JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

EXISTENT CIRCUMSTANCES AND POTENTIAL OF COASTAL TOURISM IN WEST BENGAL AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

Sanjib Sardar Research Scholar, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India Email: [email protected] Dr. Debasish Das Research Guide, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

Travel plays a major role in relieving the fatigue of daily life and refreshing the mind. Thousands of tourist destinations have sprung up around the earth based on the daily desires of people who are eager for travel. Over time, efforts are being made to establish tourist destinations as one of the sources of income, and it is from this mindset that tourism has evolved into an industry. West Bengal is a state of natural beauty. The arrival of tourists in West Bengal since ancient times is still remembered in history. At present, the tourism industry has become one of the major sources of income in West Bengal. The long beaches, the blue waters of the Bay of Bengal, the livelihood of the fishermen, dunes, the diverse life of the aborigines, various islands, and the unique beauty of mangrove forests perpetuate the beauty of the coastal region of West Bengal which intensifies the desire of all kinds of people to travel. The West Bengal having an extensive varies of coastal areas with an extent of 350 Kilometers alongside the Bay of Bengal Comprising the District of East Midnapore and South 24 Parganas. The Coastal belt of West Bengal supplies stunning seashores of Digha, Shankarpur, Mandarmoni, Junput, Bakkhali, Frazerganj, Sagardwip, Jambudwip, and so on. The present article analyzes the existent circumstances of coastal tourism in West Bengal as well as its prospects. This article seeks to explain why coastal tourism in West Bengal has not improved as expected despite its huge potentials for improvement through analytical and descriptive methods. The barriers to the development of coastal tourism have been discussed and finally, the steps that can be taken to develop the tourism industry have been analyzed.

Key Words: Coastal, Tourism, Potentialities, Environment, Development,

Introduction

Tourism is now days identified as an enterprise that generates social and financial benefits. It has extreme potential for each financial improvement and employment generation. Coastal tourism is a very famous natural vacation destination and is viewed as the quickest developing enterprise in the world. This is in general due to the truth that 20% of the earth’s surface includes coastlines and greater than 70% of the world’s mega-cities are placed in coastal areas. Hence it affords unique combinations of sources which are a mixture of land and sea activities, making these areas greater appealing to travelers.1 India, with various socio-economic and spiritual structure, has attracted human beings from all over the world vacationer enterprise in India is based normally on historical and non-secular places, wildlife, mountaineering, trekking, and to a confined extent seashores. The Indian tourism industry has now not made an awful lot of headway despite the reality that there are several locations the place tourism can be developed on comparable strains to that of different developed countries.2 Tourism over the years cropped up to be a revolutionizing phenomenon and it is emerging as a catalyst of the improvement method due to monetary and employment era as properly as generates a variety of socio-economic benefits, in particular in the faraway and backward areas at the regional, national as well as international levels. So, tourism is now identified as an emerging and fast-developing enterprise everywhere in the world as properly as in India and West Bengal also. But the indiscriminate enlargement of the tourism enterprise has resulted in some ecological and cultural damages to the host country. The coastal stretch of West Bengal with a length of 350 km contains two districts- East Midnapore and South 24 Paraganas. This vicinity is a transitional sector amid sea and land the place the Casuarinas and mangrove woodland are whispering, the sea is roaring, the

2751

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

flora and fauna are blooming, and the place site visitors can rejuvenate themselves in the employer of the sand, sea, and solar in the pristine open-air which has saved her doorways huge open to mounted the eco-tourism destination.

Objectives

The main objectives of this article are as follows  To discover the fundamental characteristics of the coastal tourist destinations of West Bengal  Identify the potential of development in this field of the tourism industry  Analyze the obstacles in the development of tourism  To verify the environmental problems in the development of tourism  To analyze the activities that can be taken in the field of tourism development

Database and Methodology

The entire work is based on primary as well as secondary data and information. Primary data have been collected from interactions with tourists, tourist operators, local people, hotel owners, etc. Secondary necessary information has been collected from relevant journals, books, published and unpublished research reports, and web resources. The whole effort has been done by descriptive as well as analytical methods. Maps, tables, and diagram have been used to present the collected information in a relevant way.

