An Claidheamh Soluis (Agus Fáinne an Lae) 1899-1932 Anailís Agus Clárú Ar Phríomhnuachtán Ré Na Hathbheochana

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An Claidheamh Soluis (Agus Fáinne an Lae) 1899-1932 Anailís Agus Clárú Ar Phríomhnuachtán Ré Na Hathbheochana L. O. 5^-62- V 0j>. 1 An Claidheamh Soluis (agus Fáinne an Lae) 1899-1932 Anailís agus Clárú ar phríomhnuachtán Ré na hAthbheochana Dhá Imleabhar - Imleabhar a hAon Regina Uí Chollatáin B.Oid., M.A. Stiúrthóir : An Dochtúir Aisling Ni Dhonnchadha r Ceann na Roinne : An tOllamh Ruairí O hUiginn Roinn na Nua-Ghaeilge Dámh na nEalaion Ollscoil na hÉireann Má Nuad Deireadh Fómhair 2002 Clär Notai Buiochais vii Noda ix Réamhrá x Caibidil a hAon: Cúlra agus Feidhm An Chlaidhimh Soluis - 1 Nuachtán agus Cáipéis Staire 1.1 Feidhm an CS 1 1.1.1 Stair na Nuachtán Eireannach 6 1.1.2 Claonadh Náisiúnta agus Colúnaíocht na Gaeilge 9 1.1.3 Gluaiseachtaí mionteangacha agus forbairt nuachtán 14 1.2 Stair agus Bunú an CS 16 1.2.1 Fáinne an Lae agus An Claidheamh Soluis 16 -A n Claidheamh Soluis 1.2.2 Teidil 18 Caibidil a Dó: Forbairtí sa CS féin i dtréimhse thosaigh an nuachtáin agus cúrsaí teanga sa tréimhse 1899-1903 29 2.1 Forbairt 29 2.1.1 Clódóirí, Ciorclaíocht, Cúrsaí Airgeadais 29 ii 2.1.2 Riaradh an CS : Bainisteoirí agus Eagarthóirí 34 2.1.3 Bainisteoir agus Eagarthóir nua 41 2.2 Cúrsaí Teanga agus Feidhm Bholscaireachta an CS 50 2.2.1 Staid na Gaeilge nuair a cuireadh an CS ar bun 50 2.2.2 An CS mar uirlis chumarsáide i mease nuachtán Éireannach eile 55 2.2.3 An Ghaeilge i gcomhthéacs teangacha eile 58 2.2.4 Léiriú ar Ghaeilge i gcúrsaí oideachais sa CS 61 Caibidil a Tri: An Léiriú ar chúrsai Litríochta agus ar chúrsaí Tire i dtréimhse thosaigh an CS, Márta 1899 - Márta 1903 76 3.1 Litríocht 77 3.1.1 Litríocht Angla-Eireannach agus an chonspóid leis 78 an ‘Irish Literary Theatre’ 3.1.2 Léirmheastóireacht 86 3.2 Cúrsaí Tíre 89 3.2.1 Cúrsaí Sóisialta 89 3.2.2 Cúrsaí Eacnamaíochta 100 3.2.3 Cúrsaí Polaitíochta 106 Caibidil a Ceathair: Nuachtán forbartha, comhaimseartha, conspóideach 110 4.1 Athruithe sa CS féin - Eagarthóireacht agus Bainisteoireacht 111 4.2 Polaitíocht 120 4.2.1 Cúrsaí Polaitíochta agus Conradh na Gaeilge 126 iii 4.3 Cúrsaí Eacnamaíochta agus Sóisialta na hÉireann 135 4.4 Dui chun cinn cúrsaí Gaeilge mar a pléadh iad sa CS 140 4.4.1 An Ghaeilge i gcúrsaí oideachais 148 4.4.2 Ról na nuachtán i gcúrsaí Gaeilge 153 4.5 Litríocht 157 Caibidil a Cúig: Tréimhse Chorraitheach 1917-1921 166 5.1 Cúrsaí Clódóireachta agus Eagarthóireachta an CS féin 167 5.1.1 Cúlra na tréimhse ó thaobh na hiriseoireachta de 167 5.1.2 Cúrsaí Riartha an CS 169 5.2 Cúrsaí Teanga 180 5.2.1 Cur Síos ardhul chun cinn na Gaeilge sa CS 180 5.2.2 Caighdeán, Litriú, Ció 185 5.3 Litríocht 191 5.3.1. Obair ar son na Iitríochta Gaelaí - An Ridireacht Liteartha’ 191 agus ‘Cumann na Sgríbhneoirí’ 5.3.2. Cúrsaí Aistriúcháin; Léirmheastóireacht; Drámaíocht 193 Caibidil a Sé: Bunú an Stáit - Ré bhisiúil, fhorásach i nuachtáin na Gaeilge 1922-Meitheamh 1926 205 6.1 Na hAthruithe i bpolasaithe eagarthóireachta sa CS