Territorial News www.territorialnews.com www.facebook.com/TerritorialNews Vol. 33, No. 3 Your Connection to the Old West September 4, 2019

Next Issue Crook’s Aide Wednesday September 18 Chronicled General’s Use of Native Scouts Play By Richard W. Kimball the Apaches. Bourke used Arizona Trivia his own journals as refer- See Page 2 for Details aptain John Bourke ence material for the books. was an aide de camp He would sometimes list the for General George rosters of the men fighting This Week’s CCrook during the Apache against the Indians. Wars (1872-1883). Bourke At first, Crook relied Question: was a prodigious note-taker on native scouts from tribes and kept detailed journals in southwestern tribes like throughout his military ca- Navajos, Pimas, Yaquis, Which Arizona city reer. He graduated from Opatas, Papagos, Hualapais, is home to the largest West Point in 1869, eleventh Maricopas, Yavapais, and flowering rose bush in a class of 39. He was as- Paiutes. But in 1870, Gen- in the world? signed to the 3rd U.S. Cav- eral Crook decided that it (9 Letters) alry shortly afterward with a would be more advantageous commission of Second Lieu- to enlist entire companies of tenant. Bourke’s relationship Apaches as scouts. There with Crook began in 1871 was a problem, however; few when the legendary General Apaches were willing to join Index arrived in Arizona. It was an the Army. Crook’s persever- assignment Bourke enjoyed ance paid off and eventually Arizona Kid...... ? immensely. It kept him in most of the Army’s scouts Arizona Trivia...... 2 the field where he observed were Apache. The first of the Business Directory...... 14 the action of the U.S. Army Apache scouts, as recorded Classifieds...... 14 against the wild Apaches of by Captain Bourke, included Jim Harvey...... 2 the Southwest. Alchesay, Jim, Elsatsoosn, 150 Years Ago...... ? Bourke wrote several Machol, Blanquet, Chiq- books about Arizona. Two uito, Kayitah, Kelsay, Ka- Apache Scouts of them—On the Border soha, Nantaje, Nannassaddi, with Crook and An Apache Astoyeh, No’stle, No-tolch, Campaign in The Sierra In Their Own Words Madre—focused mainly on (See Bourke on Page 4) Testing Colt’s Firearms John C. Fremont n early advertisement Seminole War in Florida. for Colt revolvers Word of mouth helped Colt The Pathfinder gushed, “Treat them sell it to individuals, but he ohn C. Fremont is 1813, the illegitimate child A of a prominent woman of well and they will treat your struggled to keep his busi- one of the most well enemies badly. They are al- ness alive. J known figures in Unit- Virginia society, and a pen- ways worth what they cost-- A few years later he ed States politics, explora- niless French refugee. The in the Far West much more, convinced the military to test tion, and the settlement of circumstances of his birth almost a legal tender! If you it again. The eyewitness re- the West. He even ran for made the young Fremont buy a Colt’s Rifle or Pistol, port here comes from J. D. President of the United an ambitious man, a social you feel certain you have one Williamson and James McIn- States for the Republican climber. Throughout his true friend, with six hearts in tosh, navy commanders. Party in 1856. His deeds career he would seek out his body, who can always be and accomplishments are the patronage of powerful relied on.” In obedience to your or- numerous, however, in men, first in Charleston, Samuel Colt dreamed Samuel Colt der of the 22nd instant, we Arizona he is only known South Carolina, where he up the revolver when he was U.S. patents. have the honor to report that, for what little he did while went to college, and later just a teenager. He later Although the U.S. Army after witnessing the very inter- governor of Arizona and in Washington, D.C. His whittled a model and then decided not to buy the gun esting trial of Colt’s carbines how little time he spent in first important patron was built a working version, re- after testing it in 1837, some the territory. ceiving French, English and soldiers used it in that year’s (See Revolver on Page 8) Fremont was born in (See Pathfinder on Page 6) Page 2 Territorial News September 4, 2019

Dear Lord, Arizona - Web of Time Thank you for this day. Hold my hand and give me courage conduct marriage ceremo- to carry the cross You have chosen for me. Jim Harvey nies and grant divorces. Let me never complain. The Arizona Trail Let me smile and give strength Oxen hauled a small steam locomotive 700 miles to my family and friends Thirty-one Spanish con- Members of another tribe from La Junta, Colorado to and to all I come in contact with. quistadors on horseback ex- equally rich in treasure slept Clifton, Arizona where it ploring and looking for gold underwater. And members of was used to carry ore from and silver near the Colorado a third had ears so big they an 1878 copper mine to a Captain’s Bar Presents River west of present-day provided shade for people smelter. Kingman visited the Mo- who wanted to get out of the ARIZONA TRIVIA jave Indians in 1609. The desert sun. A man known as Pop- This Week’s Question: Which Arizona city is home Mojaves convinced them to corn John Rubenstein took to the largest flowering rose bush in the world? leave by telling tall tales of South of Tucson at 1856 his postal service duties se- (9 Letters) enormous mineral wealth Tubac a white American riously delivering the mail Last Issue’s Question: Arizona is the home of the and mysterious people far- named Charles Poston as- by wagon to Scottsdale from southernmost ski resort in the United States. ther west. The straight-faced signed to himself all govern- Phoenix in 1900. That was Where is it located? Answer: Mount Lemmon Mojaves said the men of one ment duties including execu- the year he shot and killed tribe wore large gold brace- tions and declarations of war. two men in another wagon Congratulations! You got the right answer! lets and slept standing up. He also claimed the right to blocking his way and delay- ing the prompt delivery of Leo Achin, Jim Case, Doyle Ekey, Jeanne Finch, Marsha Gartley, Robert Lidgett, James Price, Robert Ringer, Bill Riordan. letters and packages.