Study Area

At present, there are 23 districts in West Bengal, lays between 21°30' North to 27°10' North latitude and 85°50' East to 89°53' East longitude, with an area of around 88,752 km2. The seaside stretch of West Bengal reaches out from the mouth of the stream Subarnarekha on the West (State border of Odisha) to the mouth of waterway Hanribhanga on the east (International border of Bangladesh) between 21° 37' North to 21°40' North latitude and 87°30' East to 89°30' East longitude, with a length, around 350 km comprises of the two district East Midnapore and South 24 Paraganas.3 The extensive coastline of West Bengal close by the Bay of Bengal is overwhelmed by utilizing the Ganges Delta which involves around 60% of this coastline. Physiographically, the entire shoreline is mainly divided into three significant zones viz., a) From the mouth of Harinbhanga stream to the mouth of Hooghly waterway, viewed as the Sundarban Delta (Eastern sector) b) Saline tidal regime of the Hooghly waterway, extending up to Haldia Port (Central Sector) and c) Digha-Junput seaside plain close by the ocean (Western Sector). Nonetheless, the territories for the escalated seaside travel industry in West Bengal ought to be uniquely isolated into two essential zones, for example, – I. Digha-Shankarpur territory in Purba Medinipur (Destination - Digha, Tajpur, Mandarmoni, Shankarpur, Junput, Gopalpur, and so forth, and ii. Sundarban reign in South 24 Parganas (Destination - Bakkhali, Frazerganj, Sagardwip, Haribhanga Island, Henrys Island, Jambudwip, Kolas Island, and so on.4

Figure 1: Location Map of the Study Area Source: Google Earth & compiled by authors

2752

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

This place is a transitional area between lands and sea, where the mangrove forest is whispering, the sea is roaring, the plant life and fauna are blooming, and the place traffic can rejuvenate themselves in the corporation of the sand, sea, and solar in the pristine open air. Each section of the coastal area of West Bengal is nothing brief of the fantastic view carrying an inexperienced blanket the coastal vicinity appears like an emerald of West Bengal. In the coastal area of West Bengal, there are sorts of trees, shrubs, herbs, and medicinal plants, etc. which are developing a colorful spectrum of bio-diversity. Except these, many endangered plants and faunas are additionally the chief supply of vacationer attraction, and, although, eco-tourism is nature-based tourism so it can be stated that prosperous vegetation and fauna additionally make a way to ripen eco-tourism enterprise in the West Bengal coastal region. But all the West Bengal coastal region environments grant a special aggregate of assets and constraints (like beaches, dunes, wetlands, cyclone, sea stage rise, extra prone erosion through fluvial-marine processes, and anthropogenic activities, etc) which might also be regarded to discover the possibilities for the improvement of eco-tourism which is one of the assuring fine administration of the coast.5

Potentialities of Coastal Tourism in West Bengal & Government Initiatives

In West Bengal, there are many renowned coastal tourism destinations, however, West Bengal coastal tourism started in the 1980s. In the year, 1980, Digha, Bakkhali, Frazerganj had been developed as famous coastal tourism spots, and the Sundarban region used to be developed as a famous eco-tourism spot after 1987 when The Sundarban was once listed beneath UNESCO World Heritage Site.6 Gangasagar Island used to be developed as a coastal tourism spot based on Hindu faith and cultural history. For the improvement of tourism, a Master Plan for the whole State is being organized in phases that encompass the coastal areas of Sundarbans, Digha, and Shankarpur. Potential funding tasks for tourism-related ventures in the coastal sector will cowl the introduction of infrastructure to help offerings and sub-products to be developed for the purpose. Towards this end, the Government of West Bengal has already initiated steps in the structure of the advent of new traveler lodging at Jharkhali, Frazerganj, Sagar Island, etc., and up-gradation of existing lodging facilities at Sajnekhali and Bakkhali Tourist Lodge in the Sundarbans. A separate funding format has been made for creating Diamond Harbour, Harwood Point, and Namkhana as get-away locations at a price of Rs.50 crore.7 There are many reasons for the development of the tourism industry in West Bengal in the coastal areas of West Bengal. The coastal tracts of West Bengal give an extremely good supply of scenic splendor to the place the sightseer play and enjoy romance with the sun, sand, and sea in the sea beaches, like Digha, Sankarpur, Tajpur, Mandarmoni, Junput, Sagardwip, Bakhkhali, Henrys Island, etc. The destinations of coastal tracts of West Bengal are afforded their people traits as wide, challenging and flat seashores the place have offers rolling seas, dunes, casuarinas forest, pink crabs, pleasing lovely scenario, an exquisite range of aquatic and woodland lifestyles which are subsequently attracting traveler in the coastal region of West Bengal. The coastal area of West Bengal is a land of hope, a hope to care for the inexperienced and keep nature. Every phase of the coastal area of West Bengal is nothing quick of the magnificent view carrying an inexperienced blanket the coastal place looks like an emerald of West Bengal. Among these prosperous plants and fauna are the fundamental eco-tourism resources, which assist to expand the glamour of the eco-tourism enterprise in the West Bengal coastal region. In the coastal location of West Bengal, there are sorts of trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs, medicinal plant life that are growing a colorful spectrum of bio-diversity. Except these, many endangered vegetation and faunas are additionally the chief supply of visitor attraction, and, although, eco-tourism is nature-based tourism so it can be stated that wealthy flowers and fauna additionally make a way to ripen eco-tourism enterprise in the West Bengal coastal region.8 Pleasant climatic circumstances like tropical monsoon local weather with a common annual rainfall of 1500 mm and most air temperature is around 35°C and the minimal is 13°C, which affected via the land breeze and sea breeze, is an appeal to the traveler throughout the year. Sustainable improvement of eco-tourism is of large importance in producing employment possibilities for many semi-skilled and unskilled people, in particular in far off and underdeveloped areas. An ample variety of women and younger people are engaged in hotels, transport services, tour agencies, making and selling, handcrafts, cultural activities, and different tourism-related tasks.

