, Colonel nikolaos 98, 106, demobilisation of guerrilla armies 109, 114, 134, 285, 304–5 133–4 Political Committee of national German reprisals against 123, 286 Liberation (PeeA) 130, 132 hostilities between groups Political Spring (Politiki Anoixi) 212, 129–30 213, 217, 225 see also eAM; edeS; eLAS Pontic Greeks 48, 92, 204, 215 Revolutionary Struggle 240 Popov, Gavriil 205 Rhodes 10 Popular Unity party 264 Rice, Condoleezza 240 population, changes in Rizos Rangavis, Alexandros 70 and ethnic balance 103–4 Roidis, emmanouil 59 after Lausanne Settlement 99–101, rouspheti 4, 51, 61, 292 103–4, 285 Russia flight from rural to urban areas and ‘Big’ Bulgaria 65, 70 145–6 and Crimean war 60 Prespa Agreement, with north support for Greek national Macedonia 265, 267, 269 movement 31 privatisation, of state-owned and war of independence 281 enterprises 226–7, 262, 263–4 war with Ottoman empire 20

350 Index

Sakellaropoulou, Katerina, election as Sion, david 128–9 president of Greece 270, 271, Skouphas, nikolaos 31, 34–5 272 Skylosophos, dionysios 15 Salonica (Thessaloniki) 284 Slav Macedonian minority 207–9 capture by Greek troops 86 Smyrna (Izmir) elections in 88 destruction (1922) 275 German occupation of 121 Greek landings in 91–3 Jewish population in 81, 125, Greek population in 48, 54–5 128–9, 286 Treaty of Sèvres 93–5 pro-Venizelist coup 87–9 socialisation policy 185 tobacco workers strike 115 socialism 235–7 Samaras, Antonis Sophoulis, Themistoklis, and Liberal negotiations with troika 261 Party 113–15, 134–5, 185 and privatisation 262 Soutsos, Mikhail 24–5, 36 and Political Spring 212, 213, 217 sovereignty, violations of by Great Samos 79 Powers 89, 95, 130 Sampson, nikos 154–5, 299 Soviet Union, exodus of ethnic Greeks Sarais, General Stephanos 307 from 204, 205 Sartzetakis, Christos 191–3, 197, 199 Special Operations executive (SOe) 127 Sassoli, david, european Parliament Spetsai 23 267 St George the Younger of Ioannina 57 Saunders, Brigadier Stephen 239–40 Stalin, Josef 138–9 Schilizzi, Helena 109–11 and democratic Army 139 Scholarios, Georgios Gennadios, percentages agreement 130–1, 136–7 patriarch of Constantinople and Pontic Greeks 204 11 Stamatelopoulos, nikitas 40–1 Seferis, Georgios 103 Stanhope, Leicester 38 Senior, nassau 282 state employment 59, 174 Serapheim, Archbishop of Athens and ﬁnancial crisis 252, 257, 261 184–5 and PASOK policies 194 Serbia 284 salaries in 185 Greek sympathy for 209 strikes by employees 194 nATO’s air bombardment of see also patronage 230–1 Stephanopoulos, George 227 and Ottoman empire 276 Stephanopoulos, Kostis, President 217 Sheytanoglou 15 Stergiadis, Aristeides 93 shipping, Greek interests in 146 Stevenson, William 39 Siantos, Georgios 132, 307, 309 Stournaras, Yannis 262 Siemens, bribery by 249 strikes, and demonstrations against Simitis, Kostas, and PASOK 217, bailout conditions 253, 254 219–20, 225–6, 237, 245 Svolos, Alexandros 132 and 2000 elections 233 SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left) and Greek–Turkish relations 220–3, 259, 260 229 and 2015 election 264 single european currency 226 coalition with AneL 263 Sinas, Simon 76 coalition with Independent Greeks single european currency 233, 288 263, 267 and ﬁnancial crisis 250–1, 262 losses in 2019 election 269 strikes against 226 reversal of austerity measures 263