How to Play One hundred and three Letters are hidden in the advertisements. Find the letters to spell years ago the first train depot the answer. Submit your answer with your name, address & phone at the Grand Canyon was a number on a postcard for the current issue’s question to Territorial Santa Fe freight car parked Publishing, P.O. Box 1690, Apache Junction, AZ 85217. Look for on a south rim siding. The the answer in the next issue. To have your name listed in the next freight car was replaced in issue, cards must be received no later than 10 days past the current issue of the Territorial News. For example: submitted answers to 1909 by a log building still the 9/04/19 question, deadline is 9/14/19. Limit one postcard per serving as the northern ter- household per issue. Must be at least 18 years old. Remember to put minus for the Grand Canyon your name on your entry! Railway operating from Wil- liams 60 miles south.

In 1931 the Arizona State Motor Vehicle Division authorized the use of license plates made of copper.

Navajo tribal leader An- nie Wauneka received the Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Lyndon Johnson in 1963 for her work improving health on the Navajo Reser- vation with education and better medical care.

Territorial News P. O. Box 1690, Apache Junction, AZ 85117 Phone 480-983-5009 Fax 480-393-0695 [email protected] For All Advertising Information: Linda Rae Stewart 480-522-7728 or [email protected] Ralph Henderson - Business Manager •David Stanfel - Editor Linda Rae Stewart - Ad Sales 480-522-7728 Michael Murphy - Layout & Design Richard Kimball - Writer The Territorial News is published by Territorial News Inc. The Territorial features Old West stories, photos and art that are part of our area’s rich and interesting past. The publisher assumes no liability for the opinions contained within this publication; all statements are the sole opinions of the contributors and/or advertisers. The Territorial’s East Valley coverage area includes areas east of Gilbert Road, including East Mesa, Apache Junction, Superstition Falls, Mountain Brook, Gold Canyon and Queen Creek. Copies are distributed free at convenience and grocery stores, restaurants and bars, RV parks and subdivisions and libraries. Subscriptions are also available. Merchandise or services advertised in the Territorial News are expected to be accurately described and readily available at advertised prices. Deceptive or misleading advertising is never knowingly accepted. To find out if a contractor is licensed call the Registrar of Contractors at 602-542-1525.All classified ads must be paid in advance. Standard ad rate is $2.00 per line or $10.00 per column inch. Payment may be made by check or credit card. Mail to Territorial News, P.O. Box 1690, Apache Junction, AZ 85117 or E-mail [email protected]. The Territorial News publishes every other Wednesday. Ad deadline is one week prior to printing. September 4, 2019 Territorial News Page 3 Yellowstone America’s First National Park n March 1, 1872, bubbling cauldrons. Some a mystery. In 1869, the Fol- President Grant doubters accused the moun- som-Cook expedition made Osigned a bill creat- tain man of telling tall tales the first formal exploration, ing the nation’s first national and jokingly dubbed the area followed a year later by a park at Yellowstone. “Colter’s Hell.” much more thorough recon- Native Americans naissance by the Wash- had lived and hunted in burn-Langford-Doane the region that would expedition. The key to become Yellowstone for Yellowstone’s future as hundreds of years before a national park, though, the first Anglo explorers was the 1871 explora- arrived. Abundant game tion under the direction and mountain streams of the government geolo- teaming with fish at- gist Ferdinand Hayden. tracted the Indians to Hayden brought along the region, though the William Jackson, a pio- awe-inspiring geysers, neering photographer, canyons, and gurgling and , a mud pots also fascinated brilliant landscape artist, them. to make a visual record , the fa- of the expedition. Their mous mountain man, images provided the was the first Anglo to first visual proof of Yel- travel through the area. lowstone’s wonders and After journeying with caught the attention of Lewis and Clark to the the U.S. Congress.