Major Obstacles to the Development of Coastal Tourism

Many small sandy islands and mudflats mark the river channels and most of the traveler locations in the West Bengal coastal vicinity get inundated at some stage in the excessive tide. Much of the western phase of the coast is now inhabited and cultivated. Industry and tourism have mounted a sturdy presence in the region between the Subarnarekha River on the west and the Hooghly on the east. The East section is nearly an unpopulated place

2753

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

without for Sagar, Mahisani, Namkhana, Frazerganj areas, consisting of the intertidal reclaimed phase of about 500 sq. km from the north of the present mangrove forests. Agriculture is a predominant undertaking in the western sector. In the eastern sector, the reclaimed lands are now aiding single-crop agriculture with low productivity. The influences of human activities come through diesel-driven fishing boats, the launch of hydrocarbon due to lack of maintenance, fishing harbor activities, aquaculture farms, and agriculture, none of which have been top assessed.9 Other financial activities, except fishing and agriculture, consist of honey collection, woodcutting, and Brickfields are additionally mushrooming alongside the river and backwater courses. Tourism is the most important contribution to the economic system of the coastal zone. Tourism exercise perpetually leads to accelerated avenue transport, resort industry, and unlawful encroachment by way of small traders. Each of these factors has a direct influence on the environmental quality of land, air, and water. So, in modern times the coastal plain of West Bengal suffers by way of many problematic troubles which have created conflicts between a variety of aid customers and interest groups, between builders and environmentalists, engineers and geoscientists and landowners and economists in West Bengal.

Table 1: SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) Analysis of Tourism

Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat 1. Promote cultural and 1. Mismanagement of 1. Increased foreign and 1. Environmental heritage tourism products natural resources local investment degradation 2. Increased standard of 2. Unsustainable waste 2. Availability of 2. Coastal erosion living management system unexplored virgin beaches 3. Wide range of 3. Unplanned expansion of 3. Potentiality to introduce 3. Increase anti-social terrestrial and aquatic hotels, restaurant and eco-tourism activities ecosystem shops 4. Boost transportation 4. Inadequate 4. Promote better 4. Negligence of local facilities infrastructure infrastructure people interest in government policies 5. Persuade variety of 5. Extinction of traditional 5. Enlarged employment 5. Exhaustion of water cultural activities culture opportunities resources 6. Amplified the level of 6. Lack of sustainable 6. Internationally 6. Adverse socio-cultural awareness planning of government recognized standard for impact of tourism accommodations development

