Notes

Introduction

1. Khien Theeravit, 'The Relationship between Thailand and China - problems and prospects', Bangkok Bank Monthly Review, Vol. 19, No. 12, December 1978, p. 566. 2. Khien Theeravit, 'Nayobai lae kon1ayut khong satharanarat prachachon jin to thai (The People's Republic of China's Policies and Tactics towards Thailand)', in Jin leap sangkhom 10k (Communist China and World Society), (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1976), p. 178. See also, Khien Theeravit, 'Khosangket kieokap nayobai tangprathet khong thai (Notes on Thai Foreign Policy)" The Social Science Review (Bangkok), Vol. 13, No. I, January-March 1975. 3. Suebsaeng Promboon, 'Thai kap satharanarat prachachon jin: wikhro naeo nayobai tangprathet (Thailand and the PRC: A Foreign Policy Analysis)" The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974. p. 9. 4. Narumitr Sods uk, Samphanthaphap thang kanthut rawang thai leap satharanarat p rachachon jin (Diplomatic Relations between Thailand and the People's Republic of China), (Bangkok, Thai Wattanapanich Press, 1981), p. 30. 5. Thani Sukkasem, Sino-Thai Relations: An Analysis of Thai Policy Towards China, 1949-1972, M.PoI.Sc. thesis [in Thai), (Thammasat University, Bangkok, 1973), pp. 307-310. 6. Department of International Relations, Chulalongkorn University, China in Thai Perspective, Asian Studies Monograph No. 027, April 1980, p. 15. 7. Kullada Kesboonchoo, 'Patterns of Thai Diplomacy: A Historical Study', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. X, No.4, October 1973, pp. 43-46. See also E. W. Hutchinson, Adventurers in Siam in the Seventeenth Century (London, The Royal Asiatic Society, 1940), Chapters II, m, and IV, pp. 19-91. 8. D. O. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (London, The Macmillan Press, 1981), pp. 388-392. See also Hutchinson, Adventurers in Siam, Chapters V and VII, pp. 92-112 and 155-178. 9. See E. W. Hutchinson, 1688 Revolution in Siam (Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1968). 10. David K. Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (New Haven, Yale Uni­ versity Press, 1984), pp. 117-118. 11. M. L. Manich Jumsai, History of Anglo-Thai Relations (Bangkok, Chalermnit, 1970), p. 50.

158 Notes to pp. 6-9 159

12. James C. Ingram, Economic Change in Thailand, 1850-1970 (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1971), p. 35. 13. Wyatt. Thailand, p. 185. 14. Ibid., p. 203. 15. Chandran Jeshurun, The Contest for Siam 1889-1902: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry (Kuala Lumpur, Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 1977), p. 57. 16. Ibid., pp. 32-33. 17. Kamol Somvichian, The Thai Military in Politics: An Analytical Study, Ph.D. thesis (University of London, 1969), pp. 28-39. 18. See Prayoon Phamonmontri, Chiwit 5 phaendin /chong khaphachao (My Life through Five Reigns), (Bangkok, Bannakit. 1975); also Pridi Phanomyong (sic), 'Some Stories Concerning the Formation of the People's Party and Democracy', in Thak Chaloemtiarana (ed.), Thai Politics: 1932-1957, Vol. I Extracts and Documents (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1978), pp. 51-70. 19. Nicholas Tarling, 'King Prajadhipok and the Apple Cart: British Atti­ tudes towards the 1932 Revolution', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 64, pt. 2, July 1976, p. 9. 20. Sir Josiah Crosby, Siam: The Crossroads (London, Hallis Carter, 1945), p. 63. 2l. Chatri Ritharom, The Making of the Thai-U.S. Military Alliance and the SEATO Treaty of 1954: A Study in Thai Decision-Making, Ph.D. thesis, (Claremont, 1976), p. 100. 22. Chamvit Kasetsiri, 'The First Phi bun Government and Its Involvement in World War II', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 62, pt. 2, July 1974, p. 38. 23. This term has been variously translated as 'Statism', 'State Creed', and 'Cultural Mandate'. 24. Thamsook Numnonda, 'Pibulsongkram's Thai Nation-Building Pro­ gramme during the Japanese Military Presence, 1941-1945', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. IX, No.2, September 1978, p. 235. See also Likhit Dhiravegin, Nationalism and the State in Thailand, Monograph Series No. 8 (Bangkok, Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, 1985), pp. 1-10. 25. Thamsook, 'Pibulsongkram's Thai Nation-Building Programme', p. 235; and Charnvit, 'The First Phibun Government', pp. 37-42. 26. John Coast, Some Aspects of Siamese Politics (New York, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1953), p. 15. For Luang Vichitr Vadhakarn's own work, see Sayam kap suwannaphum (Siam and the Land of Gold), (Bangkok, 1933). 27. Direk Jayanama, Thai kap songkhram 10k khrang thi song (Thai­ land and the Second World War), (Bangkok, Prae Pittaya, 1967), pp.42-43. 28. Edward Thadeus Flood, Japan's Relations with Thailand: 1928-41, Ph.D. thesis (University of Washington, 1967), pp. 236-238. 160 Notes to pp. 10--15

29. Apichart Chinwanno, Thailand's Search for Protection: The Making of the Alliance with the United States, 1947-1954, D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1985), p. 50. 30. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, p. 63. 31. Edward Thadeus Flood, 'The 1940 Franco-Thai Border Dispute and Phibuun Sonkhraam's Conunitment to Japan', Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. X, No.2, September 1969, pp. 321-322. 32. Charnvit, 'The First Phibun Government', p. 46. 33. James V. Martin, Jr., 'Thai-American Relations in World War II', Journal ofAsian Studies, Vol. XXII, No.4, August 1963, pp. 453-454. See also Songsri Foran, Thai-British-American Relations during World War II and the Immediate Postwar Period, 1940--1946, Paper No. 10 (Bangkok, Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University, 1981), pp. 9-12. 34. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, p. 52. 35. William L. Swan, 'Thai-Japanese Relations at the Start of the Pacific War: New Insight into a Controversial Period', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. XVIII, No.2, September 1987, p. 273. 36. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, pp. 107-116. 37. See Flood, Japan's Relations with Thailand (Chapters 12, 13 and 14), pp. 456-595. 38. Ibid., pp. 567-569. 39. Ian Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869-1942 (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977), p. 244. 40. Flood, Japan's Relations with Thailand, pp. 614-618. 41. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, pp. 176-180. It is probable that the Americans continued to be suspicious of the Thai government because of their knowledge, learned through intercepted and decoded Japanese messages between Bangkok and Tokyo - as part of the MAGIC operation, of what Thai leaders were saying to the Japanese. 42. Swan, 'Thai-Japanese Relations', pp. 275-277. 43. Ibid., pp. 278-279. See also Konthi Supamongkol, Kan withesobai khong thai (Thailand's Diplomacy), (Bangkok, Thammasat University Press, 1984), p. 41. 44. Ibid., pp. 279-281. 45. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, pp. 194-197. 46. Swan, 'Thai-Japanese Relations', p. 283. 47. Wiwat Mungkandi, 'Ready Resiliency: A Hobson's Choice in Thai Diplomacy', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XIII, No.1, January 1976, pp. 51-52. 48. Charnvit, 'The First Phibun Government', pp. 58-60. 49. Netr Khemayothin, Ngan taidin khong phan-ek yothi (The Under­ ground Work of Colonel Yothi), (Bangkok, Kasembannakit, 1967), p. 1. 50. J. B. Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement during the Second World War, Center for Southeast Asian Studies Special Report No. 17 Notes to pp. 15-19 161

(Northern lllinois University, 1978), p. 60. 51. See Netr Kbemayothin, Chiwit naiphon (Life of a General), (Bangkok, Kasembannakit. 1967), pp. 277-341. 52. See Thawee Bunyaket. Political Memoirs, in Jayanta Kumar Ray (ed.), Portraits of Thai Politics (New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1972), p. 81; Netr, Ngan taidin, pp. 38-39; and Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement, p. 68. 53. See La-iad Pibul Songgram. Political Memoirs, in Ray (ed.), Portraits of Thai Politics, p. 205; and Netr, Ngan taidin, p. 40. 54. Nicholas Tarling, 'Atonement Before Absolution: British Policy Towards Thailand During World War II', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 66, pt. 1, January 1978, pp. 22-23. 55. Official Report Fifth Series, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), the House of Commons 1945-46, Vol. 413, 1-24 August 1945 (London, HMSO, 1945), p. 299. 56. Nicholas Tarling, 'Rice and Reconciliation: The AnglcrThai Peace Negotiations of 1945', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 66, pt. 2, July 1978, p. 66. 57. Netr, Chiwit naiphon, pp. 647-712. 58. Songsri, Thai-British-American Relations, Chapter V, pp. 181-220. 59. Direk, Thai leap songkhram 10k, pp. 593-643. 60. It was a 'resumption' because the Pibul government had established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on 12 March 1941 after brief negotiations conducted by Prayoon Phamonmontri in Moscow between 21-28 February. The exchange of diplomatic representatives, however, was deferred because of the war situation in Europe. See Royal Gazette, Vol. 58, p. 694, 27 May 1941 (B.E.2484); and Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Library and Archives Division (henceforth cited as TMFA, L&A), File 2.3.113 Memorandum on the question of Thailand's diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, 30 April 1941; and File 2.3.512 Memorandum on the exchange of diplomatic representatives with the Soviet Union, 19 April 1948. 61. Wyatt. Thailand, p. 263. 62. Nigel J. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore: A Frustrated Asian Revolution (Boulder, Westview Press, 1986), p. 119. 63. Sucbin Tantikun, Ratthaprahan phoso 2490 (The Coup d'Etat of 2490), (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1972), pp. 74-75; and Thak (ed.), Thai Politics, p. 503. 64. Sucbin, Ratthaprahan, p. 123. 65. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, p. 122. 66. Crosby, Siam: The Crossroads, p. 122. 67. Likbit Dhiravegin, 'Thailand Foreign Policy Determination', The Jour­ nal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974, p.48. 68. Wiwat. 'Ready Resiliency' , p. 45. 162 Notes to pp. 22-28

Chapter 1: Review of Sino-Thai Relations before 1949

1. Wyatt. Thailand, pp. 1-2. 2. See for example, Chen Lufan, Whence came the Thai Race? - An Inquiry (Kunming, Yunnan Province, International Cultural Publishing Co., 1990). 3. Prince Chula Chakrabongse, Lords of Life (London, Alvin Redman Ltd., 1960), p. 16. 4. See Luang Vichitr Vadhakarn, Sayam kap suwannaphum, pp. 39-55. 5. Crosby, Siam: The Crossroad, p. 12. 6. Hall, A History of South-East Asia, p. 185. 7. Wyatt. Thailand, p. 53. 8. John King Fairbank, A Preliminary Framework, in John King Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1968), p.2. 9. Samuel S. Kim, China, the United Nations. and World Order (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1979), p. 21. 10. Fairbank, A Preliminary Framework, in Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order, p .2. 11. Mark Mancall, The Ch'ing Tribute System: An Interpretive Essay, in Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order, p. 65. 12. Suebsaeng Promboon, Khwamsamphan nai rabob bannakan rawang jin kap thai 1289-1853 (Sino-Siamese Tributary Relations 1289-1853), (Bangkok, Thai Wattanapanich Press, 1982), pp. 26-27. 13. Ibid., pp. 59-72. 14. Ibid., p. 48. 15. Sarasin Viraphol, Tribute and Profit: Sino-Siamese Trade. 1652-1853 (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 1. 16. Wendell Blanchard et al., Thailand: Its People. Its Society. Its Culture, Country Survey Series (New Haven, HRAF Press, 1958), p. 230. 17. Sarasin, Tribute and Profit, p. 1. 18. Ibid., p.2. 19. G. William Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1957), p. 28. 20. Walter F. Vella, Siam Under Rama III (1824-1851), (New York, U. Augustin Incorporated Publisher, 1957), p. 26. 21. Sarasin, Tribute and Profit, pp. 4-5. 22. Ibid., p. 237. 23. Ingram, Economic Change in Thailand, p. 176. 24. Sarasin, Tribute and Profit, p. 24l. 25. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 68. 26. Ibid., p. 32. 27. Ibid., p. 6l. 28. Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia (Oxford, Oxford Univer­ sity Press, 1980), p. 84. 29. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 6l. Notes to pp. 29-34 163