Pacific, Colter joined a Spectators view Old Faithful Early in 1872, Con- party of fur trappers to geyser in the 1890s gress moved to set aside explore the wilderness. 1,221,773 acres of pub- In 1807, he explored part of Before the Civil War, lic land straddling the future the Yellowstone plateau and only a handful of trappers states of Wyoming, Montana, returned with fantastic sto- and hunters ventured into the ries of steaming geysers and area, and it remained largely (See National Park on Page ?) Page 4 Territorial News September 4, 2019 Indian Scouts Bourke (Tom), Das Luca, Skro-Kit, and daring.” This thinking and Shus-El-Day. was obvious after the Army (From Page 1) At first, Army officers and the scouts returned from remained skeptical of Gen- the field of battle. “All sav- Coonie, Martine, Cherlie, eral Crook’s plan to trust ages had to do certain cer- Tsedekizen, and several oth- Apaches as scouts, but even- emonies when they returned ers. Occasionally, captured tually, they were won over. from the warpath,” Captain Apache males were given an “The longer we knew the Bourke explained in one of opportunity to join the his books. “This was scouts if they agreed especially true in in- to abide by Army stances where any regulations. Accord- of the enemy have ing to Crook, “The been killed. With the wilder the Apache Apaches they were was, the more he was required baths in the likely to know the sweat lodge, accom- wiles and stratagems panied with sing- of those still out in ing and other rites. the mountains.” Cap- With the Pimas and tain Bourke’s lists, of Maricopas these cer- course, do not include emonies were more the names of all the elaborate and neces- scouts serving with sitated a seclusion the U.S. Army. His of many days, for lists only highlight fasting, bathing and the Indian scouts singing.” The Apach- with the 3rd U.S. John Bourke es, on the other hand, Cavalry. For example, he Apache scouts,” Captain postponed bathing rituals makes no mention of Apache Bourke wrote, “the better we and other requirements un- scouts like Tzoe (Peaches), liked them. They were wild- til they returned home. The Esh-kin-tasy-gizah, Bakeit- er and more suspicious than Pima and Maricopa Indians, zogie (Dutchy), Sinew Riley, the Pimas and Maricopas, however, were meticulous. Slim Jim, Cut-Mouth Mo- and far more reliable. The They resorted to religious ses, Rowdy, Eke-be-Nadel, Apaches were endowed with Nalt’e, Gud-iz-zah, Cushets a greater amount of courage (See Bourke on Page ?) 150 Years Ago in the Old West

September 2, 1869 near Fort Stanton, New torian Hiram Chittenden, Suffragist Esther Mor- Mexico. Three Indians are the Montanans were later ris, America’s first female reported killed and seven “unwilling to risk their judge, holds a tea party wounded; two enlisted men reputations” by recounting in South Pass City, Wyo- are wounded. what they had seen. ming. September 6, 1869 September 13, 1869 September 3, 1869 Three Montanans, David The rails of the Denver A woodcutter’s camp near Folsum, C. W. Cook, and Pacific are connected with Fort Stanton, New Mexico, William Peterson, set out to those of the Union Pacific is raided by Indians. Pro- dispel the rumors about the in Cheyenne, Wyoming. bate Judge Murphy is re- hot springs wonders of Yel- ported to be “too busy” to lowstone. In a six-week tour, September 14, 1869 organize a posse. they visit Yellowstone Lake, Catherine McCarty, Billy Fountain Geyser, and some the Kid’s mother, buys a September 5, 1869 of the 10,000 thermal springs town lot in Wichita, Kan- Troops and Indians clash in the area. According to his- sas. September 4, 2019 Territorial News Page 5 Logging in the West

he first white men One of the earliest to the West. to visit the Far West enter the timber trade was The two basic indus- Tcouldn’t help but Captain John Meares, who tries of the West at the notice the great forests that sailed from Puget Sound in time—logging and min- covered huge areas from 1788 with a cargo of ship ing—were bound together. the Rockies to the Pacific. spars lashed to the deck of It was because of Sutter’s Some explorers real- need for lumber that ized how important he built his sawmill these vast stands of at Coloma in the timber would be to first place; the gold the future economy found in the mill’s of the region; oth- tailrace spurred the ers took a contrary great rush of 1849- view, pointing out 50; and the desper- that in much of the ate need for lumber country the trees in the fast-growing would have to be mining towns and cleared away before camps of California the land could be gave the industry made productive for its first real momen- farming. tum. It was those One region who came by sea whose economy was who first put the western his vessel, the barkentine enormously stimulated by forests to practical use. Felice. The Felice met with these events was the heavily Initially the trees they cut such severe storms en route forested Pacific Northwest. were used to replace masts, to its destination—the Por- Although logging and pro- spars, yards, or other gear tuguese colony of Macao cessing of the area’s timber that had been damaged dur- on the coast of China— had been carried on to some ing long voyages. Later, that the deck cargo had to extent since the establish- though, supplies of tim- be jettisoned. Despite this ment of fur-trading out- ber were taken aboard to setback, the timber indus- posts on Puget Sound and at be sold or traded for other try was destined to become goods at later ports of call. an important export trade in (See Timber on Page 9) Page 6 Territorial News September 4, 2019 John C. Fremont

