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Air Quality Management in the Jingjinji Region

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Air Quality Management in the Jingjinji Region Air Quality Management in the Jingjinji Region Formalizing a Collaborative Framework Prepared for The World Bank China June 2, 2017 Final Report Prepared by students of the University of Southern California Sol Price School of Public Policy: Aierken, Bogelajiang; Deaderick, Lauren; Ellis, Britton; Guillen, Danielle; Hong, Xinyu; Hu, Miaomiao; Liou, Angela; Liu, Xinran; Luo, Jingtong; Nash, Wallis; Rosenquist, Stina; Shih, Richard; Skiba, Jamie; Wang, Li; Wu, Cheng; Xia, Xue; Yeh, Carlos; Zhang, Yuchen Led by Dr. Marlon Boarnet, Chair, Department of Urban Planning and Spatial Analysis Special Acknowledgements The China International Lab, 2017 of University of Southern California Sol Price School of Public Policy would like to thank the following experts for all their effort, motivation, and support during our research: Binyam Reja, Practice Manager, Transport & ICT Global Practice, Central Asia, China and Mongolia, The World Bank China Garo Batmanian, Lead Environmental Specialist, Environment & Natural Resources Global Practice, The World Bank China Barjor Mehta, Lead Urban Specialist, The World Bank China Zhi Liu, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University Shijiazhuang Urban Planning Institute Transportation Department Jifu Guo, Director, Beijing Transportation Research Institute China Academy of Urban Planning and Design (CAUPD) Pengjun Zhao, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Peking University Mark Harrison, Atkins Matthias Bauer, Atkins Sun Yang, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, China Academy of Sciences I Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... vi I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 15 II. Background .......................................................................................................................... 18 A. Health Impacts ...............................................................................................................................18 1. Morbidity from Air Pollution.......................................................................................................18 2. Productivity Loss of Workers ......................................................................................................19 3. World Health Organization Air Pollutant Standards ...................................................................19 B. Awareness of Air Quality Issues ...................................................................................................21 1. Social Media Moments Attract Public Attention .........................................................................21 2. Response to International Perception ...........................................................................................22 3. Public Opinion on Air Quality .....................................................................................................22 III. Land Use ........................................................................................................................... 23 A. Current Land Use Issues ...............................................................................................................23 1. Urban concerns related: residential recycling process in Beijing ................................................23 2. Suburban housing concerns .........................................................................................................24 3. Rural Agriculture .........................................................................................................................25 B. Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................25 1. Implement an in-home recycling system in youth communities .................................................25 2. Start green building projects on university campuses ..................................................................26 3. Decrease loan interest rates for homes purchased in suburban areas ..........................................27 4. Upgrade air pollution monitoring systems to measure ammonia levels. .....................................28 5. Promote more efficient farming practices for agriculture biomass burning and nitrogen rich fertilizer use in Hebei Province. ...........................................................................................................28 IV. Industry ............................................................................................................................. 29 A. Existing Industry Situation ...........................................................................................................29 1. Beijing ..........................................................................................................................................29 2. Tianjin ..........................................................................................................................................30 3. Hebei ............................................................................................................................................31 4. National regulations that impact the region .................................................................................32 B. Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................32 1. Restructure and upgrade industry ................................................................................................33 2. Align regional and governmental collaboration in economic and environmental incentives ......33 V. Transportation ................................................................................................................. 34 A. Current Conditions ........................................................................................................................35 1. Personal Vehicle Use ...................................................................................................................35 2. Passenger Transportation .............................................................................................................38 3. Freight Transportation .................................................................................................................39 II B. Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................42 1. Develop multi-modal connectivity to the Beijing suburbs, Hebei and Tianjin. ..........................42 2. Deploy better transportation demand management strategies. ....................................................43 3. Improve efficiency and coordination of the freight network. ......................................................44 4. Expand electrical vehicle use through more convenient charging stations .................................44 VI. Energy ............................................................................................................................... 44 A. Existing Concerns Related to Energy Structure .........................................................................44 1. Current Energy Structure .............................................................................................................44 2. Barriers to Clean Energy ..............................................................................................................45 B. Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................46 1. Increase Collaboration- REC and RTO .......................................................................................46 2. Invest in research and development focused on battery storage and nuclear energy. .................48 3. Phase out coal plants in Hebei and replace with renewable energy. ...........................................51 VII. Environmental Governance ............................................................................................ 51 A. Current Status of Jingjinji Air Pollution Governance ...............................................................51 B. United States: California Air Quality Management ...................................................................52 1. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Clean Air Act ....................................................52 2. State of California Air Quality Management ...............................................................................53 C. Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................54 1. Create an Independent Regulator for the region ..........................................................................55 2. Develop a Regional Air Quality Grant Fund ...............................................................................55 3. Promote open data and government transparency .......................................................................56 4. Build a Jingjinji Regional Air Quality Scenario Planning Tool ..................................................56 Sources Cited ..............................................................................................................................
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