30. John Crawfurd, Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China (London, 1830), p.450. 31. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, pp. 126-127. 32. Nopamas Dhiravegin, 'The Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia: Com­ parative Study with a Special Case Study of Thailand', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No. I, January 1974, p. 98. 33. Kenneth P. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand (New York, Russell & Russell, 1941), p. 11. 34. Ibid., p. 33. 35. Walter F. Vella, Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism (Honolulu, The University Press of Hawaii, 1978), pp. 193-194. 36. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 161. 37. For discussions of the question of nationality, see for example, Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1979), pp. 380-420. 38. See Yuparet Milligan, The Role of the Chinese in Thailand, M.PoI.Sc. thesis [in Thaij, (Bangkok, Chulalongkom University, 1967), p. 111. 39. Richard 1. Coughlin, Double Identity: The Chinese in Modem Thailand (Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1960), p. 189. 40. Ibid., pp. 81-83. 41. Nationality Act B.E.2456 (1913), Royal Gazette, Vol. 29, p. 29, 30 March 1913 (B.E.2455). 42. See, for example, Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, p. 82; Blanchard et al., Thailand, p. 66; Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff, Minority Problems in Southeast Asia (Stanford, Stanford Uni­ versity Press, 1955), p. 44; and Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p.212. 43. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, p. 23. 44. Ibid., pp. 22-23. 45. Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, p. 117. 46. David A. Wilson, 'China, Thailand, and the Spirit of Bandung (Part I)" China Quanerly, No. 30, April-June 1967, p. 151. 47. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 236. 48. Wyatt, Thailand, p. 237. 49. Phuwadol Songprasert, The Thai Government's Policies Towards the Chinese in Thailand (1932-1957), M.A. thesis [in Thaij, (Bangkok, Chulalongkom University, 1976), p. 19. 50. Immigration Amendment Act B.E.2475 (1932), Royal Gazette, Vol. 49, p. 609, 3 February 1933 (B.E. 2575). 51. Registration of Aliens Act B.E.2479 (1936), Royal Gazette, Vol. 53, p. 756, 5 July 1936 (B.E.2479). 52. Immigration Act B.E.2480 (1937), Royal Gazette, Vol. 54, p. 1001,20 September 1937 (B.E.2480). 53. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, p. 165. 164 Notes to pp. 3~2

54. Ibid., p. 163. 55. Ibid., p. 155. 56. Press Amendment Act B.E.2475 (1932), Royal Gazette, Vol. 49, p. 404, 29 September 1932 (B.E.2475). 57. Chamvit, 'The Frrst Phibun Government', p. 33. 58. For details of these measures, see for example, Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, pp. 215-260. 59. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 267. 60. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, p. 99. 61. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 234. 62. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, pp. 168-169. 63. Ibid., p. 25. 64. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, pp. 112-113. 65. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 276. 66. Vivat Sethachuay, United States-Thailand Diplomatic Relations Dur­ ing World War II, Ph.D. thesis (Brigham Young University, 1977), p.188. 67. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, pp. 272-273. See also John Coast, Railroad to Death (London, Commodore Press, 1946), p. 130. 68. Charivat Santaputra. Thai Foreign Policy 1932-1946, Ph.D. thesis, (Southampton University, 1982), p. 312. 69. Dieek, Thai kap songkhram 10k, pp. 266-271. 70. British Public Record Office (henceforth cited as BPRO), F03711 46542 F2570154/40 Memorandum on 'Relations between Siam and China', 27 April 1945. 71. Martin, 'Thai-American Relations', p. 461. 72. Tarling, 'Atonement Before Absolution', pp. 29-30. 73. Konthi, Kan withesobai, p. 117. See also Nai Chantana (pseud.), X O. Group (Bangkok, Chetburut Press, 1979), pp. 75-226. 74. Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement, pp. 54-55. 75. Martin, 'Thai-American Relations', p. 463. 76. Andrew Gilchrist, Bangkok Top Secret: Being the Experiences of a British Officer in the Siam Country Section of Force 136 (London, Hutchinson & Co.Ltd, 1970), p. 20. 77. Tarling, 'Atonement Before Absolution', pp. 32-35. 78. Konthi, Kan withesobai, p. 120. 79. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore, p. 101. 80. Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement, pp. 42-43. Nichol Smith and Blake Clark also discussed the question of Chinese obstructionism in their book Into Siam the Underground Kingdom. 81. Ibid., pp. 57-59. 82. Charivat, Thai Foreign Policy, pp. 318-319. 83. BPRO F0371/46567 F7906/1197/40 Dening to F.O. No. 572, 5 October 1945; and F0371146567 F6072/1197/40 'Ta Kung Pao' Editorial, 28 August 1945. 84. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 282. Notes to pp. 42-51 165

85. Konthi, /(an withesobai, pp. 286-287. 86. For full text, see United Nations Treaty Series (henceforth cited as UNTS), 1953, Vol. 161, p. 127, Treaty No. 1:2126. 87. H. M. Spitzer, 'Siam's Political Problems', Far Eastern Survey, Vol. XV, No.7, 10 April 1946, p. 106. 88. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.32/ 1 Thamrong Nawasawat to Sa-nguan Tularak No. 71/2490, 16 September 1947; and Sa-nguan to Ministry of Foreign Affairs (M.F.A.) No. 62/2490,24 September 1947. 89. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, p. 145. 90. TMFA, L&A File 6.6.1 II Notification of the Ministry of Interior concerning the fixing of number of alien immigrants entering the Kingdom of Siam. 91. TMFA, L&A File 6.6.113 Phraya Srivisar to Li Tieh-tseng No. 9411 2491,26 February 1948. 92. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, p. 149. 93. Ibid., p. 166. 94. Ibid., p. 167. 95. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 264. 96. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore, p. 76. 97. George Modelski, Thailand and China: From Avoidance to Hostility, in A. M. Halpern (ed.), Policies Toward China: Viewsfrom Six Continents (New York, McGraw Hill, 1965), p. 350.

Chapter 2: From Avoidance to HostDity, 1949-1950

1. Thak Chaloemtiarana, Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternal­ ism (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1979), p.56. 2. Chatri, The Making of the Thai-U.S. Military Alliance, pp. 174-175. 3. Ibid., p. 170. 4. Thak, Thailand, p. 58. 5. Thawee, Political Memoirs, in Ray (ed.), Portraits of Thai Politics, p.123. 6. Thak, Thailand, p. 42. 7. Ibid., p. 59. 8. BPRO F0371176277 F2404/1011/40 'Siam: Annual Review for 1948', 15 February 1949. 9. Frank C. Darling, Thailand and the U"ited States (Washington, D.C., Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 67. 10. Coast, Some Aspects of Siamese Politics, p. 49. 11. BPRO F0371 184348 FSI01111 'Siam: Annual Review for 1949', 22 May 1950. 12. BPRO F0371176277 F2404/l011/40 'Siam: Annual Review for 1948',15 February 1949. 13. Darling, Thailand and the U"ited States, p. 67. 166 Notes to pp. 51-55

14. Thai National Archives (henceforth cited as TNA), Ministry of Interior File (henceforth cited as Ml), File 0201.2.1.5711 Chamnan-akson to Sinatyotharak No. 154/2491, 1 October 1948. 15. United States National Archives, Department o/State Files (henceforth cited as USNA, DS), 892.00/11-2248 US Embassy Report No. 419, 'Political Survey of the First Six Months of the Phibun Regime - May-October, 1948'. 16. BPRO F0371176281 F2967/1019/40 Thompson to Foreign Office (F.O.) No. 145, 25 February 1949. 17. USNA, DS 892.00B/8-2949 Stanton to State Department (S.D.) No. 753, 29 August 1949; 892.00B/9-2049 Stanton to S.D. No. 328, 20 September 1949; and 892.00BI10-1349 Stanton to S.D. No. 367, 13 October 1949; also BPRO F0371 176280 F13276/1017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 651,4 September 1949. 18. BPRO F0371184348 FS 10 11 11 'Siam: Annual Review for 1949', 22 May 1950. 19. BPRO F0371176277 F240411011/40 'Siam: Annual Review for 1948',15 February 1949. 20. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 69. 21. See Arlene Becker Neher, Prelude to Alliance: The Expansion 0/ American Economic Interest in Thailand During the I 940s, Ph.D. thesis (Northern Illinois University, 1980), pp. 191-199. 22. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, pp. 176-178. 23. USNA, DS 892.002/ 11-548 Memorandum from Butterworth to Webb, 5 November 1948. 24. USNA, DS Records of the Philippine and Southeast Asia Division 1944-1952 (henceforth cited as PSAD), Box 19 Annexes 32-42: Webb to Stanton No. 314,8 June 1949. 25. USNA, DS PSAD, Box 19 Annexes 32-42: Stanton to S.D. No. 676, 2 August 1949; and Memorandum from Butterworth to Acheson, 5 August 1949. 26. USNA, DS 892.20/9-249 Acheson to Stanton No. 498, 2 September 1949; and 892.20/9-1249 Stanton to S.D. No. 798, 12 September 1949. 27. TMFA, L&A File 2.1.1/4 Memorandum by K.S. Patton, 21 July 1949. 28. TMFA, L&A File 2.1.1/3 Memorandum on the Recognition of Bao Dai, Cambodia and Laos, 11 February 1949. 29. USNA, DS 792.00/3-1350 Stanton to S.D. No. 185, 13 March 1950; and TMFA, L&A File 2.l.1I6 Chamnan-akson to Pote Sarasin No. 34/2493, 27 February 1950. 30. TMFA, L&A File 2.1.1/6 Communique on the 'Recognition of the Governments of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos', 28 February 1950. 31. BPRO F037 1184363 FSI038611 Thompson to F.O. No. 166, 1 March 1950. 32. USNA, DS 792.56/3-lO50 Truman to Acheson, 10 March 1950; 792.5 MAP/4-1050 Stanton to S.D. No. 315, 10 April 1950; 792.5 Notes to pp. 55-60 167

MAP/4-1050 Acheson to US Embassy Bangkok No. 282. 12 April 1950; 792.5/4-1350 Stanton to S.D. No. 325. 13 April 1950; and 792.5/4-1950 Stanton to S.D. No. 337. 19 April 1950. 33. BPRO F0371 184362 FS10381 18 Whittington to F.O. No. 510.26 July 1950. 34. TMFA, L&A File 10.37.8/1 Warakan Bancha to Trygve Lie No. 11569/2493. 1 July 1950. 35. TMFA, L&A File 10.37.8/1 Trygve Lie to Warakan Bancha No. 68. 14 July 1950; and Warakan Bancha to Trygve Lie No. 12903/2493. 23 July 1950. 36. TMFA, L&A File 10.37.8/1 Wan Waitbayakon to M.F.A. No. 1331 2493.26 July 1950. 37. Prince Wan Waitbayakon was also often referred to as Prince Naradhip Bongsaprabandh. 38. TNA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Files: United Nations Affairs Files (henceforth cited as MFA/UNA), File 1.8.2.1 /1 Wan Waitbayakon to M.F.A. No. 57/2493. 6 December 1950; and Warakan Bancha to Wan Waitbayakon No. 112494.4 January 1951. 39. TNA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Files (henceforth cited as MFA). File 90/6 Chamnan-akson to Warakan Bancha No. 11249/2493. 20 December 1950. 40. TNA MFAIUNA File 1.8.2.1 /1 Chamnan-akson to Warakan Bancha No. 166/2494. 8 January 1951; and Warakan Bancha to Wan Waitbayakon No. 9/2494. 11 January 1951. 41. See Darling, Thailand and the United States, pp. 79-81. 42. See USNA, DS 792.5 MAP/l0-1750 Stanton to S.D. No. 267. 17 October 1950. 43. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, pp. 89-99. 44. USNA, DS 892.00/10-449 Stanton to S.D. No. A-451, 4 October 1949; and Siam Nikorn. 3 October 1949. 45. Siam Nikom. 15 November 1949. 46. Thani, Sino-Thai Relations. p. 53. 47. USNA, DS 892.ooB 110-2549 Stanton to S.D. No. A-493, 25 October 1949. 48. USNA, DS 892.ooB/6-249 Memorandum of Conversation witb Pote Sarasin by Stanton, 2 June 1949. 49. BPROF0371176280 F15381/1017/40Thompson to F.O. No. 869,26 November 1949. 50. USNA, DS 892.ooBI 10-2549 Stanton to S.D. No. A-493. 25 October 1949. 51. USNA, DS 892.OO(W)/12-849 Stanton to S.D. No. 1040,8 December 1949. 52. BPRO F0371 176280 F15381 11017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 869,26 November 1949. 53. USNA, DS 792.5/1-650 State Department to US Embassy Bangkok No. 16,6 January 1950. 168 Notes to pp. 60-68