Pathfinder became known as “Manifest Destiny.” Basically the ex- (From Page 1) pansionists believed that the North American continent, diplomat Joel Poinsett, who from one end to the other, obtained for Fremont his should belong to the citizens first assignment, helping the of the United States—and army survey the southern Ap- that getting those lands was palachian Mountains. Poin- the country’s destiny. This sett later helped organize the movement became a crusade Corps of Topographical En- for politicians like Benton, gineers, a group of surveyors and in his new son-in-law, and mapmakers at the service making a name for himself of the army. Poinsett saw to as a western topographer, he it that Fremont was named to saw a great political asset. the Corps’ first major West- Benton was soon pushing ern project, an expedition through Congress appropria- into the country between the tions of money to be used for upper Mississippi and Mis- surveys of the Oregon Trail souri Rivers in 1838. The (1842), Oregon Territory leader of this expedition was (1844), and the Great Basin Fremont in 1850 Joseph Nicolett, who became and Sierra Mountains to Cal- Fremont’s mentor and taught from Missouri, Thomas Hart ifornia (1845). Through his him his trade. Benton. Benton, Democrat- power and influence, Ben- Fremont’s next big ic Party leader for over 30 ton got Fremont the leader- conquest was to marry Jes- years in the Senate, champi- ship of these expeditions. sie Benton, the daughter of oned the expansionist move- Although they seemed like the very influential senator ment, a political cause that routine surveying trips, mak- ing maps and describing the land, Fremont had the unof- ficial job of writing descrip- tions that would make the West, and western travel, ap- pear as attractive as possible to Americans living east of the Mississippi. Although only adequate at the first job of making maps and surveying, Fre- mont proved to be a master promoter in his second job. With his wife Jessie’s help, Fremont’s written, published accounts of his expeditions became wildly popular with the public, and he became known as the “Pathfinder.” Fremont’s expeditions, while not accomplishing a great deal scientifically, were very important in advancing the cause of Manifest Destiny. “The soil of all this coun- try is excellent, admirably

(See Pathfinder on Page ?) September 4, 2019 Territorial News Page 7 Yellowstone National Park protect the park, and without ing the continuing stew- formal policy or regulations, ardship of the government. (From Page 3) he had few legal methods In 1875, Colonel Wil- to enforce such protection. liam Ludlow, who had pre- and Idaho as America’s This left Yellowstone vul- viously explored areas of first national park. The Yel- nerable to poachers, vandals, Montana under the command lowstone Act of of George Arm- 1872 designated strong Custer, the region as a was assigned public “plea- to organize and suring-ground,” lead an expedi- which would be tion to Montana preserved “from and the newly injury or spoila- established Yel- tion, of all timber, lowstone Park. mineral deposits, Ludlow’s ob- natural curiosi- servations about ties, or wonders the lawlessness within.” and exploita- There was tion of park re- considerable local opposi- and others seeking to raid sources documented the tion to the Yellowstone Na- its resources. He addressed poaching of buffalo, deer, tional Park during its early the practical problems park elk and antelope for hides. years: some locals feared administrators faced in the “It is estimated that during that the regional economy 1872 Report to the Secretary the winter of 1874–1875, not would be unable to thrive if of the Interior and correctly less than 3,000 buffalo and there remained strict federal predicted that Yellowstone mule deer suffer even more prohibitions against resource will become a major inter- development or settlement national attraction deserv- (See National Park on Page ?) within park boundaries; lo- cal entrepreneurs advocated reducing the size of the park so that mining, hunting, and logging activities could be developed and numerous bills were introduced into Congress by Montana rep- resentatives who sought to remove the federal land-use restrictions. After the park’s official formation, Nathaniel Lang- ford was appointed as the park’s first superintendent in 1872. He served for five years but was denied a sal- ary, funding, and staff. Lang- ford lacked the means to im- prove the land or properly Page 8 Territorial News September 4, 2019 Colt Firearms Test Revolver condition to those of other inders been employed, in nations. preference to reloading, it (From Page 1) Eight of Colt’s carbines is probable double the num- were fired by eight of Colt’s ber of balls would have been and pistols, with the common men, or mechanics, as rap- thrown, or discharged, as ship muskets and pistols now idly as they could load and they can be replaced in about in use, on that day, we feel fire, for ten minutes. In that half the time of reloading a no hesitation in recommend- time, 371 balls were thrown, cylinder. ing them for No acci- use on board dent occurred, all ships in the and no fail- United States ure in the dis- navy. charge of the The ex- carbines. pense of adopt- Colt 1851 Navy Revolver E i g h t ing Colt’s pat- marines, with ent arms, and their mus- laying aside those now in and two seconds more must kets, were selected from use, we think, should be no have added another round the marine guard of the Ful- consideration with a Govern- of 48 balls, as the eight men ton, and desired to load and ment wishing to place their had nearly reloaded their fire in the same manner for army and navy in a superior cylinders. Had extra cyl- ten minutes: the number of balls discharged was 147. The muskets, after a few fires, snapped and blowed frequently and one of them went off accidentally in the act of loading, burning the hand of the marine using it. The accuracy was very much in favor of the carbine; although officers of the army, who were present, declared they had never witnessed better firing with muskets by soldiers of any descrip- tion. The penetration was probably a shade less; but no practical man will doubt the efficiency of the carbines, in that respect, for all useful purposes. The pistols were then tested, and we feel that a comparison between them cannot be instituted. Colt’s pistols went off regularly, and the accuracy was aston- ishing; striking frequently at mark less than a dollar, and scares a ball passing outside