agus 206 forbairt ar choinníollacha iriseoireachta na Gaeilge 6.1.1 Forbairtí agus Fadhbanna i gcúrsaí riartha an CS 206 6.1.2 Forbairt ar iriseoireacht na Gaeilge mar aonad ann féin 212 6.1.3 Fadhbanna Eacnamaíochta 214 iv 6.2 Cúrsaí Tíre 217 6.2.1 Cúrsaí Polaitíochta 217 6.2.2 Cúrsaí Eacnamaíochta agus Sóisialta 222 6.3 Oideachas 226 6.4 Cúrsaí Teanga 232 6.5 Litríocht 239 Caibidil a Seacht: Tús achrannach, deonach agus críoch stuama, choimeádach 243 7.1 An CS mar nuachtán i mease nuachtán uile na hÉireann 244 7.1.1 R é ‘Máire’ agus tús an deiridh 246 7.1.2 Ról an CS i bhforbairt iriseoireacht na Gaeilge 255 7.2 Cúrsaí Teanga 259 7.2.1 Troid na Gaeltachta 259 7.2.2 Ceist an chló Ghaelaigh 265 7.2.3 Oidhreacht na Teanga i gcúrsaí Litríochta 270 7.3 Cúrsaí Tíre 274 Caibidil a hOcht: Conclúidí 283 8.1 Feidhm, Cúlra agus Forbairtí an CS 284 8.2 Dui chun cinn agus Athruithe na Gaeilge 293 8.3 Oideachas 302 8.4 Litríocht 304 V 8.5 Cúrsaí Tíre 308 8.5.1 Tionchar Pholaitíocht na hÉireann ar chúrsaí Gaeilge 311 8.5.2 Bunú Stát nua na hÉireann 313 8.6 Críoch 315 Nótaí 325 Aguisíní Aguisín a hAon : Eagarthóirí an CS 1899-1932 524 Aguisín a Dó : Nuachtáin na hÉireann ó 1795-1899 526 Leabharliosta 539 Ciar an CS 1899-1932 568 Cuid a hAon -Eagarfhocail 570 CuidaDó-Ailt 615 Cuid a Tri - Litríocht 841 vi Notai Buíochais Ba mhaith liom fíorbhuíochas a ghabháil le Roinn naNua-Gaeilge, Ollscoil na hÉireann, Má Nuad as an tacaiocht a tugadh dom le linn mo chuid taighde. Gabhaim fíor bhuíochas ó chroí leis an Dochtùir Aisling Ni Dhonnchadha, Roinn na Nua - Ghaeilge, Ollscoil na hÉireann, Má Nuad a threoraigh mé agus a chuidigh liom i ngach gné den tráchtas seo. Ba mhór an misneach, tacaiocht, inspioràid agus spreagadh a thug Aisling dom i rith na hoibre. Nuair a bhí solas an Chlaidhimh ag lagù, d’éirigh lèi an ghile a chur ar ais ann. Gabhaim buíochas ar leith leis an Ollamh Ruairí Ó hUiginn, Ollamh le Nua - Gaeilge, Coláiste Phádraig, MáNuad as an tacaiocht agus as an gcabhair leanúnach a thug sé dom i rith an ama. Ba fhoinse spreagtha agus mhisnigh an Dochtùir Tadhg Ó Dúshláine agus tàim fior bhuíoch as na soilse inspioráide a las sé dom agus mé i mbun oibre. Do Ghearóidin Ni Ruadhain, Rùnai Roinn na Nua-Ghaeilge, Ollscoil na hÉireann, Má Nuad, gabhaim fíorbhuíochas as an bhfoighne a léirigh si agus as an tacaiocht a thug sí dom i rith na tréimhse staidéir. Do fhoireann na leabharlainne i gColáiste Phádraig, Má Nuad agus do fhoireann na Leabharlainne Náisiúnta gabhaim fíor bhuíochas as an gcabhair a tugadh dom i rith na hoibre seo. Gabhaim buíochas ar leith leis na daoine a chuidigh liom ábhar a bhailiú agus eagar a chur ar an tráchtas seo: An tAthair Cathal Ó Fearraigh; Paula Ni Chollatáin (a chabhraigh liom le clár na n-amhrán); Seán Mac Mathúna, Ard - Rúnaí, Conradh na Gaeilge, B.A.C. agus Tomás Mac Ruaidhrí, Uachtarán Chonradh na Gaeilge (a chuir tuairiscí, eagráin an CS agus ábhar breise ar fáil dom); Rosemary Me Carthy, Oifigí an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh (a chabhraigh liom ábhar agus tuairiscí a aimsiú); Laurence Gannon, An