Responsibility in Contemporary Canadian Historical Fiction
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NECESSARY FICTIONS: RESPONSIBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN HISTORICAL FICTION PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English NECESSARY FICTIONS: RESPONSIBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN HISTORICAL FICTION By ERIN ASPENLIEDER, B.A., M.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Erin Aspenlieder, 2011 PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2011) McMaster University (English and Cultural Studies) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Necessary Fictions: Responsibility in Contemporary Canadian Historical Fiction AUTHOR: Erin Aspenlieder, B.A. (McMaster), M.A. (University of Western Ontario) SUPERIVSOR: Lorraine M. York, Ph.D. NUMBER OF PAGES: 255 ii PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English Abstract This dissertation considers the use – both the function and the value – of history in nine contemporary Canadian historical novels: Steven Heighton's Afterlands (2005), Don Gillmor's Kanata (2009), Rudy Wiebe's A Discovery of Strangers (1995), Fred Stenson's The Trade (2000), Michael Crummey's River Thieves (2003), Lawrence Hill's The Book of Negroes (2007), Merilyn Simonds's The Holding (2005), Aimée Laberge's Where the River Narrows (2004) and Jane Urquhart's A Map of Glass (2006). It asks what responsibilities authors of historical novels hold to the past and to readers in the present. It argues for making a distinction between irresponsible and responsible historical fiction, a separation marked not by the strict adherence to “fact,” but rather by the acknowledgement of the continued effect of past actions and relationships on the present, specifically the present configuration of the nation called Canada. I also characterize responsible historical fiction as committed to the notion of “truth-to-meaning” and requiring an engaged and active reader. iii PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English Acknowledgements It might be the case that I have spent as much time thinking about my gratitude to those people who made this dissertation possible as I have about the dissertation itself, knowing that my work and my ability to work owed so much to others. I benefited tremendously from the generosity and intelligence of my supervisor, Lorraine York. While her (frighteningly prompt) responses to my questions and my writing provided a near-constant flow of intellectual stimulation, her warmth and enthusiasm gave me the encouragement I needed to keep going or to try again. Likewise, at every stage of this process my first reader, Daniel Coleman, and my second reader, Roger Hyman, offered keen and thoughtful commentary, while never failing to express their excitement for the project. Thank you each for giving me so much. I am a member of a terrific community at McMaster. Thanks to the members of the Canadianist Reading Group, to my colleagues, and to the professors who coupled intellectual rigor with an ethic of care; to my colleagues on “Team York,” most especially to Paul Huebener, my thesis-writing-Blizzard-eating-idea-sharing partner; to the administrative staff of Antoinette Somo, Ilona Forgo-Smith, Bianca James and Aurelia Gatto who solved my problems before I knew they were problems; to the folks at the Centre for Leadership in Learning for valuing my interest in teaching; to the members of writers group for the creative stimulation (and the food). Along the way I found encouragement and distraction from a crew of wonderful people. Thanks to Eva Lane, Emily West, Brandon Kerfoot, Richard Davila, Lucy Langston and Lisa Kabesh for all the pints, plates of breakfast, games and uninhibited laughter; to Chelsea Lloyd and Sarah McDonough for emails, phone calls, cards and conversations about the world outside the academy. Thanks to Nick Holm for asking me about Canada, for sharing books with me like Banal Nationalism , for worrying as much as I do, and for believing I could do it. Thanks to Pam Ingleton for nine minute phone calls, for trips and grand schemes, for telling me all the things I ought to know but don’t, and for caring 110%. Thanks to Iain and Adrienne for going first, for living your lives with an enthusiasm and generosity I admire and aspire to. Thanks to Matthew for being my partner in crime, in conversation, in life. Finally, thanks to my mum and dad for reading to me as a little person and for continuing to share books and ideas; for believing the work I do is valuable and for telling me so; for phone calls and cards of encouragement; and for their undefeatable faith in me. Their love for stories and communities has taught me more than my education ever will. Thank you. iv PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English