(See Revolver on Page 16) September 4, 2019 Territorial News Page 9 Logging in the West

Timber By today’s standards roads” were built. That the methods then used seem is, small trees were laid (From Page 5) crude in the extreme. In the crosswise on the ground woods, the “fallers” passed and greased with tallow or the mouth of the Columbia up the larger trees—some shark oil, so that multiple River in the early 1800s, the of which were twelve feet teams of oxen could draw operation remained a small or more in diameter—as too logs over them. These roads one until the California gold cumbersome to handle, and were abandoned when “big- rush started almost wheel rigs”—curi- half a century later. ous-looking carts That event, however, that carried the logs completely changed suspended beneath the picture, for not their fifteen-foot- only did residents high wheels—came of the new mining into use. Later settlements to the still, the logs were south have a press- snaked out of the ing need for lumber, woods at the end but they were seem- of long lines, with ingly able and will- wood-burning en- ing to pay whatever gines supplying the might be asked for power. Meanwhile, it. The prospect of the output of the an assured market, mills was stepped at high prices, for up by the introduc- whatever they could tion of improved produce caused hun- methods and ma- dreds of northerners chinery. Steam en- to enter the lumber busi- chose instead those of from gines supplanted the earlier ness. By the early 1850s, three to four feet. Once a water wheels as a source of at a dozen bays and inlets tree had been “felled,” the power, and other more effi- on the Oregon and Wash- “buckers” sawed it into cient equipment, including ington coasts, the edges of twenty-four-or thirty-foot high-speed circular saws, the forests were resounding lengths. came into use. with the sound of wood- The next step was to During the quarter Babysitters are teenagers who behave like grown-ups so men’s axes and the screech move the logs to mills, that grown-ups can go out and behave like teenagers. of early-day sawmills. and for that purpose “skid (See Timber on Page 13) The Merchants of Historic Florence Welcome You! Page 10 Territorial News September 4, 2019 Indian Scouts Bourke enne, were rumored ready for mountain region angering more bloodshed. The Indians the tribes living there. (From Page 4) complained that the govern- Just as he had done in ment was not living up to Arizona, Bourke began list- ritual the moment anyone, the provisions set forth in ing the names of the Indian either on their side or on the treaty of 1867. The treaty scouts in his journals. Be- the enemy’s side, had been granted them a large swath low is a roll call that Bourke killed. made of the “friendly” In 1875, as the Indians volunteering to Apache Wars in Arizona scout for the Army during were winding down, the a winter campaign in the War Department reas- Powder River country. signed General Crook to Most of them were mem- the Northern Plains. He bers of either the Sioux or was to take command of Arapaho, only a few came the Department of the from other tribes. Bourke Platte, which had its head- further divided his list of quarters in Omaha. Of scouts into their individ- course, Captain Bourke, ual bands, i.e., the Ogal- who was the General’s aid lala, Brulé, Cut-Off and de camp, went with him Loafer bands. The Loafer into the north country too. Indians refers to those In- Crook was responsible for of land, including the Black dians that camped just out- all of Nebraska and the terri- Hills, that extended west to side the military forts. The tories of Wyoming, Utah and the Bighorn Mountains. But Cut-Offs were an offshoot of I ordered a chicken and an egg from Amazon. parts of Idaho. The Indians when gold had been found the Ogallala band. I’ll let you know. of that region, especially the in the area, white prospec- The Indian scouts were Sioux and Northern Chey- tors began pouring into that listed like this: The non-com- missioned officers—1st Ser- geant Three Bears (Cut-Off); Sergeant Pretty-Voiced Bull (Cut-Off); Sergeant Yellow Shirt (Cut-Off); Corporal Singing Bear (Cut-Off); and Corporal Lone Feather (Cut- Off). The privates were: Tall Wild Cat (Cut-Off); Bad Boy (Cut-Off); Bull (Cut- Off); Big Horse (Cut-Off); Black Mountain (Loafer); Broken Leg (Ogallala); Charging Bear (Cut-Off); Crow (Cut-Off); Charles Richaud (Half-Breed); Eagle (Loafer); Eagle (Ogallala); Feather on Head (Cut-Off); Fast Thunder (Brulé); Fast Horse (Ogallala); Good Man (Ogallala); Grey Eyes (Loafer); James Twist (Half- Breed); Kills First (Loafer); Keeps a Battle (Ogallala); Killed in the Winter (Cut- Off); Lone Dog (Loafer);