54. South China Morning Post, 10 January 1950; and Siam Nikorn, 11 January 1950. 55. British Broadcasting Corporation: Summary of World Broadcasts (henceforth cited as BBC/SWB), Part Y, No. 41, 31 January 1950, 'Bangkok Chinese Appeal to Mao'. 56. BBC/SWB Part Y, No. 41, 31 January 1950, 'CPO Protests to Thai Government' . 57. BBC/SWB Part Y, No. 41,31 January 1950, 'Peking Radio Threatens Pibul'. 58. USNA, DS 793.00/2-350 Qubb to S.D. No. 280,3 February 1950. 59. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/1 Thai Permanent Delegation in New York to UN Secretary-General No. 1146/2493,4 April 1950. 60. See Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, pp. 192-193. 61. BPRO F0371 176004 F6oo9/1017/61 Thompson to F.O. No. 315, 27 April 1949. 62. South China Morning Post, 6 February 1950. 63. BPRO F0371/84357 FS 10310/1 Thompson to F.O. No. 75, 29 January 1950. 64. Edwin F. Stanton, Brief Authority (London, Robert Hale Ltd., 1957), p.221. 65. USNA, DS PSAD, Box 3 Southeast Asia Conference, Bangkok 1948: Memorandum on the Chinese in Siam. 66. Skinner. Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 325. 67. USNA, DS PSAD, Box 3 Southeast Asia Conference, Bangkok 1948: Memorandum on the Chinese in Siam. 68. USNA, DS 892.0017-2848 Stone to S.D. No. 618, 28 July 1948. 69. USNA, DS 793.00/10-950 Turner to S.D. No. 240,9 October 1950. 70. BPRO F0371/84352 FS 10 17/16 Commonwealth Relations Office to UK High Commissioner, Australia No. 264, 14 November 1950. 71. USNA, DS 793.00/10-950 Turner to S.D. No. 240, 9 October 1950. 72. USNA, DS 692.9315-2950 Turner to S.D. No. 393, 29 May 1950. 73. USNA, DS 692.9317-3150 Turner to S.D. No. 86, 31 July 1950. 74. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 328. 75. BPRO F0371 176308 F10677/1822/40 Minutes by Hibbert, 28 Octo- ber 1949. 76. BPRO F037 1184357 FS10310/3 Minutes by Hibbert, 9 March 1950. 77. USNA, DS 792.0017-350 Turner to S.D. No.5, 3 July 1950. 78. USNA, DS 792.00112-1250 Turner to S.D. No. 390, 12 December 1950. 79. Ibid. 80. O. William Skinner, Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community in Thailand (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1958), p. 133. 81. An interview with H. E. Somchai Anuman Rajadhon, former Thai Charge d'Affaires in Taipei (1951-55), in Bangkok on 25 April 1986. 82. The Common Programme and Other Documents of the First Plenary Notes to pp. 66-77 169

Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Co,gerence (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1950), p. 20. 83. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1954), p. 29. 84. A. Doak Barnett, Communist China and Asia: Challenge to American Policy (London, Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 186. 85. Stephen Fitzgerald, China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's Changing Policy 1949-1970 (Cambridge, Cambridge Uni­ versity Press, 1972), pp. 1-2. 86. New China Advances to Socialism: A Selection of Speeches Delivered at the Third Session of the First National People's Congress (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1956), p. 38. 87. Fitzgerald, China and the Overseas Chinese, p. 1. 88. Barnett, Communist China and Asia, p. 187. 89. Harold C. Hinton, Communist China in World Politics (London, The Macmillan Press, 1966), p. 397. 90. TNA MFA File 93117 Confidential Report of the Meeting of Parlia­ mentary Committee on Foreign Policy, 5 August 1957. 91. BPRO F0371 176280 F15381 11017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 869,20 November 1949. 92. USNA, DS 790.0015-1452 Memeorandum of Conversation between Direk Jayanama and Norman Hannah, 14 May 1952.

Chapter 3: Towards an Anti-Communist Policy, 1951-1952

1. Records of the House of Representatives Proceedings, 8th Meeting, 1952 (B.E.2495) Session, 29 June 1952, in Orawan Pilan-Owad. Collection of the Thai Government Debates on the Question of China's Representation in the United Nations, 1950--1971 (Bangkok, Social Research mstitute, Chulalongkom University, no date), pp. 1-3. 2. Evan Luard, A History of the United Nations, Vol. I (London, The Macmillan Press, 1982), pp. 313-314. 3. Ibid., p. 316. 4. Pracha Guna-Kasem, Thailand and the United Nations (1945-1957), Ph.D. thesis (Yale University, 1960), pp. 65-66. 5. The Banglwk Post, 13 December 1955. 6. USNA, DS 793.00/5-1251 Bushner to S.D. No. 785, 12 May 1951. 7. USNA, DS 792.00/6-1151 Bushner to S.D. No. 857, 11 June 1951. 8. R. K. Jain (ed.), China and Thailand, 1949-1983 (New Delhi, Radiant Publishers, 1984), p. 13 (Document 12). 9. Ibid., p. 15 (Document 13). 10. Ibid., p. 15 (Document 14). 11. USNA, DS 792.00/2-1952 Brown to S.D. No. 539, 19 February 1952. 12. Alien Registration Act (No.2) B.E.2495 (1952), Royal Gazette, Vol. 69, p. 62, 29 January 1952 (B.E.2495). 170 Notes to pp. 77-82

13. BPRO F0371 1 101192 FS158111 WaUinger to F.O. No. 51, 28 Febru­ ary 1952. 14. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 330. 15. BPRO F03711101192 FS1581/2 Wallinger to F.O. No. 57, 3 March 1952. 16. BPRO F0371/101192 FS1581/2 Wallinger to Pibul Songgram, 29 February 1952. 17. USNA, DS 792.00/2-1952 Brown to S.D. No. 539, 19 February 1952. 18. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Memorandum on Alien Registration Fee, 11 July 1952. 19. BPRO F0371 1101192 FS158117 Wallinger to F.O. No. 133,26 May 1952. 20. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Memorandum of Conversation between Wan Waithayakon and Patrick Pichi Sun, 19 June 1952. 21. BBC/SWB Part V, No. 152, 18 March 1952, 'Persecution in Thai­ land'. 22. BPRO F03711101192 FS158117 Wallinger to F.O. No. 133,26 May 1952. 23. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Somchai Anuman Rajadhon to M.F.A. No. 32/2495, 21 June 1952. 24. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Memorandum of Conversation between Wan Waithayakon and Patrick Pichi Sun, 19 June 1952; also BPRO F0371 1101167 FS1015/48 Wallinger to F.O. No. 153,20 June 1952. 25. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 332. 26. Prevention of Communist Activities Act B.E.2495 (1952), Royal Gazette, Vol. 69, p. 489, 13 November 1952 (B.E.2495). 27. BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/82 Wallinger to F.O. No. 255, 18 November 1952. As the Chief prosecution witness, Phao again repeated some of these allegations during court hearings between 18-20 May 1953. See TMFA, L&A File 12.1/8 Survey of Domestic News by the Joint Staff Department No. 10/96 (15-31 May 1953), 'Anti­ Communist Measures in Thailand'. 28. USNA, DS 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953; and 792.00/12-252 Stanton to S.D. No. 1003, 2 December 1952. 29. BPRO F0371 1101169 FS1015/101 Wallinger to Scott, 18 December 1952. 30. USNA, DS 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953. 31. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November 1952; and 792.00111-1852 Stanton to S.D. No. 882, 18 November 1952. 32. See Thak, Thailand, pp. 51-52; and Kamol, The Thai Military in Politics, pp. 160-163. 33. La-iad, Political Memoirs, in Ray (ed.), Ponraits 0/ Thai Politics, p.213. 34. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 90. 35. See USNA, DS 792.00110-1951 Bushner to S.D. No. 280, 19 October Notes to pp. 82-86 171

1951; 792.00110-2951 Bushner to S.D. No. 294, 29 October 1951; and 792.00112-1351 Bushner to S.D. No. 399,13 December 1951. 36. Thomas Lobe, United States National Security Policy and Aid to the Thailand Police, Monograph Series in World Affairs, Vol. 14, Book 2, (University of Denver, Graduate School of International Studies, 1977), p. 23. 37. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 89. 38. Ibid., p. 92. 39. See BPRO F0371 1101168 FS1015172 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 253, 13 November 1952; F03711101169 FS1015175 Whitteridge to F.O. No.449a, 16 November 1952; F0371 1101169 FS1015/90 Wallinger to F.O. No. 264, 27 November 1952; also USNA, DS792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November 1952; 792.00111-1852 Stanton to S.D. No. 882, 18 November 1952; and 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953. 40. BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/83 Wallinger to F.O. No. 454, 22 November 1952; and F03711101169 FS1015/84 Wallinger to F.O. No. 456,24 November 1952. 41. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November 1952; also BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/72 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 253,13 November 1952; and F0371 1101169 FSI015/82 Wallinger to F.O. No. 255, 18 November 1952. 42. USNA, DS 792.00117-2451 US Embassy Bangkok to S.D. No. 58, 24 July 1951, 'Communism in Thailand'. 43. Benjamin A. Batson, The End of the Absolute Monarchy in Siam (Singapore. Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 167. 44. Justus M. van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia (London, The Macmillan Press, 1981), p. 17. 45. Batson, The End of the Absolute Monarchy, p. 167. 46. Van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia, p. 18. 47. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, pp. 277-278. 48. Van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia, p. 21. 49. J. H. Brimmell, Communism in South East Asia: A Political Analysis (London, Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 242. 50. Van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia, p. 22. He quoted the report Communist Insurgency in Thailand, issued by the Communist Suppression Operations Command (now called the Internal Security Operations Command) in 1973. 51. USNA, DS 792.00/2-2350 Stone to S.D. No. 147,23 February 1950. 52. USNA, DS 792.00117-2451 US Embassy Bangkok to S.D. No. 58, 24 July 1951. 53. Virginia Thompson & Richard Adloff, The Left Wing in Southeast Asia (New York, William Sloane Associates, 1950), p. 52. 54. See USNA, DS 792.00110-952 Spinks to S.D. No. 294, 9 October 1952; 792.00/10-2752 Brown to S.D. No. 344, 29 October 1952; and 792.00112-852 Brown to S.D. No. 448,8 December 1952. 172 Notes to pp. 87-91

55. BPRO F0371184356 FS1022/8 General Headquarters Far East Land Forces to Ministry of Defence No. SEACOS 142, 18 December 1950. 56. BPRO F0371176023 F448611023/61 Dening to Syers, 18 March 1949; F0371 176024 F1313611024/61 Scrivener to Dening No. 665, 2 September 1949; F037 I /84356 FS 1022/3 Whittington to F.O. No. 669 and No. 670,4 November 1950; and F0371/84493 FZ101l4/8 Draft Note on the Position of Foreign Countries in Southeast Asia (Appendix C - Siam), Sydney Consultative Meeting on Economic Development of Asia. 57. BPROF0371/84356 FSlO22/4Harding to the War Office No. 45/CIC, 30 October 1950. 58. BPRO F0371 176280 F1327611017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 651,4 September 1949. 59. BPRO F0371 176280 FI253511017/40 Thompson to Bevin No. 210, 16 August 1949. 60. USNA, DS 892.00B/5-249 Memorandum of Conversation with Colo­ nel Chamrat Manthukanon by Roland Bushner, 2 May 1949. 61. USNA, DS 792.001/2-1252 Brown to S.D. No. 520, 12 February 1952. 62. USNA, DS 892.00B/12-2748 Stanton to S.D. No. 457, 27 December 1948. 63. USNA, DS 892.00B/5-549 Stanton to S.D. No. 158,5 May 1949. 64. USNA, DS792.00112-1252 Memorandum of Conversation with Luang Suchit Phanaphaya by Robert Anderson, 30 January 1952. 65. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November 1952. 66. USNA, DS 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953. 67. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November 1952. 68. BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/90 Wallinger to F.O. No. 264, 27 November 1952; and F03711106884 FS101512 Wallinger to F.O. No.4, 8 January 1953. 69. BPRO F03711101169 FSlO15/82 Wallinger to F.O. No. 255, 18 November 1952. 70. Ibid. 71. BPRO F0371 176280 F1327611017/40 Thompson to F.O., 3 Septem­ ber 1949. 72. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/4 Memorandum on the Proposed Southeast Asian Union, 10 April 1950. 73. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 175/2492, 16 July 1949. 74. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Pote Sarasin to Wan Waithayakon No. 161/2492,27 July 1949. 75. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 192/2492, 30 July 1949. Notes to pp. 91-98 173

76. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 2479/2492, 2 September 1949. 77. BPRO F0371176030 FI739711055/61 Permanent Under-Secretary's Committee's Top Secret Paper, 'The United Kingdom in South-East Asia and the Far East' (P.U.S.C. [32]),28 July 1949. 78. BPRO F0371 176030 FI739711055/61 Permanent Under-Secretary's Committee's Top Secret Paper, 'Regional Co-operation in South-East Asia and the Far East' (P.U.S.C.[53]), 20 August 1949. 79. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Memorandum on the Pacific Union from Pote Sarasin to Pibul Songgram No. 12927/2492, 19 August 1949. 80. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.2/3 Memorandum on the Baguio Conference of 1950 from Bhadravadi, 1 June 1950. 81. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.2/3 Communique of the Baguio Conference of 1950, 29 May 1950. 82. TMFA, L&A File 3.711 Memorandum of Conversation with President Rhee of the Republic of Korea by Prince Predi-thepbongse, 5 January 1954. 83. TMFA, L&A File 3.71 I Y.T. Pyun to Wan Waithayakon, 12 December 1953. 84. TMFA, L&A File 3.711 Wan Waithayakon to Y.T. Pyun, No. 5311 1 2497, 23 February 1954. 85. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 83. 86. Wilson, 'China, Thailand and the Spirit of Bandung (Part I)', p. 158.