Source: Field Survey 2019

Environmental Impact

Such an improvement took place besides appropriate land use planning. The Geological Survey of India in its document on the coastal belt pointed out that the active processes of erosion and accretion have been accelerated through numerous man-made interventions including the elimination of dunes, main to mushrooming of building close to the coastline. The actual have an effect on tourism on the coastal belt can't be quantified but, the persevering with the dumping of strong waste and uncooked sewage in the coastal water undergo testimony to an alarming state of affairs which will increase with each tourist season. The coastal region is being eroded through sea-water ensuing in the reduction of the seashore and recession of the bank. Besides erosion, seaside decreasing (submergence) through about 15 to 20 centimeter per year seems to proceed unabated. Apart from coastal erosion triggered by using wave moves and storms, elimination of sand for development of roads and hotels, exploitation of Casuarinas trees on the dune-tops for fuel wood and constructing substances additionally purpose the destruction of dunes and erosion of the beach. Artificial techniques of seashore safety at some locations additionally speed up coastal erosion elsewhere. The growing strain of human activities on the Hooghly unstable coastal quarter has been assessed for the duration of the remaining 15 years.10 Urbanization has brought about heaps of sewage release and modern waste into the water which is the significant poison factor of the disintegration of water. The unpredictable establishment of tube wells on the ridge bank and unreasonable withdrawal of groundwater by countless inns has prompted the breakdown of sub-soil layers which brings about the drainage of saline water into drinking water.11 The unplanned development of enterprises in the

2754

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

delicate waterfront districts frequently truly influences the climate of the territory and affects the travel industry. Oil slicks, horticultural and mechanical spillovers cause marine contamination and effects amphibian life. A few practices, for instance, fishing with harmful synthetics, and so forth likewise straightforwardly crush corals.12

Constraints to the Development of Coastal Tourism

There are several limitations to coastal tourism that can be corrected by taking appropriate steps. [i] Detailed and seasonal surveys of the flora and fauna from the vacationer factor of view are now not available. [ii] Coastal areas are dealing with environmental issues due to pollution, reclamation, deforestation, etc. [iii] Proper and scientific impact assessment research is no longer available. [iv] No desirable implementation of rules for overexploitation, deforestation, sand mining, reclamation, etc. [v] Certain traveler spots are now not reachable with the aid of the route and lack tourist-oriented infrastructural facilities. [vi] Trained manpower for eco-tourism factor of view is no longer available. [vii] Over and unscientific methods of exploitation of flowers and fauna need to be stopped right now and perfect harvesting tactics to be used to continue germplasm. [viii] Published literature, brochures, pamphlets, etc, highlighting the significance of visitor spots and infrastructural services are no longer available.13

Suggestive measures to be taken by the government to accelerate Coastal Tourism Development

I. Diving: The diving has been overlooked in India for a long time. Diving can furnish travelers with fun marine existence in their natural situation which is a very uncommon chance for Indian tourists. In India, there are no diving colleges whereby humans can get the chance to learn, without the expert naval colleges for Indian protection personnel. There is a pressing want to begin such colleges alongside the coastal locations so that individuals involved can also study diving. Presently, there are no Indian enterprise manufacturing diving gears and all the diving gears are required to be imported which is past the attain of the frequent man. There is a full-scale scope to increase this facility alongside the coast of West Bengal and national and international companies can take up this assignment to manufacture diving gears so that they are on hand to Indian travelers at real looking and low priced rates. II. Water Sports: Water sports activities in West Bengal have now not been developed to a great deal extent barring for some seashores alongside the West Bengal’s coast. This exercise is confined to water scooters and boat trips. Surfing is one of the essential water sports activities which are completely ignored in India as well as West Bengal, and there is a fantastic scope to boost this water sports. Another necessary water recreation not noted in West Bengal is water skiing. Water skiing is a surface water recreation in which a person is pulled at the back of a boat or a cable ski set up over a physique of water. In addition, the skier has to have ample upper and lower physique strength, muscular endurance, and proper balance. There are water ski members around the world, in Asia and Australia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas.14 In the United States alone, there are approximately eleven million water skiers and over 900 sanctioned water ski competitions each year. There are many preferences for leisure or competitive water skiers. Similar, associated sports activities are wakeboarding, knee boarding,15 tubing, and sit-down hydrofoil. III. Information Centre: This is the most vital and necessary pursuit of the eco-tourism. The facility is required to be developed at all the vacationer spots, suitable documentation of marine life, their availability, and a short description will assist travelers in common and college students in precise to apprehend the marine life. The focus must have posted books in regional languages on marine life, and marine lifestyles accessible at every locality, and the different organic and oceanographic statistics. Published literature, leaflet, pamphlets on marine existence can enhance up tourism considerably. The literature needs to encompass statistics on transportation, accommodation, and different services accessible at every vacationer spot. The nearby people, who have the sizeable trip of the region and are aware of the usual makes use of the coastal location will extensively advantage from the prospect of Eco-tourism.