(See Bourke on Page ?) September 4, 2019 Territorial News Page 11 Yellowstone National Park into the park was on horse Sheridan was renamed Fort or via stagecoach. By 1908 Yellowstone. With the fund- (From Page 7) visitation increased enough ing and manpower necessary to also attract a Union Pa- to keep a diligent watch, the suffer even more severely cific Railroad connection to army developed their own than the elk, and the antelope West Yellowstone, though policies and regulations nearly as much.” rail visitation fell off consid- that permitted public access As a result, Langford erably by World War II and while protecting park wild- was forced to step down in ceased around the 1960s. life and natural resources. 1877. Congress finally saw Much of the railroad line was When the National Park Ser- fit to implement a salary vice was created in 1916, for the position, as well many of the management as to provide a minimal principles developed by funding to operate the the army were adopted park and Philetus Norris by the new agency. The was named superinten- army turned control over dant. Norris used these to the National Park funds to expand access Service on October 31, to the park, building nu- 1918. merous crude roads and For a nation bent on facilities. settling and exploiting In 1880, converted to nature trails, the West, the creation of Yel- was appointed as a game- among them the Yellowstone lowstone was surprising. Yet keeper to control poaching Branch Line Trail. the Yellowstone Act of 1872 and vandalism in the park. Ongoing poaching and set a precedent and popular- Yount had previously spent destruction of natural re- ized the idea of preserving a number of years explor- sources continued unabated sections of the public do- ing the mountain country of until the U.S. Army arrived main for use as public parks. present-day Wyoming, in- at Mammoth Hot Springs in Congress went on to desig- cluding the Grand Tetons, 1886 and built Camp Sheri- nate dozens of other national after joining Dr. Hayden’s dan. Over the next 22 years parks, and the idea spread Geological Survey in 1873. the army constructed perma- to other nations around the Today, he is considered the nent structures, and Camp world. first national park ranger, and Younts Peak, located at the head of the Yellowstone River, was named in his hon- or. However, these measures still proved to be insufficient in protecting the park, as nei- ther Norris, nor the three su- perintendents who followed, were given sufficient man- power or resources. The Northern Pacific Railroad built a train sta- tion in Livingston, Montana, connecting to the northern entrance in the early 1880s, which helped to increase visitation from 300 in 1872 to 5,000 in 1883. Visitors in these early years were faced with poor roads and limited services, and most access Page 12 Territorial News September 4, 2019 John C. Fremont