Chapter 4: Perception of Chinese Communist Aggression, 1953-1954

1. The spelling 'Tai' is used here in order to distinguish the Tai people of Yunnan from the Thai of Thailand. 2. George Moseley, Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities on the Southern Frontier of the People's Republic of China, D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1970), p. 88. The Tai Autonomous Area was originally set up as an 'area or region' (ch'u). It was redesignated as a 'prefecture' (chou) by the 1954 Constitution (p. 157). 3. BBC/SWB Part V, No. 223, 10 February 1953, 'Tai Autonomous Region in Yunnan'; and BPRO F0371/105341 FC1823/6 Lamb to F.O. No. 207, 23 May 1953. 4. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.35/1 Stanton to Wan Waithayakon, 24 Febru- ary 1953 - Enclosures: English Translation of NCNA News Report. 5. Stanton, Brief Authority, p. 278. 6. The Bangkok Post, 26 February 1953. 7. See, for example, Prachathipatai, 3 March 1953; Chao Thai, 5 March 1953; and Kiattisak, 7 and 9 March 1953. 8. Kiattisak, 7 March 1953. 9. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.35/1 Survey of Domestic News by the Joint Staff Department No. 5/2496 (27 February-12 March 1953), 'Thai 174 Notes to pp. 98-102

Nationality Autonomous Area' . 10. Tiang Sirikhand, a leading politician from the Northeast, disappeared in December 1952. Phao claimed that Tiang was a Communist and that he had fled to Bunna to escape arrest (November 1952). Newspapers soon began to print stories that Tiang had surfaced at various parts of the country, with one account showing him in a picture with Ho Chi Minh. Soon after the Tai Autonomous Area had been established, Police Colonel Ratana Wattanamahat of the Crime Investigation Division, in conversation with a US Embassy officer, remarked upon the 'coinci­ dence' between Tiang's sudden disappearance and the establishment of the Autonomous Area. See USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953. However, the evidence brought out during the trial of fifteen police officers, including Colonel Ratana, during 1958 and 1959, showed that Tiang and four others were in fact arrested in December 1952 and murdered by the police. Their bodies were taken to Kanchanaburi Province where they were crudely cremated and buried. See Thak, Thailand, pp. 87-90; also Chit Wipasathawat, Phao saraphap (Phao Confesses), (Bangkok, Prae Pittaya, 1960), pp.205-303. 11. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.35/1 Survey of Domestic News by the Joint Staff Department No. 7/2496 (27 March-16 April 1953), 'Thai Nation­ ality Autonomous Area'. 12. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.3511 Li Mi to Somchai Anuman Rajadhon No. C0215, 6 March 1953; and Somchai to M.F.A. No. 8/2496, 13 March 1953. 13. USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953. 14. New York Herald Tribune, 26 March 1953. 15. USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953. 16. Khien Theeravit, 'Jin kap khabuankan khommiunit nai prathet thai (China and the Communist Movement in Thailand)', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. 11, No.4, October 1974. 17. The Common Programme, p. 19. 18. Constitution of the PRC, p .4. 19. D. J. Waller, Government and Politics of Communist China (London, Hutchinson & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1970), p. 147. 20. Moseley, Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities, p. 68. 21. Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 28 February-7 March 1953, p.12785. 22. BBC/SWB Part V, No. 216, 15 January 1953, 'Autonomous Govern­ ments in Yunnan'. 23. BPRO F0371 1106884 FS1015112 Pearn to Buxton, 17 March 1953. 24. USNA, DS Research and Analysis Reports: Country Files (henceforth cited as R&A Reports) - China: Office of Intelligence Research (OIR) Report No. 6318, 3 July 1953, 'The Thai Autonomous Region in Yunnan (Sibsong Panna)', p. 3. 25. USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953. Notes to pp. 102-106 175

26. BPRO F03711106884 FS101517 Wallinger to F.O. No.4, 3 March 1953. 27. The Bangkok Post, 27 March 1953. 28. An interview with Police Sub-Lieutenent Sujit Suphannawat in Bang­ kok on 4 May 1986. A similar account of Pridi's presence in Peking was recorded in a diary of Chiap Ampunan (Chaiyasong), which was published in Supot Dantrakun, Phan Kha Pridi (A Plot to 'Kill' Pridi), (Bangkok, Santitham Press, 1983), pp. 30-40. 29. In his account, Chiap stated that when he arrived in Peking in August 1950, Pridi had already been there for about a year. He also stated that there were seven people living in the house: Pridi, Sa-nguan, Watcharachai, Sujit, Nongyao Praphasathit, Somsak Puawet, and Chom Sang-ngoen. 30. Chiap stated that there were six soldiers. 31. Pridi Banomyong, Ma Vie Mouvementee et Mes 21 Ans d'Exil en Chine Populaire (Paris, 1972), pp. 91-119. Pridi, while stating that he moved to Canton in 1955, did not record the exact date (p. 113). 32. Ibid., pp. 113-114. 33. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore, p. 157. 34. An interview with Police Sub-Lieutenent Sujit Suphannawat in Bangkok on 4 May 1986. 35. USNA, DS R&A Reports - China: OIR Report No. 6318, 3 July 1953, 'The Thai Autonomous Region in Yunnan (Sibsong Panna)', p. 1. 36. BPRO F0371 /110380 FC1823/6 British Embassy Bangkok to Office of the Commissioner-General, Singapore, 30 March 1954. 37. The New York Times, 18 June 1954. 38. USNA, DS Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs: Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs 1948-1956 (henceforth cited as FEICA), Box 48 Numerical Files 1954 - 320.2 Chinese Communist Relations with Other Countries: US Army Liaison Officer, Singapore to Department of the Army, Washington, 3 August 1954; and BPRO F0371/112265 DS101612 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 73, 5 August 1954. 39. TNA MFAIUNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Translation of the Article 'The Geneva Conference and the Future of Thailand' by Pridi Banomyong; see also BBCISWB Part V, No. 337, 5 August 1954, 'Former Thai Premier in Peking'. 40. The Straits Times, 31 August 1954. 41. The Times, 10 September 1954. 42. Alfred W. McCoy et al., The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1972), p. 128. 43. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma (Rangoon, The Ministry of Information, Government of the Union of Bunna, 1953), p. 9. 44. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Mangkorn Phromyothi to Warakan Bancha No. 1067112493, 30 July 1950. 45. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Ram Ratchaphakdi to Wongsanuwat Devakul No. 17922/2493, 18 November 1950. 176 Notes to pp. 106-110

46. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 U Ina Maung to Warakan Bancha No. MFAlIS, 9 January 1951. 47. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Patrick Pichi Sun to Warakan Bancha No. 40/529, 15 January 1951. 48. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Warakan Bancha to Pibul Songgram No. 2039/2494, 30 January 1951; and Warakan Bancha to Patrick Pichi Sun No. 1607/2494,24 January 1951. 49. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Ram Ratchaphakdi to Wongsanuwat Devakul No. 5199/2494,5 April 1951. 50. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Memorandum Regarding the Proposed Opening of the Chinese Assistant Military Attache's Office at Amphur Mae Sai, 5 October 1951. 51. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha No. 2243/2494,5 February 1951. 52. TMFA, L&A File (Miscellaneous)220 Somchai Anuman Rajadhon to M.F.A. No. 3/2494, 7 June 1951. 53. TMFA, L&A File (Miscellaneous)220 Patrick Pichi Sun to Bibidh Virajakar No. 40/844, 15 June 1951. 54. TMFA, L&A File (Miscellaneous)220 Warakan Bancha to Pibul Songgram No. 12715/2494,27 June 1951. 55. BPRO F0371192962 FC102217 Whittington to F.O. No. 145, 17 March 1951. 56. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Chamnan-akson to Warakan Bancha No. 2594/2494, 15 March 1951. 57. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, p. 238. 58. The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam, Senator Gravel Edition (Boston, Beacon Press, 1971), Vol. I, p. 5. 59. The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Vol. I, p. 366: [Document 3] Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 10 April 1950. 60. David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, Random House, 1964), p. 131. 61. Robert H. Taylor, Foreign and Domestic Consequences of the KMT Intervention in Bunna, Data Paper No. 93, Southeast Asia Program (Cornell University, 1973), p. 45. 62. Department of State, Foreign Relations ofthe United States (henceforth cited as FRUS), 1951, Vol. VI, Part I, pp. 288-289: 690B.932118-1551 Top Secret Telegram from Ambassador to Burma (Key) No. 189, 15 August 1951. 63. Wise and Ross, The Invisible Government, p. 130. 64. Kenneth R. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Bunna - Obstacle in Bunna's Foreign Relations: 1949-1961, Ph.D. thesis (New York University, 1970), p. 84. 65. USNA, DS 790B.OO/8-2952 Memorandum from McConaughy to Allison, 29 August 1952; also 790B.OO/8-152 Memorandum from Notes to pp. 110-114 177

Allison to Matthews, 8 August 1952. 66. FRUS, 1951, Vol. VI, Part I, pp. 316-317: 790BJJO/ 11-2851 Top Secret Memorandum from Merchant to Allison, 28 November 1951. 67. For further discussions of Phao's relationship with, and the aid given by, the CIA, see Lobe, United States National Security Policy, pp. 15-31. 68. See Taylor, Foreign and Domestic Consequences, pp. 43-45; also USNA, DS 690B.93/4-2551 Memorandum of Conversation between U Hla Maung and Stanton, 24 April 1951; and 792.00/4-1552 Brown to S.D. No. 669, 15 April 1952. 69. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 255. 70. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma, p. 3. 71. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma, pp. 57-58. 72. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma, pp. 1-2. 73. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma, p. 87. 74. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 U Hla Maung to Warakan Bancha No. MFA63/5, 25 April 1951; and Memorandum from M.L. Peekthip Malakul to Warakan Bancha, 9 May 1951. 75. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma, pp. 23-24. 76. Taylor, Foreign and Domestic Consequences, p. 26. 77. TNA MFA File 90.2.1 III Chanman-akson to Wan Waithayakon No. 77 /2496, 20 March 1953. 78. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.37/3 Wan Waithayakon to Thanat Khoman No. 20/2496, 27 March 1953. 79. The Bangkok Post, 4 April 1953. 80. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.37/3 Wan Waithayakon to Pibul Songgram No. 8l30/2496, 24 April 1953. 81. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma, p. 1l3. 82. TNA MFA/UNA File 11.1.5/1 Final Report of the Joint Military Committee for the Evacuation of Foreign Forces from Burma, 2 September 1954. 83. TNA MFA/UNA File 11.1.5/1 Press Release from the Joint Military Committee for the Evacuation of Foreign Forces from Burma, 29 July 1954. 84. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Translation of the Article 'The Geneva Conference and the Future of Thailand' by Pridi Banomyong. 85. Hugh Toye, Laos: Buffer State or Battleground (London, Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 84-85. 86. FRUS, 1952-54, Vol. xm, p. 514: 7511.00/4-2753 Memorandum of Conversation between Robertson, Pote Sarasin, Bonsal and Landon, 27 April 1953. 87. USNA, DS 792.5MSP/5-253 Stanton to S.D. No. 2176, 2 May 1953. 88. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.4/1 Thanat Khoman to M.F.A. No. 36/2496, 28 April 1953; and Visutr Atthayukti to M.F.A. No. 14/2496,28 April 1953. 178 Notes to pp. 114-117

89. FRUS. 1952-54. Vol. XIII. pp. 532-533: 7510J)()/4-3053 Stanton to S.D. No. 2146.30 April 1953. 90. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.411 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 69/2496. 5 May 1953. 91. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.412 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 70/2496. 8 May 1953. 92. FRUS. 1952-54, Vol. XIII, pp. 588-589: 7510.00/6-153 Memoran­ dum of Conversation between Dulles, Bonnet and Hickerson. 1 June 1953. 93. BPRO F0371/106898 FS1071121 Aide-M6moire from the French Embassy London, 11 May 1953. 94. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.4/2 Visutr Atthayukti to M.F.A. No. 16/2496. 11 May 1953. 95. BPRO F03711106898 FS107113 Jebb to F.O. No. 362, 8 May 1953. 96. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.412 Wan Waithayakon to Pote Sarasin No. 89/2496, 10 May 1953. 97. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.412 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 80/2496, 11 May 1953. 98. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.21 1 Chamnan-akson to Wan Waithayakon No. 6872/2496, 20 May 1953. 99. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.211 Wan Waithayakon to Pote Sarasin No. 101/2496,16 May 1953. 100. USNA, DS 792.00/5-2253 Memorandum of Conversation on the Sub­ ject of Thailand's Appeal to the Security Council Regarding Threat to Thailand from Vieuninh Invasion. 22 May 1953. 101. BPRO F03711106899 FS1071133 Jebb to F.O. No. 393. 22 May 1953. 102. FRUS. 1952-54. Vol. XIII, pp. 588-589: 7510.00/6-153 Memoran­ dum of Conversation between Dulles, Bonnet and Hickerson. 1 June 1953; and pp. 589-590: 75U.00/6-153 Dulles to Stanton No. 2297. 1 June 1953; also BPRO F0371 1106900 FS1071153 Makins to F.O. No. 1180,3 June 1953. 103. USNA, DS 792.00/6-2253 Memorandum of Conversation Between Dulles, Pote. Wainhouse and Landon. 22 June 1953. 104. FRUS. 1952-54, Vol. XIII, p. 639: 7510.0017-653 Memorandum of Conversation Between Dulles. Pote, Wainhouse and Landon. 6 July 1953. 105. BPRO F0371 1106899 FS1071 146 Memorandum on 'Siam's Appeal to the Security Council' by Buxton. 27 May 1953. 106. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.21 1 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 92/2496, 22 May 1953 - Draft Letter to the President of the Security Council; also BPRO F037 I 1106899 FS1071 133 Jebb to F.O. No. 393. 22 May 1953; and F0371 1106899 FS1071134 Jebb to F.O. No. 394. 22 May 1953. 107. BPRO F03711106900 FSI071173 Wallinger to F.O. No. 428. 25 December 1953. 108. Toye. Laos, p. 89. Notes to pp. 118-125 179

109. USNA, DS 792.00/5-1253 Translation from Norwegian Dagbladet of 7 May 1953. 110. TNA MI File 0201.2.1.15/6 [51] Under-Secretary, Ministry of Interior to Superintending Governors, Areas 1-9, No. 426/2496, 5 August 1953. 111. TNA MI File 0201.2.1.14/23 [2] Minutes of the Meeting Concerning the Situation in Indochina, 30 April 1953.