2755

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

Plate 1: Tourists rejoicing at Digha beach, 2:Tajpur Beach, 3: Jambudwip Mangrove Forest, 4: Trawlers set out to catch marine fish at Mandarmoni, 5: Boat is going out for a forest trip in Jharkhali, 6: Bakkhali seashore, 7: Special measures to protect the land from marine erosion in Shankarpur, 8: Naked monks at Sagar Mela, 9: Sunrise at Frazerganj (All plates credit: Authors)

IV. Marine Land Complex: This will structure one of the most vital traveler points of interest for all the training of tourists. Despite the great shoreline prosperous with marine life, we have no such complexes without the Taraporawala Aquarium in Bombay which attracts pretty a massive wide variety of tourists.16 Marine land complicated needs to be developed with planning and layout. There ought to special zones separated from every different aquarium for the animals which are uncommon and challenging for a man to enjoy, jogging system, and different facilities. Residence museums catering for all the animals and flowers of the sea with ideal documentation and up to date data of the organism will assist considerably for instructional purpose. The perfect and skilled team of workers at more than a few stages to appear after the planning, development, execution, and supervision of the marine land complicated is necessary. V. Public awareness: This is the most vital factor of Eco-tourism. Eco-tourism can flourish if the public focuses on lifestyles in the sea and their significance to mankind. It is properly recognized that human interference has hastily modified the composition and abundance of marine life. The coastal belts have been significantly broken due to quite a several activities. This has to be fallen due to the fact the public is now not conscious of the significance of the marine ecosystem. Therefore, it is integral to create cognizance amongst the public which can be performed via audio-visual means, publications, and organizing lectures at more than a few levels. Regular camps have to be prepared in the endangered region so that the public is conscious of the penalties it can reason due to our negligence.17 VI. Economic Development: Eco-tourism can convey unique, financial improvement via the sustainable utilization of herbal resources. Other benefits of eco-tourism are (a) make income through tourism and different tourist-related

2756

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

things to do (b) utilization of sources on a sustainable basis, (c) conservation of the ecosystem (d) normal monitoring of the coastal belt (e) make bigger in public focus and (f) education.

Table 2: Satisfaction Level of Tourism

Respondents Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied No of Respon dent Local People 04 33 09 04 50 Tour Operator 05 11 05 02 23 State Tourists 06 29 12 05 52 National Tourists 03 12 05 02 22 Foreign Tourists 02 03 01 01 07

Total 20 88 32 14 154

Source: Field Survey 2019

Satisfaction Level of Tourism and Hospitality

Most 0f the people are fascinated by the natural beauty and hospitality of coastal tourism in West Bengal. A survey of 154 people was conducted to learn more about the natural beauty and hospitality level of the tourist destination. According to the survey, 20 out of 154 people are highly satisfied by the natural beauty and hospitality of the tourist destination. 88 people out of 154 people are satisfied, while 32 people have taken a neutral stance and 14 people have expressed dissatisfaction with the natural beauty and hospitality of West Bengal's coastal tourist destinations. With the awareness of tourists and the goodwill of the people, various initiatives taken by the government can further expand the tourism sector in this region and may increase the level of satisfaction.

9% 13%

21% Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral 57% Dissatisfied

Figure 2: Satisfaction Level of Tourism Source: Compiled by authors

SWOT Analysis

2757

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) Analysis is a very effective device to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of tourism activities and to be familiar with the overall impact. 18 SWOT Analysis is calculated primarily based on the survey amongst the local people, tourists, hotel owners, and different entrepreneurs mainly through questionnaires. There are 4 elements amongst which strength and opportunity are viewed to be the positive factors, whereas weakness and threat are regarded as negative factors. SWOT Analysis is performed to consider the influence of tourism things to do on the environment. The effects of the SWOT evaluation are summarized in Table 1.