Pathfinder ship of the territory of Ari- and tried to establish a lot- zona on June 5, 1878. The tery system that would pay (From Page 6) people of Arizona, however, for schools and public build- were happy with their cur- ings (a plan which collapsed adapted to agricultural pur- rent governor John P. Hoyt, leaving Michael Goldwater, poses, and would support a and did not want a new gov- the grandfather of Barry large population.” (Fremont, ernor appointed. Five months Goldwater, left to provide 1843) passed before Fremont even refunds for ticket holders). Senator Benton’s strong entered the Arizona territory. Back East, the Governor pro- belief in westward expansion He immediately went East moted his mining interests led him to change from being after giving his annual report and attempted to get invest- strongly for slavery, ment in Arizona’s to being against it. mines. He promoted Unfortunately his economic develop- home state of Mis- ment in Arizona. souri was pro-slav- He created Cochise, ery and he lost his Gila, and Graham bid for re-election Counties during his in 1851. He spent administration. He his remaining years issued bonds for the writing. Fremont’s creation of build- later years were not ings, courthouses, as successful as his and jails. expeditions. Al- He produced though he became “The Resources of wealthy when land Arizona” to help he purchased in Cal- attract Eastern in- ifornia struck gold, vestors. It was an he lost it all through invaluable resource poor business judg- for foreign investors. ment. He was an He further helped unsuccessful candidate for of the territory to dispute the foreign investors by repeal- President in 1856 (even his boundary of the Salt River ing the Buillion tax, which father-in-law publicly sided Indian Reservation, which allowed foreign investors to against him), and during the he felt was too close to Phoe- do business without being Civil War he was stripped of nix and would use up water taxed. his command by President from the city. He was back The Governor was gone Lincoln. East from 1879-1881, Jesse for so long back East that In 1878 he wrote to Benton Fremont remained his Secretary of the Territory the President of the United in the East during Fremont’s John Gosper was doing his States to ask for service in administration. job for him. He wanted the an office in the West. He was While Governor of Ari- governors to be elected lo- appointed to the Governor- zona he legalized gambling cally instead of by presiden- tial appointment. He even attempted to get the job of Governor himself by writ- ing to the President of the United States. He requested Fremont to return to his post of Governor or to resign his post. Fremont returned to the Arizona territory in October of 1881 and resigned his of- fice. In 1887 Fremont moved to California. He died while visiting New York July 13, 1890, days before returning to his home in Los Ange- les, California. He is buried in Rockland Cemetery, near Nyack, New York. Jesse Benton Fremont died De- cember 27, 1902. September 4, 2019 Territorial News Page 13 Logging in the West Timber At the same time, the the company was granted great forests of white and alternate sections of land for (From Page 9) yellow pine, cottonwood, twenty miles on both sides and aspen east of the Cas- of the tracks over the entire century after the first mill cades stood almost un- distance. Much of this was was built in 1847, lumber- touched, awaiting the settle- through dense forests, and ing in the Northwest was ment of the “inland empire” the company, finding itself largely confined to the area and the opening of other in possession of millions of fronting Puget acres of choice Sound. There timberland, of- the forests grew fered it for sale down to the at bargain prices, shore, and the often as low as finished product two dollars an could be loaded acre. This was directly from to hasten log- the mills to the ging and milling decks of ships operations in the that carried it region the rail- to markets in road served, and California and, so increase its later, in South own revenues by America and China. The markets by the building hauling the product to east- wood products manufac- of railroads. The comple- ern markets. tured there, both for domes- tion of the Northern Pacific It was at about this time tic use and for export, were Railroad in the early 1880s that a process long familiar from the stands of Douglas marked the beginning of a in the richer mining districts fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce, new era in that region, for of the West was repeated in and other trees native to the by the act of Congress that area. chartered the road in 1864 (See Timber on Page 15) Page 14 Territorial News September 4, 2019 Indian Scouts Bourke Horn, Bear’s Backbone, Head War- rior, Big Ridge, Black Man, Strong (From Page 10) Man, Whole Robe and Bear Wolf. “This surely shows that the Owl Bull (Cut-Off); Little Warrior Army was excellently provided for (Cut-Off); Leading Warrior (Cut- with dependable scouts from the In- Off); Little Bull (Loafer); No Neck dian agencies,” Bourke explained. (Loafer); Poor Elk (Ogallala); Rocky He added that the Army was so well Boy (Brulé); Red Bear (Loafer); Red provided with competent scouts that Willow (Cut-Off); Six Feathers (Cut- most of the duties required of the Off); Sitting Bear (Cut-Off); Scraper soldiers were greatly reduced. (Ogallala); Swift Charger (Loaf- In 1886, shortly after General er); Shut a Door (Ogallala); Slow Nelson Miles took over Crook’s Bear (Brulé); Sorrel Horse (Ogal- command in Arizona, he sent Lieu- lala); Swimmer (Ogallala); Tobacco tenant Charles Gatewood into the (Cut-Off); Knife (Cut-Off); Thun- Sierra Madre of Mexico to convince der Shield (Ogallala); Horse Comes Geronimo and his band to surrender. Last (Cut-Off); White Face (Loafer); On August 23, Gatewood accom- Walking Bull (Ogallala): Waiting panied by six men—two soldiers, (Ogallala); White Elk (Ogallala); two interpreters and two Chiricahua Yellow Bear (Cut-Off); Bad Moc- Apache scouts—went into Mexico. casin (Loafer); Bear Eagle (Loafer); The scouts were the first to contact Yankton (Loafer); Fox Belly (Cut- Geronimo. One of the scouts, Kayi- Off); Running Over (Sans Arcs); and tah, remained behind as a hostage Red Leaf (Brulé). in the renegade camp. His partner, The Arapaho scouts were listed Martine, was allowed to leave. A as Sharp Nose, Washington, Old few hours later, Martine returned Eagle, Six Feathers, White Horse, guiding Lt. Gatewood back to the Wolf Moccasin, Sleeping Wolf, Wil- camp. The young Army officer pre- lian Friday (Half-Breed), Yellow sented Geronimo with 15 pounds Bear, Red Beaver, Driving Down of tobacco. Geronimo accepted the Hill, Yellow Bull, Wild Sage, Eagle gift cordially and said, “You are al- Chief, Sitting Bull, Short Head, Ar- ways welcome in my camp. It was row Quiver, Yellow Owl, Strong always safe for you to come here.” Bear, Spotted Crow, White Bear, Old Gatewood then asked the Apache Man, Painted Man, Left Hand, Long leader to give up the fight. Geronimo Hair, Ground Bear, Walking Water, thought for a while and then asked, Young Chief, Medicine Man, Bull “What would you do? Think like Robe, Crying Dog, Flat Foot, Flint an Apache and give me your an- Breaker, Singing Beaver, Fat Belly, swer.” Gatewood said simply, “Put Crazy, Blind Man, Foot, Hungry your trust in General Miles.” A few Man, Wrinkled Forehead, Fast Wolf, months later, Geronimo met General Big Man, White Plume, Coal, Sleep- Miles at Skeleton Canyon to discuss ing Bear, Little Owl, Butcher, Broken the terms of surrender.