Chapter 5: Thailand and the Establmhment of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organmation, 1954

1. Leszek Buszynski, SEATO: The Failure of an Alliance Strategy (Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1983), pp. 1-2. 2. William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, Part I: 1945-1960, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 120. 3. Ibid., p. 135. 4. Toye, Laos, pp. 91-92. 5. Buszynski, SEATO, p. 2; and Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, Part I, p. 165. 6. The New York Times, 17 April 1954. 7. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President (New York, Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1985), p. 174. 8. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XIII, pp. 1141-1142: 751G.00/3-2354 Memorandum by the Secretary of State to the Pr<:sident (Top Secret), 23 March 1954; see also pp. 1142-1144: 751G.00/2-2354 Memoran­ dum of Conversation by William R. Tyler of the Office of Western European Affairs, 23 March 1954. 9. The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Vol. I, p. 460. 10. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 178. 11. For the full text of this speech, see American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955 (Department of State Publication 6446, December 1957). pp. 2373-81. 12. The Pentagon Papers. Gravel Edition. Vol. I, pp. 434-443. 13. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. xm, pp. 1214-1217: 751G.00/4-254 Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles. Makins, Scott. Smith, MacArthur. Merchant, and Drumright, 2 April 1954; and pp. 1225-1229: 7510.00/4-354 Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles, Bonnet, MacArthur. and Bonbright, 3 April 1954. 14. Buszynski, SEATO, p. 5. 15. Gibbons. The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War. Part I. pp.195-196. 16. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. xm, pp. 1238-1241: 751G.5/4-454 The Secretary of State to the Embassy in the United Kingdom, 4 April 1954. 180 Notes to pp. 125-128

17. Ambrose. Eisenhower. pp. 178-179. 18. USNA. DS Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs: Files Relating to Southeast Asia and the Geneva Conference 1954 (henceforth cited as FE/SEA­ GC). Box 13 Geneva Conference - April 1954 (I): Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles. Pote. and Landon. 5 April 1954. 19. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 7 Thailand: Memorandum of Conversa­ tion between Dulles. Smith. Pote. and Landon. 9 April 1954. 20. USNA, DS 790.5/5-1254 Warner to S.D. No. 698. 12 May 1954. 21. USNA, DSFE/SEA-GC. Box 13 GenevaConference-Aprill954 (II): Memorandum of Conversation on Indochina between Dulles. Aldrich. MacArthur. Eden. and Allen. 11 April 1954; and U. Alexis Johnson to the Acting Secretary. 15 April 1954. 22. BPRO F03711106886 FS1016118 Memorandum by R.B. Scott. 27 April 1954; and FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. XIII. p. 1320: 790.5/4-1354 Dulles to S.D. No. Sectol. 13 April 1954. 23. Buszynski. SEATO. p. 9. 24. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 13 Geneva Conference - April 1954 (II): Memorandum to the Secretary of State from MacArthur. 8 April 1954. 25. Buszynski. SEATO. p. 10. 26. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 7 Thailand: Memorandum of Con­ versation between Robertson. Pote. Thanat, and Landon. 15 April 1954. 27. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. XIII. pp. 1362-1363: 790.5/ 4-2254 The Secretary of State to the Department of State. 22 April 1954. 28. Sir Anthony Eden. Full Circle (London. Cassell & Co.Ltd .• 1960). p.99. 29. Buszynski. SEATO. p. 11. 30. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection. pp. 312-313. 31. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 7 Thailand: Top Secret Memorandum from Drumright to Murphy. 11 May 1954. 32. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 7 Thailand: Top Secret Memorandum for the Secretary of State from Drumright. 12 May 1954. 33. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 12 Summary of Decisions: Memorandum from Matthews to Waddell. 13 May 1954. 34. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. XVI. pp. 801-803: Memorandum of Conver­ sation by the Adviser to the United States Delegation (Bonsal). 14 May 1954; and pp. 808-809: Memorandum of Conversation by the Deputy United States Representative (Robertson). 15 May 1954. 35. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 14 Geneva Conference-May 1954 (II): Memorandum of Conversation between Pote. Smith. and Robertson. 30 May 1954. 36. USNA, DS 792.00(W)/5-2154 Donovan to S.D. No. 2312. 21 May 1954. 37. USNA, DS 790.5/6-654 Donovan to S.D. No. 2424.6 June 1954. 38. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 14 Geneva Conference - May 1954 (II): Notes to pp. 128-132 181

Memorandum of Conversation between Pote, Smith, and Robertson, 30 May 1954. 39. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 14 June 1-11, 1954 (II): Department of State, Policy Information Statement for USIA (FE-I24) 'Five-Power Military Talks', 9 June 1954. 40. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 14 Geneva Conference - May 1954 (I): Memorandum of Conversation between Prince Wan, Pote, Smith, and Robertson, 15 May 1954. 41. BPRO F0371 11 12274 DS1071116 Eden to F.O. No. 461, 26 May 1954. 42. BPRO F0371 11 12274 DS1071120 Dixon to F.O. No. 444, 27 May 1954; and F0371 11 12276 DS1071162 Dixon to Kirkpatrick, 2 June 1954. 43. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.1/2 Thanat Khoman to M.F.A. No. 158/ 2497, 29 May 1954; and Thanat Khoman to President of the Security Council No. 156/2497, 29 May 1954. 44. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/2 UN Press Release PM12798 - Statement by Ambassador Pote Sarasin, Representative of Thailand, to the Secu­ rity Council on 16 June 1954; and UN Press Release PM12799 - Draft Resolution submitted by Thailand to the Security Council. 45. Pracha, Thailand and the United Nations, pp. 96-97. 46. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 317. 47. BPRO F0371 11 11868 D10741172 Makins to F.O. No. 1428,8 July 1954. 48. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XVI, p. 1503: (Editor's Note) President Eisenhower's News Conference, 21 July 1954. 49. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 15 Geneva Conference - July 1954 (I): Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles, Pote, and Landon, 9 July 1954; see also Eden, Full Circle, p. 132. 50. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XVI, p. 1551: (Editor's Note) The Secretary of State's News Conference, 23 July 1954. 51. Toye, Laos, p. 99. 52. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Translation of the article 'The Geneva Conference and the Future of Thailand' by Pridi Banomyong and 'Open Letter - Unite to Fight for Peace, Independence and Democracy - from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Thailand'; see also BBC/SWB Part V, No. 337, 5 August 1954, 'Former Thai Premier in Peking'. 53. BPRO F0371 11 12265 DS101617 Gage to F.O. No. 82, 21 August 1954. 54. BPRO F0371 11 12280 DS10711151 Memorandum from the Permanent Mission of Thailand to the United Nations, New York, 1 October 1954. 55. See TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Wan Waithayakon No. 21582/2497, 14 September 1954 - Memorandum 182 Notes to pp. 132-137

for Thai Pennanent Delegation to the UN for Use in Thailand's Appeal for a Peace Observation Commission; and Pibul Songgram to Wan Waithayakon No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Additional Memorandum Regarding Communist Threat and Aggression Against Thailand. 56. The Times, 10 September 1954. 57. TMFA, L&A File 3.3.211 Verbatim Proceedings, Closed Session of the First Council Meeting of the Southeast Asia Collective Defence Treaty, MP(c)(55), 23 February 1955. 58. BPRO F0371 11 12279 DS1071 1133 Dixon to Allen No. 1075/340/54, 2 August 1954. 59. BPRO F0371 11 12280 DS1071 1139 Dixon to F.O. No. 724,18 August 1954; also USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 7 Southeast Asia - August 1-31, 1954 (TS): Memorandum of Conversation between Ross and Key, 18 August 1954; and Memorandum from Bacon to Galbraith, 20 August 1954. 60. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 10 Manila Conference (I): Texts of Statements - Opening Ceremonies of the Manila Conference of 1954, 6 September 1954. 61. USNA, DS 790.517-2854 State Department to US Embassy Bangkok No. 238, 28 July 1954. 62. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. xm Part 2, p. 1953: Memorandum of Con- versation by the Secretary of State, 17 August 1954. 63. Buszynski, SEATO, pp. 20-21. 64. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 324. 65. USNA, DS FEICA, Box 46 Numerical Files 1954 - 306.1 (TS) US Policy Towards the Far East: The Policy Briefing Book (Far East) compiled by the Executive Secretariat, Department of State, 12 September 1954 - Section I Southeast Asia Pact. 66. Russell H. Fifield, Southeast Asia in United States Policy (New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 32. 67. See UNTS, 1955, Vol. 209, p. 23, Treaty No. 1:2819, for text of the SEATO Treaty; 1949, Vol. 34, p. 243, Treaty No. 1:541, for text of the NATO Treaty; and 1952, Vol. 131, p. 83, Treaty No. 1:1736, for text of the ANZUS Treaty. 68. USNA, DS FEICA, Box 46 Numerical Files 1954 - 306.1 (TS) US Policy Towards the Far East: The Policy Briefing Book - Section 1 Southeast Asia Pact. See also Buszynski, SEATO, p. 40. 69. George Modelski (ed.), SEATO: Six Studies (Melbourne, F.W. Cheshire, 1962), pp. 142-143. 70. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 10 Manila Conference (I): Texts of Statements - Opening Ceremonies of the Manila Conference of 1954, 6 September 1954. 71. Modelski, SEATO, p. xiv. 72. Buszynski, SEATO, p. 41. 73. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 328. Notes to pp. 137-145 183

74. USNA, DS FE/CA, Box 46 Numerical Files 1954 - 306.1 (TS) US Policy Towards the Far East: The Policy Briefing Book - Section F Thailand. 75. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.213 Pibul Songgram to Wan Waithayakon No. 21582/2497, 14 September 1954. 76. New York Herald Tribune, 29 September 1954. 77. BPRO F03711112280 DS10711 151 Memorandum from the Permanent Mission of Thailand to the United Nations, New York, 1 October 1954. 78. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.213 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 78/ 2497, 13 October 1954; and Memorandum of Conversation between Thanat and Ramsbotham, 15 October 1954. 79. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.213 Memorandum on Thailand's UN Appeal by the Department of United Nations Affairs, 20 January 1955. 80. BPRO F03711112280 DS10711152 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 324, 6 October 1954. 81. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 10 Manila Conference (I): Texts of Statements - Opening Ceremonies of the Manila Conference of 1954, 6 September 1954.

Cbapter 6: Complex Interaction of Factors: Tbailand's Policy towards tbe People's Republic of China

1. David A. Wilson, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, in Wayne Wilcox, Leo E. Rose, and Gavin Boyd (eds.), Asia in the International System (Cambridge, Mass., Winthrop Publishers, Inc., 1972), p. 186. 2. Coast, Some Aspects of Siamese Politics, p. iii. 3. Joseph Frankel, International Relations in a Changing World (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 85. 4. K. J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis (New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983), p. 124. 5. Joseph Frankel, Contemporary International Theory and the Behaviour of States (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 78. Frankel also identifies a third level, the 'polemical level', and notes that the logic of his classification is imperfect as the third category overlaps with the first two. Moreover, the categories suggested are 'ideal types' (p. 78). 6. David A. Wilson, Political Tradition and Political Change in Thailand, in Clark D. Neher (ed.), Modem Thai Politics: From Village to Nation (Cambridge, Mass., Schenkman Publishing Co., 1979), p. 282. 7. Ibid., p. 282. 8. Ibid., pp. 283-285. 9. John L. S. Girling, Thailand: Society and Politics (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 119. 10. Fred W. Riggs, Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity (Honolulu, East-West Center Press, 1966), p. 197. 184 Notes to pp. 146-155

11. Girling, Thailand, p. 120. 12. Ibid., pp. 122-123. 13. See Vichitr Vadhakarn, Sayam kap suwannaphum, Chapters 1 & 2, pp. 13-81; also Thailand's Case (Bangkok, Thai Commercial Press, 1941), Chapter V, pp. 121-137. 14. Records of the House of Representatives Proceedings, 8th Meeting, 1952 (B.E.2495) Session, 29 June 1952, in Orawan, Collection of the Thai Government Debates, p. 2. 15. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 10 Manila Conference (I): Texts of Statements - Opening Ceremonies of the Manila Conference of 1954, 6 September 1954. 16. Charles E. Morrison and Astri Suhrke, Strategy of Survival: The Foreign Policy Dilemmas of Smaller Asian States (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1978), p. 112. Bibliography

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The National Archives of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs Files Ministry of Interior Files Records of Important Events Ministry of Foreign Affairs/United Nations Affairs Files: UN General Assembly UNCURK

United States National Archives, Washington D.C., United States of America Record Group 59 (General Records of the Department of State): Central Decimal Files, 1945-1959 Records of the Philippine and Southeast Asia Division, 1944-1952 Records of the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs (EconAid), 1948-1959 Records of the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs (Files Relating to Southeast Asia and the Geneva Conference), 1954 Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1948-1956 Records of the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs: John Moore Allison, 1950-1952 Research & Analysis Reports (Country Files) The Public Records Office, London, United Kingdom Record Group F0371 (British Foreign Office Papers)

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(B) PRINTED SOURCES

(1) Primary Sources

American Foreign Policy 1950-1955. 2 volumes, Department of State Publi­ cation 6446, Washington D.C., December 1957. British Broadcasting Corporation: Sununary of World Broadcasts. Relevant volumes. The Conunon Programme and Other Documents of the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Foreign Lan­ guages Press, Peking, 1950. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1954. Foreign Relations of the United States. Department of State, Washington D.C. Relevant volumes. Keesing's Contemporary Archives. Relevant parts. Kuomintang Aggression Against Bunna. The Ministry of Information, Gov­ ernment of the Union of Burma, Rangoon, 1953. New China Advances to Socialism: A Selection of Speeches Delivered at the Third Session of the First National People's Congress. Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1956. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Official Report Fifth Series. Relevant parts. The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of the United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam. The Senator Gravel Edition, 4 volumes, Beacon Press, Boston, 1971. The Royal Thai Government Gazette. Relevant volumes. United Nations Treaty Series. Relevant volumes.