Contents INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER ONE: EXPLORING THE BORDERS OF NATION: SKETCHES TOWARD AN INDEFINITE MAP 28 CHAPTER TWO: CLOTH AND TRADE: LOCATING (HISTORIC) RESPONSIBILITY AND JUSTICE IN TRADE STORIES 102 CHAPTER THREE: (UN)SETTLING PAST AND PRESENT: USING AND INHERITING HISTORY IN SETTLER NARRATIVES 175 CONCLUSION 242 WORKS CITED 245 v PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English Introduction History is what Canadians have in common. -Desmond Morton, A Short History of Canada History is so distorted it is irrelevant. -Georges Sioui, Histories of Kanatha Seen and Told Listen to me now. I have a story to tell you. -Michael Crummey, River Thieves On August 15 th 2008 the Canadian Environment Minister, John Baird, announced a federal investment of $75 000 in a Parks Canada search and rescue mission. The mission, to recover the wrecks of the Erebus and the Terror – two ships lost during John Franklin's failed 1845 expedition to chart the Northwest Passage – aimed to use the wrecks to reassert Canadian “use” of the arctic waters. In his announcement Baird stated that “We [the Canadian government] think every bit of weight we can put behind our case for sovereignty is important. Adding history to that equation can only enhance that case” (CanWest). Baird's emphasis on the utility of historical material to Canada's claim of arctic sovereignty reflects a common expectation that history can be, and indeed ought to be, put to use in the service of the nation. 1 Baird's understanding of history as useful invites the questions of what and whose ends might history serve? This dissertation considers the use – both the function and the value – of history in 1 For instance, political commentators J.L. Granastein (1998), Andrew Cohen (2007), Michael Valpy (2004), John Ralston Saul (2008), and Rudyard Griffiths (2009) all argue for the utility of Canadian history in improving democratic participation and citizen engagement. They differently, but consistently, argue that a shared knowledge of Canadian history is vital for the continued coherence of the nation- state. 6 PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English nine contemporary Canadian historical novels: Steven Heighton's Afterlands (2005), Don Gillmor's Kanata (2009), Rudy Wiebe's A Discovery of Strangers (1995), Fred Stenson's The Trade (2000), Michael Crummey's River Thieves (2003), Lawrence Hill's The Book of Negroes (2007), Merilyn Simonds's The Holding (2005), Aimée Laberge's Where the River Narrows (2004) and Jane Urquhart's A Map of Glass (2006). It asks what responsibilities authors of historical novels hold to the past and to readers in the present. It argues for making a distinction between irresponsible and responsible historical fiction, a separation marked not by the strict adherence to “fact,” but rather by the acknowledgement of the continued effect of past actions and relationships on the present, specifically the present configuration of the nation called Canada. I also characterize responsible historical fiction as committed to the notion of “truth-to-meaning” and requiring an active and engaged reader. In this introductory section I will describe the critical context of historical “truth- to-meaning” and the central paradox of historical fiction as both a critique and reassertion of historical truth. I will then describe how, given the creation of a historical narrative in contemporary historical fiction, authors must grapple with issues of responsible representation of the past and responsible engagement with the realities of the present. I will then identify the specific characteristics of a responsible historical fiction and present preliminary arguments for its importance in contributing to contemporary narratives of the nation and of national belonging by introducing each of the three chapters contained in this study. 7 PhD Thesis – Erin Aspenlieder McMaster University – English Acceptable Truth: Beyond the Post-structuralist Critique of Historiography What is “truth-to-meaning”? Historian Ann Rigney theorizes the difference between “truth-to-actuality” and “truth-to-meaning” in her 2001 text Imperfect Histories . She argues that Representations that are “true-to-actuality” claim fidelity to historical sources and their authority is thus based on their relation to evidence and to the historical particulars gleaned from it. In contrast, representations that are “true-to- meaning” claim to have insight into the underlying configuration of past events, and their authority is based to a lesser degree on evidence and much more on confidence in the understanding and learning of the interpreter. (26) Katherine Durnin takes up Rigney's theory of “truth-to-meaning” in an article on Fred Stenson's The Trade in which