Let’s See...There Must Be Something “Charity covereth a multitude of sins.” — The preacher who presided over Bob Ford’s funeral, unable to think of anything good to say about him. Business & Services September 4, 2019 Territorial News Page 15 Logging in the West

Timber riod several other compa- way of entertainment than nies were also buying up the bars, pool halls, and (From Page 13) the land. Throughout the poker tables common to all final decades of the centu- frontier settlements of the the northern woods. That ry, as the forests elsewhere period. is, a group of large, well- were logged over, lum- By all accounts, the financed companies en- berjacks and mill hands lumber milling towns of tered the field, bought up moved westward by the the West saw little of the many of the more desir- thousands. The newcomers violence, gunfire, and able properties, general hell- and by mergers raising that dis- and consolida- tinguished the tions assumed early-day min- control of large ing camps. That segments of the is not to imply industry. One of that the average the most power- lumberjack was ful of these new- a particularly comers was the w e l l - b e h a v e d far-flung Wey- individual, or erhaeuser em- that, in town pire. Its found- on a Saturday er, a German night, he con- emigrant named ducted himself Frederick Weyerhaeuser, were a varied and pictur- in an always-orderly fash- was long the industry’s esque crew: Swedes from ion. Loggers, however, dominant figure. Begin- Minnesota and , for whatever reason, usu- ning in the early 1860s Yankees from Maine, and ally just straggled back to with a single Wisconsin veterans of the yellow pine camp the next day nursing sawmill, he increased his forests of the Southeast. nothing more serious than holdings as such speed that But whatever their back- a headache. less than a decade later he ground or training, all had was credited with heading one quality in common: the largest lumber syndi- a thorough knowledge of cate of the time. By 1890 their trade learned in the numerous Weyerhaeuser hard school of experience. mills and logging crews The woodsman of the early were active in the forests West was a skilled and re- www.territorialnews.com of Wisconsin, Minnesota, sourceful craftsman. Michigan, and other states Not only was the work We’re On The on both side of the Missis- hard and often dangerous, sippi; then, as the forests but living conditions were there were depleted, he anything but luxurious. The Internet! turned to the practically un- usual loggers’ camp was Check us out! touched timberlands of the no more than a crude cook- Northwest. His purchases shack plus a bunkhouse or www.facebook.com/TerritorialNews there were on a prodigious two, all hastily thrown up scale. To cite one example: and designed to serve only In 1890, by a single trans- until the nearby woods action, he acquired title to were logged over. Nor was one million acres of rail- the nearest town—which road land in Washington might be several days’ and Oregon. travel distant—likely to During the same pe- offer anything more in the Page 16 Territorial News September 4, 2019 Western Fruit Production y the start of the and pears. Not to be outdone, twentieth century, California was not the Washington State has con- B fruit and vegetables only West Coast state with sistently produced outstand- began to replace wheat and agricultural riches. Oregon ing pears, cherries, apri- barley as the key California cots, strawberries, peaches, crops. Oranges, in particu- and, of course, apples. In lar, proved to be a remark- fact, between 1905 and ably successful crop for the 1915, large-scale commer- state. The first commercial cial orchards became com- orange groves were planted mon in the Pacific North- in California in the mid- west. In 1908, one million 1800s, and just a century apple trees were planted in later, the state boasted ap- has proven to be fertile Washington, which was the proximately 20 million ground for apples, cherries, number one apple producer orange trees on 250,000 and pears, not to mention in 1917. In British Colum- acres. Other fruit grown in an abundance of berries, bia, too, the fruit business California included grapes, including strawberries and boomed in the early twenti- peaches, cherries, apricots, cranberries. eth century. Colt Firearms Test Revolver ficer of the army, who wit- and small-arms men. nessed the commencement (From Page 8) of the firing of the eight car- The report’s recom- bines: “There are no men on mendation was not fol- a circle of ten inches. earth,” he observed, “who lowed. Colt endured a The common ship pis- could withstand a shock bankruptcy while waiting tols were tried, and went from a hundred others with for the gun to catch on, but very wide of the mark, the such arms in their hands!” success arrived in 1847, balls never striking within and we believe it would be with the start of the Mexi- the circle, and seldom hit- next to impossible to board can War, when the army ting the board, of four feet a ship where Colt’s arms placed an order for a thou- long and eighteen inches were used by the marines sand pistols. wide. It was with difficulty the officers using the ship’s pistols could get them off, in consequence of their be- ing so very hard on the trig- ger. . . And the reaction was great, as almost to cripple those who used them. Some of the cylinders of the carbines and pistols were immersed for two hours in a tub of water, and, although the caps were rather large for the nipples, nearly half of them went off. We cannot conclude this report without a remark made on the ground by a gallant and experienced of-