(2) Secondary Sources

Books Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: The President, Simon & Schuster Inc., New York, 1985. Barnett, A. Doak. Conununist China and Asia: Challenge to American Policy, Oxford University Press, London, 1960. Batson, Benjamin A. The End of the Absolute Monarchy in Siam, Oxford University Press, Singapore, 1984. Blanchard, Wendell. (et al.) Thailand: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture, Country Survey Series, HRAF Press, New Haven, Conn., 1958. Brailey, Nigel J. Thailand and the Fall of Singapore: A Frustrated Asian Revolution, Westview Press, Boulder, Colo., 1986. Brimmell, J. H. Communism in South East Asia: A Political Analysis, Oxford University Press, London, 1959. Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979. Bibliography 187

Buszynski, Leszek. SEATO: The Failure of an Alliance Strategy, Singapore University Press, Singapore, 1983. Cable, James. The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina, The Macmillan Press, London, 1986. Chandran Jeshurun. The Contest for Siam 1889-1902: A Study in Diplo­ matic Rivalry, Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, 1977. Chantima Ongsuragz. Nayobai tangprathet khong satharanarat prachachon jin lae phonkrathop thi mi to prathet thai (The Foreign Policy of the Peo­ ple's Republic of China and Its Effects on Thailand), Thai Wattanapanich Press, Bangkok, 1973. Chen Lufan. Whence Came the Thai Race? - An Inquiry, International Cultural Publishing Co., Kunming, Yunnan Province, 1990. Chit Wiphasathawat. Phao saraphap (Phao Confesses), Prae Pittaya, Bang­ kok,1960. Chula Chakrabongse, H. R. H. Prince. Lords of Life, Alvin Redman Ltd., London, 1960. Coast, John. Some Aspects of Siamese Politics, Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1953. --. Railroad to Death, Commodore Press, London, 1946. Colbert, Evelyn. Southeast Asia in International Politics 1941-1956, Cornell University Press, Ithaca N.Y., 1977. Coughlin, Richard 1. Double Identity: The Chinese in Modem Thailand, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1960. Crawfurd, John. Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China, London, 1830. Crosby, Josiah. Siam: The Crossroads, Hallis Carter, London, 1945. Darling, Frank C. Thailand and the United States, Public Affairs Press, Washington D.C., 1965. Department of International Relations, Chulalongkorn University. China in Thai Perspective, Research Report, Asian Studies Monograph No. 027, Bangkok, 1980. Direk Jayanarna. Thai kap songkhram 10k khrang thi song (Thailand and the Second World War), Prae Pittaya. Bangkok, 1967. Eden, Anthony. Full Circle, Cassell & Co. Ltd., London, 1960. Fairbank, John King. (ed.) The Chinese World Order, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., 1968. Fifield, Russell H. The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia 1945-58, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1958. --. Southeast Asia in United States Policy, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1963. Fitzgerald, Stephen. China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's Changing Policy 1949-1970, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972. Frankel, Joseph. Contemporary 1nternational Theory and the Behaviour of States, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1973. 188 Bibliography

--. International Relations in a Changing World. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1979. Gibbons. William C. The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships. Part I: 1945-1960. Princeton University Press. Princeton N.J .• 1986. Gilchrist. Andrew. Bangkok Top Secret: Being the Experiences of a British Officer in the Siam Country Section of Force 136. Hutchinson & Co. Ltd .• London. 1970. Girling. John L. S. Thailand: Society and Politics. Cornell University Press. Ithaca N.Y .• 1981. Hall. D. G. E. A History of South-East Asia. The Macmillan Press. London. 1981. Halpern. A. M. (ed.) Policies Toward China: Views from Six Continents. McGraw Hill. New York. 1965. Haseman. J. B. The Thai Resistance Movement during the Second World War. Center for Southeast Asian Studies Special Report No. 17. Northern lllinois University. 1978. Hess. Gary R. The United States' Emergence as a Southeast Asian Power, 1940-1950. Columbia University Press. New York, 1987. Hinton, Harold C. Communist China in World Politics, The Macmillan Press, London, 1966. --. China's Turbulent Quest. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1972. Holsti, K. J. International Politics: A Frameworkfor Analysis, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1983. Hutchinson, E. W. Adventurers in Siam in the Seventeenth Century, The Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1940. --. 1688 Revolution in Siam, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1968. Ingram. James C. Economic Change in Thailand, 1850-1970, Stanford Uni­ versity Press, Stanford, Calif.. 1971. Jain, R. K. (ed.) China and Thailand, 1949-1983, Radiant Publishers, New Delhi, 1984. Khien Theeravit. lin kap sangkhom 10k (Communist China and the World Society), Social Science Association of Thailand Press, Bangkok, 1976. Kim, Samuel S. China, the United Nations, and World Order, Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J., 1979. Konthi Supamongkol. Kan withesobai khong thai (Thailand's Diplomacy), Thammasat University Press, Bangkok, 1984. Landon, Kenneth P. The Chinese in Thailand, Russell & Russell, New York, 1941. Leifer, Michael. The Foreign Relations of the New States, Longman, Victoria Australia, 1974. Likhit Dhiravegin. Nationalism and the State in Thailand. Monograph Series No.8, Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, Bangkok, 1985. Bibliography 189

Lobe, Thomas. United States National Security Policy and Aid to the Thailand Police, Monograph Series in World Affairs, Vol. 14, Book 2, University of Denver, 1977. Lovelace, Daniel D. China and 'People's War' in Thailand, 1964-1969, China Research Monographs No.8, Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1971. Luard, Evan. A History of the United Nations, Vol. I, The Macmillan Press, London, 1982. McCoy, Alfred W. (et al.) The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 197'2. Manich Jumsai, M. L. History of Anglo-Thai Relations, Chalermnit, Bangkok, 1970. Modelski, George. (ed.) SEATO: Six Studies, F.W. Cheshire, Melbourne, 1962. Morrison, Charles E. and Suhrke, Astri. Strategy of Survival: The Foreign Policy Dilemmas of Smaller Asian States, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1978. Nai Chantana (pseud.). x.o. Group, Chetburut Press, Bangkok, 1979. Narumitr Sodsuk. Samphanthaphap thang leanthut rawang thai leap satharanarat prachachon jin (Diplomatic Relations between Thailand and the People's Republic of China), Thai Wattanapanich Press, Bangkok, 1981. Neher, Clark D. (ed.) Modem Thai Politics: From Village to Nation, Schenkman Publishing Co., Cambridge, Mass., 1979. Netr Kbemayothin. Ngan taidin khong phan-ekyothi (The Underground Work of Colonel Yothi), Kasembannakit, Bangkok, 1967. --. Chiwit naiphon (Life of a General), Kasembannakit, Bangkok, 1967. Nish, Ian. Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869-1942, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1977. Nuechterlein, Donald E. Thailand and the Struggle for Southeast Asia, Cornell University Press, Ithaca N.Y., 1965. Orawan Pilan-Owad. Collection of the Thai Government Debates on the Question of China's Representation in the United Nations 1950-1971, Social Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, no date. Prayoon Phamonmontri. Chiwit 5 phaendin khong khaphachao (My Life through Five Reigns), Bannakit, Bangkok, 1975. Pridi Banomyong. Ma Vie Mouvementee et Mes 21 Ans d'Exil en Chine Populaire, Paris, 1972. Purcell, Victor. The Chinese in Southeast Asia, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980. Ray, Jayanta Kumar. (ed.) Portraits of Thai Politics, Orient Longman Ltd., New Delhi, 1972. Riggs, Fred W. Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity, East-West Center Press, Honolulu, 1966. Royal Institute. Romanization Guide for Thai Script, Bangkok, 1968. Sarasin Viraphol. Tribute and Profit: Sino-Siamese Trade, 1652-1853, 190 Bibliography

Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1977. --. Directions in Thai Foreign Policy, Occasional Paper No. 40, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1976. Skinner, G. William. Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History, Cornell University Press, Ithaca N.Y., 1957. --. Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community of Thailand, Cornell University Press, Ithaca N.Y., 1958. Smith, N. and Clark B. Into Siam the Underground Kingdom, The Bobbs­ Merrill Co., New York, 1946. Songsri Foran. Thai-British-American Relations during World War II and the Immediate Postwar Period, 1940- 1946, Paper No. 10, Thai Kbadi Research Institute, Thammasat University, Bangkok, 1981. Stanton, Edwin F. Brief Authority, Robert Hale Ltd., London, 1957. Suebsaeng Promboon. Khwamsamphan nai rabop bannakan rawang jin kap thai 1289-1853 (Sino-Siamese Tributary Relations 1289-1853), Thai Wattanapanich Press, Bangkok, 1982. Suchin Tantikun. Ratthaprahan phoso 2490 (The Coup d'Etat of 2490), Social Science Association of Thailand Press, Bangkok, 1972. Supot Dantrakul. Phan kha Pridi (A Plot to 'Kill' Pridi), Santitham Press, Bangkok, 1983. Taylor, Robert H. Foreign and Domestic Consequences of the KMT Inter­ vention in Burma, Data Paper No. 93, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1973. Thak Chaloemtiarana. Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, Bangkok, 1979. --. (ed.) Thai Politics: 1932-1957, Vol. I Extracts and Documents, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, Bangkok, 1978. Thawatt Makarapong. History of the Thai Revolution: A Study in Political Behaviour, Chalermnit, Bangkok, 1972. Thompson, Virginia and Adloff, Richard. Minority Problems in Southeast Asia, Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., 1955. --. The Left Wing in Southeast Asia, William Sloane Associates, New York, 1950. Toye, Hugh. Laos: Buffer State or Battleground, Oxford University Press, London, 1968. Van der Kroef, Justus M. Communism in South-East Asia, The Macmillan Press, London, 1981. Vella, Walter F. Siam Under Rama II/ (/824-1851),1. J. Augustin Incorpo­ rated Publisher, New York, 1957. --. Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism, The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1978. Vichitr Vadhakam. Sayam kap suwannaphum (Siam and the Land of Gold), Bangkok, 1933. --. Thailand's Case, Thai Commercial Press, Bangkok, 1941. Waller, D. J. Government and Politics of Communist China, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London, 1970. Bibliography 191

Wilcox, Wayne and Rose, Leo E. and Boyd, Gavin. (eds) Asia and the Inter­ national System, Winthrop Publishers, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1972. Wise, David and Ross, Thomas. The Invisible Government, Random House, New York, 1964. Wood, Robert T. Patriotic Struggle, People's War: China Draws the line in Thailand, Cornell University Press, Ithaca N.Y., 1966. Wyatt, David K. Thailand: A Short History, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1984. Yahuda. Michael B. China's Role in World Affairs, Croom Helm Ltd., London, 1978.