Index 351

tax Tsaldaris, dino 135 evasion 265 Tsaldaris, Panayis 140, 301 increases 263–4, 288 and People’s Party 109, 111–13, underpayment of 251 143 see also ﬁnancial crisis Tsarouchis, Yannis 156 Tériade (efstratios eleftheriadis) 80–1 Tsatsos, Konstantinos 170, 177, 191 Tertsetis, Georgios 297 Tsipras, Alexis 259, 263 Theodorakis, Mikis 198, 267 and 2019 elections 269 Theotokas, Georgios 87, 102–3, 305 and agreement on north Macedonia Thessaloniki see Salonica 265, 267, 268, 269 Thessaly 67, 70 referendum on third troika bailout Thiersch, Friedrich 50 263–4 thirty-day war (1897) 63, 64–5, 67–9, Tsirimokos, Ilias 132 283, 284, 292 Tsokhatzopoulos, Akis 225, 257 Thrace, refugees in 104 and PASOK 218 Tito, President 208 Tsolakoglou, General 119 To Potami (The River) party 264 Tsontos, Georgios (Captain Vardas) tourism 146, 202–3 72–3 18th-century Grand Tour 276 Tsouderos, emmanouil 119 and austerity programme 252 Tsovolas, dimitris, and democratic contribution to economy 262, Socialist Movement 216 273 Tuckerman, Charles 2 and coronavirus pandemic 272, Turkey 290 ethnic Greeks in 206 Tourkokratia (Turkish rule) 3–4, 12, eU entry 233, 242–3 15–19, 60, 278 war with (1919–22) 91–7, 283, 285 and Church 22–3, 36–7 see also Greek–Turkish relations; and Venice 16 Ottoman empire Treaty of Bucharest (1913) 81 Treaty of Constantinople (1832) 281 Un Convention on the Law of the Sea Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 186, 206–7, 215 216, 265, 285 Un High Commission for Refugees Treaty of London 39, 79 265 Treaty of San Stephano 70 unemployment 253, 265, 270, 288 Treaty of Sèvres 93–5, 99 uniﬁed defence doctrine 224 Trebizond 10 Union of Centrists 264 Greek population in 54–5 Union of the democratic Centre 175 Trial of the Six 98–9, 100–1, 285 United democratic Left (edA) 148 Trikoupis, Kharilaos 63, 69, 70, 71, 78, and murder of Lambrakis 153 250, 282, 305–6 United States, and Greek emigration Troezene, assembly of 41–3, 44 4–5, 73, 110, 111, 282 troika (eU, IMF and eCB) universities, reforms in 181 conditions for assistance to Greece US bases, and PASOK policy 186, 252, 254, 257, 260 188–9 help for Cyprus 258 US postwar aid 139, 141, 287 and third bailout 263–4, 288 and 1951 electoral system 144 Truman doctrine 137, 140 dependence on 141, 143, 146 Tsakaloff, Athanasios 31, 34–5 see also Truman doctrine Tsaldaris, Athanasios 217 Uzbekistan, ethnic Greeks in 204

352 Index

Vallianos, Panagis 289, 290 agreement on frontier 43, 281 Varkiza agreement 134–5 see also Troezene, assembly of Varoufakis, Yanis 264–5 Wellington, duke of 39 Vartholomaios, ecumenical Patriarch, Werry, Francis 279 and Serbian Christians 209 Western european Union 212 Vatopaidi monastery 248–9 western Thrace Velestinlis, Rigas (Pheraios) 12, 28–9, Bulgarian occupation of 121 192–3, 306–7 ethnic cleansing of Greeks 208 The New Political Constitution... muslims in 206–7 279 settlement of former Soviet Greeks Veloukhiotis, Ares (Klaras, Thanasis) 205 307–8 Wilson, Andrew 172 Venice, Greek community in 16 women, status of 123, 126, 181, 270, Venizelist takeover after defeat in Asia 271, 272 Minor 98–9 and franchise 148 settlement with Turkish republic World Council of Hellenes (SAe) 99–101 227–8 Venizelos, eleftherios 71, 78, 83, 99, World War I 102–3, 106, 107, 108–9, dispute over Greek participation in 308–9 83–7 assassination attempts on 109–11, Greek demands at Paris peace 286 conference 91 defeat of 95, 285 and economic crisis 107, 285–6 xanthon genos, legend of 17, 60 and Entente 89–91, 92 xanthos, emmanouil 31, 34–5 exile in France 111, 114 xeniteia 5, 110, 146 foreign policy of 107 xiros, Savvas 239–40 and Military League 74 and Paris peace conference 91 Young Turks 73–5 reform programme 75–7 and forced Ottomanisation 77 and Smyrna 91–3 see also Mustafa Kemal and Treaty of Sèvres 93–5 Ypsilantis, Alexandros 25, 32–3, 36, 280 visit to Turkey (1930) 283 Yugoslavia, treaties with 107 war in Balkans 77–9, 284 Venizelos, evangelos 210–11, 228, 259 Zaev, Zoran 265, 268 Venizelos, Sophocles, and Liberal Party Zakhariadis, nikos 135, 139, 309 143 Zakynthos (Zante) 16 Vladimirescu, Tudor 32 Zalikoglou, Grigorios 278 Vryzakis, Theodoros 38 Zariﬁ, Georgios 82 Zervas, napoleon 309–10 Wallachia 25 Zhivkov, Todor 188 war of independence 26, 39–41, 277, Zikos, Mikhail 57 280–1 Zographos, Christaki efendi 82 100th anniversary 275 Zographos, Panayiotis 12 150th anniversary 275–6 Zolotas, xenophon 185, 199 200th anniversary 276 Zorbas, Colonel nikolaos 73