Conclusion Nowadays the coastal plain of West Bengal suffers from many challenging problems that have created conflicts between a range of resource users and interest groups, between developers and environmentalists in West Bengal. The coastal sector administration in West Bengal has been cautioned beneath each regulatory and non-regulatory system. Under the regulatory system, it is endorsed that quintessential ecosystems like mangrove forests in Sundarbans and dunes in Digha, etc. have to be blanketed from any changes. Aquaculture must additionally be regulated with a whole ban on the conversion of mangrove area, the managed abstraction of groundwater, and gorgeous cure of effluents earlier than being discharged into the floor water system. Similarly, regulatory measures have to additionally be adopted to manipulate dredging activities, discharge of burnt oil, leakage of oil due to horrific preservation of vessels, limiting setback strains for coastal construction, etc. It is additionally emphasized that the Environment Impact Assessment finding out about has to be made obligatory for any giant coastal project. Under the non-regulatory measures, management of city run-off, erection of flood safety barrier, formulating oil spill contingency plan, use of far off sensing for figuring out possible fishing zone, splendid storm forecasting, restoration of derelict wetland can be listed as a foremost recommendation. Simultaneously steps are to be taken for technical education on coastal quarter administration growing attention in the neighborhood and making sure a gadget of monitoring. Inspire with the aid of the vast potentialities of eco-tourism improvement in the coastal region, the place has now not been highlighted and developed as an ecotourism destination. The concepts of eco-tourism are no longer scientifically accompanied in the region, several nearby communities are nevertheless unemployed, and infrastructure does no longer comply with the eco-tourism concept. However, the government of West Bengal tries to advance the infrastructure for mounted the tourism enterprise in West Bengal from hill in the north to sea in the south. Yet we can say, all the west Bengal coastal area environments supply a special mixture of sources and constraints; like beaches, dunes, wetland, Barrier Island, cyclone, sea stage rise, erosion through the fluvial-marine method and anthropogenic activities, etc. which may additionally be regarded to discover the possibilities for the improvement of eco-tourism which is one of the assuring tremendous administration of the coast.

References 1 Mola, F., Shafaei, F., & Mohamed, B. (2012). Tourism and the environment: issues of concern and sustainability of southern part of the Caspian Sea Coastal Areas. Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(3), 2.

2Butler, R. W. (1980). “The concept of tourism area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources”, Canadian Geographer, 24(1). 5-12.

3 Baitalik, A., Majumdar, S. (2015). COASTAL TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN WEST BENGAL: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 2(1). 267-272. DOI: 10.3126/ijssm.v2i3.12910

4 Banerjee, M. (2014). ECO Tourism in Sunderbans...A Life Line For Local People and the Ecology. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(11). 761-770.

5 Mandal, A. K., & Nandi, N. C. (1989). Fauna of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem, West Bengal, India (Vol. 3). Zoological Survey of India.

2758

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 06, ISSUE 06, 2019

6 UNESCO (2011), The Sundarbans: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798. Accessed 22 October 2011.

7 Ghosh, P. (2014). Subsistence and Biodiversity Conservation in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal, India. Theses and Dissertations--Geography. Paper 26. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/26 8 Mandal, M., Debnath, P. K., Shukla, J. (2013). EMERGING DIMENSION OF COASTAL ECO- TOURISM RESOURCES ALONG THE COAST OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(1). 58-67.

9 Akhtar, J. (1990). Tourism Management in India. New Delhi. Ashish Publishing House.

10Ghosh, P., Sofique, M. A. (2010). Sustainability of Tourism Industry: West Bengal (India) Perspective. Egional Conference on Tourism. 9-336.

11 Mandal, A.K. and Ghosh, R.K. (1989), Sundarban: A Socio BioEcological Study. Bookland.

12Burkart, A. J., & Medlic, S. (1981). Tourism-Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann Professional Publishing.

13Mandal, A. K. (2003), The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company.

14 "Regional Sites". International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008.

15 Ritchhart, Mark (September 2009). "Kneeboarding – Fun For Everyone" (PDF). The Water Skier. USA Water Ski: 46–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011.

16 Mahamulkar, S., & Tembhekar, C. (2015, February 24). "Your kids can touch fish at renovated Taraporevala Aquarium from Friday". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 February 2019.

17Untawale, A. G., & Dhargalkar, V. K. (1994). Eco-tourism Potential Along the Indian Coasts. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. 101-105.

18SWOT Analysis: (2016). Discover New Opportunities, Manage and Eliminate Threats. www.mindtools.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018

2759