Articles Batson, Benjamin A. 'The Fall of the Phibun Government, 1944', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 62, pt. 2, July 1974. Chamvit Kasetsiri. 'The First Phibun Government and Its Involvement in World War II', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 62, pt. 2, July 1974. Flood, Edward Thadeus. 'The 1940 Franco-Thai Border Dispute and Phibuun Sonkhraam's Commitment to Japan', Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. X, No.2, September 1969. Khien Theeravit. 'Jin kap khabuankan khommiunit nai prathet thai (China and the Communist Movement in Thailand)', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974. --. 'Khosangket kieokap nayobai tangprathet khong thai (Notes on Thai Foreign Policy)', The Social Science Review (Bangkok), Vol. 13, No. I, January-March 1975. --. 'The Relationship between Thailand and China - problems and pros­ pects', Bangkok Bank Monthly Review, Vol. 19, No. 12, December 1978. Kullada Kesboonchoo. 'Patterns of Thai Diplomacy: A Historical Study', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. X, No.4, October 1973. Likhit Dhiravegin. 'Thailand Foreign Policy Determination', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974. Martin, James V., Jr. 'Thai-American Relations in World War n', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. xxn, No.4, August 1963. Nopamas Dhiravegin. 'The Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia: Comparative Study with a Special Case Study of Thailand', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.1, January 1974. Sarasin Viraphol. 'The Thai Perception of China and Japan', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XIII, No.1, January 1976. Skinner, G. William. 'Chinese Assimilation and Thai Politics', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XVI, No.2, February 1957. Spitzer, H. M. 'Siam's Political Problems', Far Eastern Survey, Vol. XV, No.7, 10 April 1946. Stanton, Edwin F. 'Spotlight on Thailand', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 33, No. I, October 1954. Suebsaeng Promboon. 'Thai kap satharanarat prachachon jin: wikhro naeo 192 Bibliography

nayobai tangprathet (Thailand and the PRC: A Foreign Policy Analysis)', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974. Suhrke, Astri. 'Smaller-Nation Diplomacy: Thailand's Current Dilemmas', Asian Survey, Vol. XI, No.5, May 1971. Swan, William L. 'Thai-Japanese Relations at the Start of the Pacific War: New Insight into a Controversial Period', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. xvm, No.2, September 1987. Tarling, Nicholas. 'King Prajadhipok and the Apple Cart: British Attitudes towards the 1932 Revolution', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 64, pt. 2, July 1976. --. 'Atonement Before Absolution: British Policy towards Thailand during World War II', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 66, pt. 1, January 1978. --. 'Rice and Reconciliation: The Anglo-Thai Peace Negotiations of 1945', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 66, pt.2, July 1978. Thamsook Numnonda. 'Pibulsongkram's Thai Nation-Building Programme during the Japanese Military Presence, 1941-1945', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. IX, No.2, September 1978. Wilson, David A. 'China, Thailand, and the Spirit of Bandung (Part I)', China Quanerly, No. 30, April-June 1967. --. 'China, Thailand, and the Spirit of Bandung (Part II)', China Quanerly, No. 31, July-September 1967. Wiwat Mungkandi. 'Ready Resiliency: A Hobson's Choice in Thai Diplo­ macy', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XIII, No.1, January 1976.

Theses Apichart Chinwanno. 'Thailand's Search for Protection: The Making of the Alliance with the United States, 1947-1954', D.Phii. thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. Charivat Santaputra. 'Thai Foreign Policy 1932-1946', Ph.D. thesis, South­ ampton University, 1982. Chatri Ritharom. 'The Making of the Thai-U.S. Military Alliance and the SEATO Treaty of 1954: A Study in Thai Decision-Making', Ph.D. thesis, Claremont Graduate School, 1976. Flood, Edward Thadeus. 'Japan's Relations with Thailand: 1928-41', Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1967. Kamol Somvichian. 'The Thai Military in Politics: An Analytical Study', Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1969. Moseley, George. 'Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities on the Southern Frontier of the People's Republic of China', D.PhiJ. thesis, University of Oxford, 1970. Neher, Arlene Becker. 'Prelude to Alliance: The Expansion of American Economic Interest in Thailand during the 1940s', Ph.D. thesis, Northern lllinois University, 1980. Bibliography 193

Phuwadol Songprasert. 'The Thai Government's Policies Towards the Chi­ nese in Thailand (1932-1957)" M.A. thesis [in Thai], Chulalongkorn University, 1976. Pracha Guna-Kasem. 'Thailand and the United Nations (1945-1957)" Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1960. Thani Sukkasem. 'Sino-Thai Relations: An Analysis of Thai Policy Towards China, 1949-1972', M.PoI.Sc. thesis [in Thai], Tharnmasat University, 1982. Vivat Sethachuay. 'United States-Thailand Diplomatic Relations During World War n', Ph.D. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1977. Young, Kenneth R. 'Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma - Obstacle in Bur­ ma's Foreign Relations: 1949-1961', Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 1970. Yuparet Milligan. 'The Role of the Chinese in Thailand', M.PoI.Sc. thesis [in Thai], Chulalongkorn University, 1967.

Newspapers & Magazines The Banglwk Post Chao Thai Far Eastern Economic Reviews Kiattisak New York Herald Tribune The New York Times People's China People's Daily Prachathipatai Siam Nilwm South China Morning Post The Straits Times The Times

Interviews Somchai Anuman Rajadhon. Bangkok, 25 April 1986. Police Sub-Lieutenant Sujit Suphannawat. Bangkok, 4 May 1986. Index

Adul Detjaras, Deputy Prime Chen Tsen Hsi, Colonel, ROC Military Minister, 13 Attache, 106 Amory, Robert, CIA's Deputy Director Chiang Kai-shek, Nationalist Chinese for Intelligence, 109 leader, 39, 60, 63, 84, 90, 92, 97 Anderson, Robert, US Deputy Chinese Chamber of Commerce, Secretary of Defence, 127 34,38,63 ANZUS Treaty, 134, 135, 136 Chinese Communist Party, 33, Arthakit Banomyong, Foreign 62,63,85 Minister, 53 Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 66 Bang Klang Hao of Bang Yang, 23 Commission for Overseas Work, 66 Banyat Thephasdin, Minister of membership of CCP in Thailand, 63 Interior, 88 Social Department, 66 Bao Dai government Third Office of the Bureau of United recognition of, 54, 152, 153 Front Work, 66 Bevin, Ernest, British Foreign Chinese World Order, see tribute Secretary, 16,87 system Bidault, Georges, French Foreign Ch'ing Dynasty Minister, 122, 126 and overseas Chinese, 31, 66 Bonnet, Henri, French Ambassador to Chinese Nationality Act, 31 the United States, 115, 116 decline of, 24 Bovoradej revolt (1933), 8 overthrow of, 1 Bowring, Sir lohn, British envoy, 6 Chou En-Iai, Chinese Premier, 66, Burma 77, 104 Kengtung, 106, 108 Churchill, Sir Winston, British Prime Monghsat, 106, 111, 112, 118 Minister, 13, 124, 129, 130 relations with Thailand, 106, Colombo Plan, 135 111, 112 Communist China, see People's Shan States, 98, 107, 111, 118 Republic of China Communism in Thailand, I, 71, 84-6 Casey, Richard, Australian Foreign anti-Communist measures, 51-2, 64, Minister, 136 65,73, 80-1, 85-6, 89, 152-54 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Central Labour Union, 63, 85 aid to Thai police, 82, 110 Central Peace Maintenance involvement with KMT troops in Commission, 51, 64 Burma, 108-11, 119 Central Security Council, see Chamkad Balankura, Free Thai Central Peace Maintenance agent, 40 Commission Chaophraya Sri Suriyawong, Chief Chinese community and, 33, 63, 85 Minister, 5 Communist Party of Siam, 84, 85 Charun Subsaeng, MP, 86 Conununist Party of Thailand, 2, 84, Ch'en Yi, Chinese Foreign Minister, 85, 131 2 Conununist Youth of Siam, 84, 85

194 Index 195

concern of British and American Prevention of Profiteering Act, 34 over Thai policy, 83, 86-90, 93 reserved occupations, 38 Democratic League, 85 Salt and Tobacco Act (1939), 35 Prevention of Communist Activities Thai Chamber of Commerce, 34, 77 Act (1933),17,84,85 Thai Rice Company, 35 Prevention of Communist Activities Thai Vessels Act (1939), 35 Act (1952), 73, 80, 94, 153 Eden, Sir Anthony, British Foreign round-up of 'leftists' in 1952,80-1, Minister, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130 83,98, 117, 156 Eisenhower, Dwight D., US President, Vietnam Communist Youth 121, 123, 124, 125, 130, 134, 139 Organisation, 84 Ely, General Paul, French Chief of Compulsory Education Act (1935), 44 Staff, 123 constitutionalism in Thailand, 8 European Defence Community, 123 corveelabour, 26, 29 extraterritorial rights, 5, 6, 14, 141 coup d'etat extraterritoriality, see extraterritorial 24 June 1932,7-8,84 rights 8 November 1947, 18,48, 148, 154 26 February 1949 (Kabat Wang Fak na Songkhla, lawyer, 86 Luang),49-50, 87,102 Formosa, see Taiwan 29 June 1951 (Manhattan Free Thai Movement, 15, 96 Rebellion), 81, 82, 155 and the navy, 49 29 November 1951 (Silent or Radio purge of, 50 Coup),82 rumoured activities in Yunnan, 98, Coup Group, see Khana Ratthaprahan 104,105 war-time activities, 39-41 Democrat Party, 18, 155 war-time base in Yunnan, 98 Devawongse, Prince, Foreign French Indochina Minister, 6 Associated State, 112 Direk Jayanama border conflict with Thailand, 10-II Ambassador to Japan, 39 Chinese supported insurgency in, 70 Dean of Faculty of Political Dien Bien Phu, 122, 123, 127, 139 Sciences, Thammasat Eisenhower's policy on, 123-25 University, 71 entry of Japanese troops, 10 Foreign Minister, 12, 13 French policy on, 121-23 Donovan, William, US Ambassador, French Union, 114 . 127, 128 Japanese mediation, II Dulles, John Foster, Secretary of State, Navarre Plan, 122 114, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, US aid, 122 125,126,127,128,130,133,134, 135, 137 Geneva Conference, 122, 124, 125, 127,128,129,130,133 Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 16 Geneva Settlement, 113, 129, 132, economic Thai-ification 135, 136 Fishery Act (1939),35 Gilchrist, Andrew, agent of Force Land Pertaining to Aliens Act 136,40 (1943),38 Liquid Fuel Act (1939), 35 Harding, General John, Commander­ National Economic Council, 34 in-Chief Far East Land policy of, 35, 38, 45 Forces, 87 196 Index

Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai-Quoe), King Sri Indraditya, 23 Vietnamese leader, 84 King U-Tbong, 24 Ho Hsiang-ning, Chairman, Overseas King Vajiravudb (Rama VI) Chinese Mfairs Commission, 79 and nationalism, 9 Hsi-shuang pan-na lai-Isu tzu-chih­ The Jews of lhe Orient, 30 ch'u, see Tai Autonomous Area Koo, Wellington, Nationalist Cbinese diplomat, 39 Immigration Aet Korean War, 1,48,70,86, 102, 109, of 1927, 33 111,138 of1932,33 armistice negotiations, lIS, 118, of 1937,33,43 121, 149 Inner Mongolia Autonomous embargo against PRC, 76 Region, 100 Thailand's involvement in, 55-6, 73, 152, 153 Jebb, Sir Gladwyn, UK Permanent Kublai Khan, 24 Representative to the UN, 116 Kulap Saipradit, writer, 86 Joint Staff Department, Tbai Ministry Kuomintang,I,32,45,65 of Defence, 97, 98 and overseas Chinese, 37, 63, 67-8, ISO Kat Katsongkram, General, 18, 49 brancbes in Tbailand, 32, 62 Key, David, US Ambassador to· T'ung Meng Hui, 31 Burma, 109 Kuomintang troops in Burma, 96, 98 Khana Ral (People's Party), 15,84 as 'bufferforce', 108, 110, 118, coup d'etat of 24 June 1932,7-8 119, 155 policy on overseas Cbinese, 33-5 as intelligence-gathering force, rallhaniyom directives, 36 lOS, ISS Khana Ratthaprahan (Conp Group), Burmese action at the UN, lOS, 18,48,52,71,82,90, 154, 155 111-13,119 and intra-army division, 49 Burmese army's offensive against, conflict with navy, 49, 81, 155 III internal struggle, 81-3, 89, 154, 156 evacuation of, 111-13, 119 relationship with Pibul, 49, 154, 155 Four Nation Military Committee, Kbarb Kunjara, M.L. 113 Free Thai agent, 40 involvement in opium trade, 110-11 Director-General, Public Relations offensive against PRC, 110-11, 119 Department, 104, 105, 132 support from Tbailand, 98,104-11, Khuang Apbaiwong 118, 153, 155 Prime Minister, 14, IS, 18-9,41, SO US policy on, 108-09 opposition leader, 10 Yunnan Anti-Communist National King Ananda (Rama VIII), 17 Salvation Army, 106, 110 King Cbulalongkorn (Rama V), 6, 141, 146 Laotian Crises, 113-7 King Mongkut (Rama IV), 5, 26, 27, Frencb policy on, 114 141, 146 Thailand's appeal to tbe UN, 114-6, King Narai, 5, 141 128-9, 137-8 King Prajadbipok (Rama VII), 33 UN Peace Observation Commission, King Rama II, 26 96, 115, 116, 128, 129 King Rama III,S, 26 Vietminb invasion of, 114, 116, 121, King Ramkambaeng, 24,147 117, 118, 121, 129, 138 Index 197