Phríomh-Oifig Staidrimh (a chabhraigh liom statistici a aimsiú); Sara Smyth, Newsplan, Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann (a chabhraigh go mor liom ó thaobh stair na nuachtán); An tAthair Caoimhín O Néill, Uachtarán Choláiste Phádraig, Ceatharlach agus Bride de Roiste, Gaelscoil Eoghain Uí Thuairisc a chuir deiseanna taighde ar fáil dom. Do mo chlann agus do mo chairde, as an bhfoighne a léirigh siad agus as an tacaiocht a thug siad dom agus mé i mbun na hoibre seo, ba mhaith liom mo bhuíochas ó chroí a chur in iúl. A bhuíochas do thacaíocht, fhoighne, spreagadh agus cúnamh mo chlainne, Declan, Donnchadh agus Máire, a d'éirigh liom an taighde agus an saothar seo a chríochnú agus tairbhe agus taitneamh a bhaint as an taighde agus as cur le chéile ábhar an tráchtais seo. N o d a An Claidheamh Soluis Fainne an Lae Réamhrá Cuireadh an CS i gelò in 1899 chun ábhar léitheoireachta a sholáthar do ghnáthphobal na Gaeilge. Thuig Conradh na Gaeilge an géarghá a bhain le huirlis chumarsáide dá gcuid féin a bheith acu a bheadh mar shuaitheantas na Gluaiseachta Gaeilge. B ’éard a bhí sa nuachtán go bunúsach ná guth poiblí Chonradh na Gaeilge ó 1899-1932 ach toisc na tréimhse inar cuireadh i gelò é, fágadh cáipéis staire a bheadh mar fhoinse bhunaidh staire, litríochta agus teanga do léitheoirí an lae inniu. Is ag féachaint siar ar imeachtaí teanga, eachtraí staire agus ar ghluaiseachtaí litríochta na tréimhse seo a fheicimid an tábhacht a bhain leis an nuachtán sa tslí gur fágadh i bhfad níos mó ná uirlis chumarsáide Chonradh na Gaeilge do léitheoir an lae inniu. Mar sin déantar iarracht sa tráchtas seo an CS a mheas in dhá tréimhse a)an tréimhse inar cuireadh i geló é agus b) sa lá atá inniu ann a bhfeictear torthaí na tréimhse inar cuireadh i geló é. Maraon le cuid mhaith irisí agus nuachtáin na linne, is genre scríbhneoireachta dá cuid féin é a bhfaightear miontuairiscí agus mionsonraí beo, fuinniúla, cuimsitheacha ann agus dá bharr, go bhfaightear breis léargais ar chúrsaí litríochta, chúrsaí teanga, chúrsaí oideachais agus chúrsaí tíre na tréimhse 1899-1932. Líon nuachtáin ar nós an CS an bheama a bhí ann chun ábhar léitheoireachta Gaeilge a sholáthar do ghnáthmhuintir na hÉireann. I gcoitinne, is féidir léitheoirí an CS a roinnt suas i dtrí ghrúpa. Sa chéad áit, bhí na comhfhreagróirí ach spreag cuspóirí difriúla an dá ghrúpa comhfhreagróirí. Bhí deighilt mhór idir cumas Gaeilge na léitheoirí ach d’ainneoin na constaice sin, bhí ról ag an dá ghrúpa i gcur chun cinn na Gaeilge agus d’fhreagair an CS éilimh an phobail léitheoireachta tri ábhar agus stíl na scríbhneoireachta a cuireadh i geló ann. Don ghrúpa comhfhreagróirí a raibh neart Gaeilge acu agus a raibh an cumas iontu le cur le hábhar an nuachtáin, tugadh seans dóibh páirt ghníomhach a ghlacadh i bpríomhdhíospóireachtaí an CS agus ailt a sholáthar don nuachtán féin. Dóibh siúd a bhí ar bheagán Gaeilge ach a raibh suim acu in athbheochan na Gaeilge, sholáthair an nuachtán ábhar léitheoireachta agus ábhar foghlama Gaeilge dóibh.
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