League of Nations, 8 'Southeast Asian Union' proposal, Li Mi, Commander of KMT troops 90,91 in Burma, 98, 106, 107, 109, 110, 156 National Assembly, 48, 74, 79, 80 Li Tieh-tseng, Chinese Ambassador, National Defence Council, 97, 107 42 national interest, 143-4 Liang Chaiyakan, MP, 35 and elite interest, 146, 154, 156 Lie, Trygve, UN Secretary-General, 55 concept of, 143 Lord Rosebery, British Foreign national sovereignty, 146-7 Minister, 7 nationality Lovett, Robert, Acting Secretary of Nationality Act of 1913, 32, 77 State, 53 principle of jus sanguinis, 32 Luang Chartnakrop, General, 49 principle of jus soli, 32 Luang Chartrakarnkosol, Director­ Navarre, General Henri, French General of the Police Department, Commander-in-Chief in 58 Indochina, 122 Luang Vichitr Vadhakarn Netr Khemayothin, General, 15, 49 and Pan-Thaiism, 9 New China News Agency, 60, 79, 96, Minister of State, 35 97, 101 views on overseas Chinese, 35 Nixon, Richard M., US Vice President, writing on the origins of Tai 123 peoples, 22- 3 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 90, 125, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, Makins, Sir Roger, UK Ambassador to 137, 139 the United States, 126 Manat Charupha, Lieutenant­ Office of Strategic Services, 40, 51, 98 Commander, 81 Opium War (1839-42), 5, 24 Manchuria (Manchukuo) origins of Tai peoples, 22-3 occupation by Japan, 8 Overseas Chinese in Thailand Thailand's recognition of. 12 Alien Registration Act (1952),77 Manhattan, dredger, 81 Ang Yee organisations, 30, 34 Manila Treaty, see Southeast Asia anti -J apanese boycott, 35 Treaty Organisation as 'Fifth Column', 68 Mao Tse-tung, Chinese leader, 57, 60 assimilation of, 28-9, 3 I, 46-7, Marshall, George, Secretary of 150, 153 State, 53 attitude towards PRC, 63, 65 McCarthyism, 109 China War Chest, 35 Mendes-France, Pierre, French Chinese secret societies, st!t! Ang Premier, 129 Yee organisations Merchant, Livingston T., Assistant disillusionment with PRC, 75-6 Secretary of State for European economic power of, 29, 34, 45-6, Affairs, 134 61, 150 military assistance from Western effects of Thai nationalism on, 30-3 powers, 52-7 immigration fee, 77 multilateral anti-Communist initiatives iuunigration quotas, 43 in Asia local-born Chinese, see Lukjin Baguio Conference (1950), l)2 Lukjin, 29, 31, 45, 47, 85 'Pacific Union' proposaL number of overseas Chinese in 90 Thailand, 32 198 Index

political activities of, 32, 33, 61 recognition by Britain, 59, 70 problem of alien registration State Council, 67 fee, 77-9 Thailand's policy of non- problem of Chinese schools, 35- 6, recognition, 2, 48, 57-61, 43-4, 46, 62, 64 69-70,73-5,93,151-2,153 problem of dual nationality, 32, 61 UN membership of, 74-5 problem concerning Chinese Pha Muang of Rat, 23 publications,35,64 Phao Sriyanond, Police General 'prohibited areas' policy, 38 Director-General of the Police rate of immigration, 28-9, 33,43 Department, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, remittances, 34, 65, 76 89,94, 112, 154, 155 reserved occupations, 38 relationship with CIA, 82, 110, 156 Thai government control measures, relationship with left-wing 27-44 elements, 83 travelling to PRC, 76 relationship with KMT troops in Yaowarat Incident, 41-2 Burma, 110, 156 Overseas Southeast Asia Supply Phethai Chotinuchit, MP, 58, 86 Company, 82 Phin Choonhavan, Field Marshal, 18,81,83 Paknam Incident, 6 Phra Pinit Chonkhadi, Deputy Pan-Thaiism Director-General of the Police irridentist demands, 9 Department, 101 as philosophy, 9,99 Phraya Manopakorn, Prime Minister, peace movement 36 China Peace Committee, 105 Phraya Phahol Pholpayuhasena, Prime National Peace Committee of Minister, 8, 48 Thailand, 81,86,89,94 Phraya Sarapaipipat, former Minister Peking Peace Conference, 83, 99 of Education, 59 Stockholm Peace Petition. 86 Phraya Song Suradet, Khana Rat People's Party, see Khana Rat leader, 8 People's RepUblic of China Pibul Songgram, Field Marshal and Korean War, 56, 73, 76, 94, Acting Foreign Minister, 78 138,148 and US military assistance, 52-3, 57 and overseas Chinese, 48, 58, 60, anti-Communist policy, 51-2 63,66-8,75-7, 149 Khana Rat leader, 8 Common Programme, 60, 66, 100 Minister of Defence, 8, 107 Constitution of 1954, 100 policy of 'nation-building', 9 establishment of, I, 57 Prime Minister, 8, 9 10, 11, 12, 13, foreign policy of, 71-2 18,19,48-50,51,52,53,54, General Programme for the 55,56,57,58,61,70,71,72, Implementation of Regional 73,74,78,81,82,83,85,89, Autonomy for the National 90,92,94,97,98,107,108, Minorities, 100 110,112,114, ll5, 121, 127, minority policy of, 99-101 128, 139, 140, 146, 147, 148, Overseas Chinese Affairs 151,152,155 Commission, 67, 76, 77, 79 return to power of, 48-50 perception of threat from, 21, 52, 93, relationship with Coup Group, 49, 94,95,96-120, 132, 138-40, 81-2, 154 147-54 support from US, 82, 155 Index 199

Pote Sarasin Republic of China (Nationalist China) Ambassador to the United States, and Baguio Conference, 92 114, 115, 116, 125, 127, 128 and overseas Chinese, 32, 67-8, 79, Deputy Foreign Minister, 59 149-50 Foreign Minister, 54, 58, 59, 70, 91 diplomatic relations with, I, 17, resignation of, 55 41-4,65-6,70,73,79,93, Prai Luang, see corvee labour 151, 152 Prangphet Bunyarattaphan, Squadron Education Regulations (Chiao-yu Leader, 83 fa-ling),44 Prasong Wongwiwat, alleged election of Nan Yang representa­ Secretary-General of the tives, 13 Communist Party of Thailand, 89 Information Bureau in Mae Sai, Prayoon Phamonmontri, Khana Rat 106, 107 leader, 8 on Taiwan, 57, 58 Press Act role of Military Attache, 80 of 1927, 35 Treaty of Amity and Friendship, of 1932, 35 17,42,62 Press Association, 85 wartime relations with Thailand, Pridi Banomyong, 51,87,89,94,98, 15,38-41 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 119, 138, Republic of Korea 147, 149, 155 anti-Communist initiatives, 90, 92 and Free Thai Movement, 15,40-1 Robertson, Walter, Assistant and National Economic Policy, 36 Secretary of State for Far Eastern and regicide case, 18, 104 Affairs, 115 article in len Min lih Pao, 105, Romulo, Carlos P., Philippine 113, 131 Permanent Representative to the asylum in PRC, 52, 101-4, 105, United Nations, 90 131, 139 Rusk, Dean, Assistant Secretary of escape of, 18,49, 103 State for Far Eastern Affairs, 109 Finance Minister, 36 involvement in Kabot Wan!: Sang Pathanothai, aide to Pibul, 85 Luang,49-50 Sa-nguan Tularak, Free Thai leader, Khana Rat leader, 8 40,99,102 relationship with the navy, 49 Sarit Thanarat, General, 81, 82, 83, 89, Private School Act (1936), 36, 62 94,154 Pyun, Y.T., ROK Foreign Minister, 92 Scott, R.H., Head of Southeast Asia Department, FCO, 80 Quirino, Philippine President, 90 Sea Supply, see Overseas Southeast Asia Supply Company Radford, Admiral Arthur, Chairman SEATO, see Southeast Asia Treaty of US Joint Chiefs of Staff, 123, Organisation 124, 127 Sebald, William, US Ambassador to Rat Thai Issara, see Tai Autonomous Burma, 109 Area Second World War Rallhaniyom directives, 9, 36 declaration of war, 14 recognition peace proclamation, 16 general principle of, 57-8 Thailand and, 13-16 Reed, Charles, Chief of Southeast Asia Thai-Japanese Alliance Pact, Division, State Department, 53 14 200 Index

Seni Pramoj, M.R. establishment of, 2, 96-9, lOl, 105, leader of Free Thai Movement, 15, 117,118,121,131,138,149 40 reaction from Thai government, Minister to the US, 15 97-9 Prime Minister, 42 Sibsongpanna, 96 Smith, Walter Bedell, US Under Taiping Rebellion (1848-65), 24, 28 Secretary of State, 127, 128 Tamura, Japanese Military Attache, II, Somchai Annman Rajadhon, Thai 12 diplomat, 98 Thai foreign policy Son of Heaven, see T'ien-tzu adaptation to changing balance of Sontheast Asia Treaty Organisation power, 20-21 assessment of, 136-37 alliance with US, 14, 21,48, 121, establishment of, 113, 121, 139, 152, 154, 156-7 130-36, 157 basic objectives, 141 First SEATO Council meeting, 132 membership of UN, 17 five-power staff talks, 128 'open-door' policy, 20 Joint US-UK Study Group, 130 policy of alliance, 141-3 Manila Conference (1954), 131, 132, post-War directions, 50-7, 136, 137, 139 69-72, 152 Manila (SEATO) Treaty, 121, 134, relations with Japan, 10-11, 14, 141 135, 136, 137, 138 Thai Institute of Culture, 64 Thailand's membership of, 2, 120, Thai Labour Union, 85 131, 137, 138, 139, 156 Thai Press Association, 85 treaty area, 135 Thai society Soviet Union bureaucratic polity, 145-6 diplomatic relations with, 17 socio-political characteristics Special Operations Executive, 40 of, 144-6 Force 136, 40 Thai cosmos, 145 Sri Ayudhya, navy's flagship, 81 thalweg principle, 9 Stanton, Edwin F., US Ambassador, Tharnrong Nawasawat, Prime Minister, 53,55,59,62,88,89,97, 18,49,53,62 108, 114 Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime Minister, Sujit Suphannawat, Pridi's private 2 secretary, 102, 103, 104 Thompson, Sir Geoffrey, British Sun Pi-chi, Patrick, Chinese Charge Ambassador, 50, 51, 59, d' Affaires, 79 61,70,87 Sun Yat-sen, Chinese leader, 31, 32, Tiang Sirikhand, MP, 89, 98 45, 150 Tibet Supreme Commander of the Allied 'liberation of', 2, 70 Powers (SCAP), 52 tributary relations, see tribute system Suri Thongwanit, left-winger, tribute system, 4, 23-4 83,86,98 Sino-Thai tributary relations, 23 -7, Svasti, Prince, Free Thai agent, 40 147, 150 Syng-man Rhee, ROK President. 92 Sinocentrism, 23 trade and tribute, 25- 6 Tai Autonomous Area T'ien-hsia, 23 and Thai exiles, 98 T'ien-tzu, 23 as 'competitive state', 97-8,101 Truman, Harry S., US President, 41, Chao Ts'un-hsin, 97, WI 55,57, 108, 109 lruiex 201

Tsiang, T.F., ROC UN Representative, Vichitr Songgram, General, Chief of 104 Defence Staff, 128 Tsubokarni, Japanese Amba~sador, 12, Vietminh, 2,80,86,121, 122, 123, 13 133, 149 activities in Thailand, 86 U Nu, Burmese Premier, III Annamite refugees, 114 'United Action' proposal as threat to Thailand, 114, 116, 129 as strategy of deterrent, 124 invasion of Laos, see under British response to, 125-6 Laotian Crises French response to, 126 struggle against France, 121-23 speech by Dulles, 124 Vietnam Thailand's response to, 125-6, 128 French protectorate, 6 United Nations recognition of Bao Dai government, and Korean War, 55- 6 54 and the China question, 58 partition of, 129 Declaration of Human Rights, 74 First Committee, 113 Wallinger, Sir Geoffrey, British General Assembly, 74, 112, 129, Ambassador, 78, 89 132,139 Wan Waithayakon, Prince Security Council, 74, 104, 115, 116, Ambassador to US, 56,90,91 128, 139 Foreign Minister, 69, 75, 79, 91, 92, UN Charter, 74 99,112,118,127,128,132, US aid to Thailand 139, 152 deficiency in US aid policy, 82 Wang Ching-wei regime, 39 discussions on Mutual Defence Warakan Bancha, Foreign Minister, 55, Treaty, 127 56, 107, 108, 155 Economic Cooperation Administra­ Watcharachai Chaisithiwet, naval tion (ECA), 53, 57 officer, 102 Economic and Technical Coopera­ White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804), tion Agreement, 57 24 Fulbright Agreement, 56 Whitteridge, Gordon, British Charge Mutual Defence Assistance Act d' Affaires, 104 (1949),55 Whittington, R., British Charge Leased Base Agreement, 127, 128 d' Affaires, 55 Point Four Programme, 52 World Bank/IMF Special Technical and Economic admission of Thailand, 52 Mission (STEM), 57 Thai-US Military Assistance Ying Wei-fan, Chinese official, 107 Agreement, 57 Yunnan Province, 2, 96, 98, 99, 102, United States Information Service 105,106,108,111,117,118,119, (USIS),88 131, 138 Uthon Phonlakun, journalist, 86