Globalisation, and the State

SAN2 Kinship and Economics Michaelmas Term, Thursday 9 am Mill Lane room 4 Barbara Bodenhorn

These two lectures explicitly link economic, kinship and political processes both in and over time; as such they are companion lectures to those on and Exchange given by Perveez Mody in Lent. Behind these lectures is the question of what we consider globalisation to be - how this has shifted over time and how we understand the implications of global processes for the ways in which people enter into, maintain, and/or disengage themselves from ‘kinned’ relationships. Another is the question of what, if anything, can be learned from the examination of the relationship between forms of kinship/marriage/household organization and forms of larger political and economic organization? Can one be thought to drive the other? We will pay attention to the movement of technologies, goods, ideas and political forms as part of global processes. In particular, we examine how these flows motivate the movements of (large groups of) people, voluntary and involuntary, which intersect with kin relations in different ways. At the same time, we consider how ideologies of ‘blood,’ ‘race’ and ‘heredity’ not only underpin notions of who one’s relatives are, but act as powerful influences on global developments.

Lecture one: seductive concepts: the idea of’ the globe’ and the power of ‘blood’. This lecture provides an overview of framing concepts that inform much recent work: globalisation; property, migration; and the like. We visit debates about when globalisation begins as well as where it is going; and we examine some of the ways in which different sorts of technological developments might be thought to have intervened differently in the ways in which the social relations of production/reproduction/ and consumption are organized. In particular, we consider ways in which – particularly in the US – race and kinship thinking are joined through the metaphor of ‘blood’ occasionally in unexpected ways. We ‘bookend’ (if you can use this image for three references) this discussion with three works: Eric Wolf’s Europe and the people without history which was one of the texts that signals a shift within itself of a focus on local particularities to global processes; David Schneider’s American Kinship whose equal emphasis on kinship as reflected in the order of law as well as the morality of shared substance points us to the inclusion of ‘the political’ in our analysis of kinship; and Appadurai’s recent (2013) The Future as cultural fact which invites us to consider ways in which are engaging with global processes to consider ‘the future’ with relation to what he calls a politics of possibility as opposed to the politics of probability.

Lecture two: Abduction or adoption? remains with a focus on the mass movements of people, more ambiguously defined in terms of freedom of movement and coercion, from the abduction of women and children as an aspect of war to the complexities of migration.

Students are encouraged to explore issues that reach across lectures, from Tom Neumann’s lectures on economic anthropology to Perveez Mody’s lectures with a

1 more strictly kinship focus – particularly her series on Marriage and Exchange in Lent. Students are equally invited to cross papers: they might consider the spread of world religions with relation to the ways these enshrine certain ideas about ‘proper’ , for instance, ideas that are often reproduced in legal systems. I have included a (very partial) list of ethnographies at the end which students may find stimulating for thinking about globalisation from any of several angles. And have included several possible essay titles, although students should in no way feel restricted to answering any of them.

Lecture One, part one: Theoretical background: Globalisation as an anthropological subject and the ambiguity of kinship within that frame.

Eric Wolf 1982 (reprinted 2010). Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of Califoria Press. David Schneider 1964 American Kinship: a cultural account. Prentice Hall. David Harvey 1989. The condition of post-modernity: an inquiry into the conditions of social change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 2005 Kinship, Law and the Unexpected: Relatives are always a surprise. Cambridge UP Carol Greenhouse 2011. The paradox of relevance: ethnography and citizenship in the US. University of Pennsylvania Press. Susan McKinnon & Fenella Cannell, eds. 2013 Vital Relations: modernity and the persistent life of kinship. Santa Fe: SAR Press. Arjun Appadurai. 2013. The future as a cultural fact: essays on the global condition. London: Verso.

A useful overview source: James Carrier and Deborah Gewertz, eds. 2013. Handbook of sociocultural anthropology. London: Berg.

Lecture one, part two: globalisation, modernity, race – from kinship to race; race and nation: ‘blood’ as a metaphor of belonging; division, consumption and political identity. Kinship and the order of law in the age of empire: marriage, mestizaje and miscegenation. (NB Mody’s lecture 1 on and lecture 3, marriage as law)

Anne Stoler 2002. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the intimate in colonial rule. London: University of California Press. *Hyde, Anne F. 2011 Empires, nations, and families: a new history of the North American west: 1800-1860. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. *Helen Tilley 2011. Africa as a living laboratory: Empire, development and the problem of scientific knowledge 1879-1950. Chicago UP. NB chap.5 Gillian Feeley-Harnik 2013. Placing the Dead: Kinship, slavery and free labor in pre and post-civil war America. In. McKinnon and Cannell, eds. Virtual Relations: modernity and the persistent life of kinship. Santa Fe: SAR Press. Barbara Bodenhorn 2013. On the road again: movement, marriage, mestizaje and the race of kinship. In McKinnon and Cannell, above. *Peggy Pascoe. 2009 What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2

Susan Benson 2006 Injurious names: naming and disavowel in contexts of slavery and recuperation. In. G. Vombruck and B. Bodenhorn, eds. The Anthropology of Names and Naming. CUP: 177-200. *Carol Greenhouse 2011. The paradox of relevance: ethnography and citizenship in the US. U Penn Press. (quite a detailed examination of recent neoliberal legislation in the United States which shifts the moral landscape in re gender, race, marriage – and more – redefining citizenship in the process) Loic Wacquant 2009. Punishing the poor: the neoliberal government of social insecurity. Duke University Press.

Theoretical overviews (without a focus on kinship) Michael Kearney 1995. The local and the global. Annual Review of Anthropology. 24:547- M Foucault. 1973. Governmentality. In Burchell, et al eds. The Foucault Effect: essaysin governmentality. Chicago UP. U Beck 1992. Risk Society. London: Sage. M Douglas and A Wildavsky 1983. Culture and Risk. U California Press. Dipesh Chakrabarty 2009 The climate of history: four theses. Critical Inquiry 35(2): 197-222.

Historical contexts Alex Dupuy 2001 Globalization: the nation-state and imperialism – a review essay Diaspora 10:1: 93-116. Timothy Brook 2008. Vermeer’s Hat: the 17th century and the dawn of the global world. London: Profile. Mike Davis 2002. Late Victorian Holocausts: el niño famines and the making of the third world. London: Verso.

Of additional interest Patricia Seed, 1995. Ceremonies of Possession in Europe’s Conquest of the New World: 1492-1640. Cambridge University Press. James Clifford 1994 Diasporas. 9:302-38 James Clifford 1996. Travelling Cultures. In Francis Barker et al, eds. Colonial Discourse and post-colonial theory. Manchester University Press. Ulf Hannerz 1996 Transnational Connections: culture, people, places. Routledge. Thomas M. Wilson & Hastings Donnan, eds. 1998. Border Identities: nation and state at international frontiers. Cambridge University Press Arjun Appadurai, ed. 2001 Globalization. Duke University Press. Louis-Jacques Dorais, 2001 Defining the Overseas Vietnamese, Diaspora 10:1: 3-27. Carole Fabricante 1998 ‘Riding the waves’ of (post) colonial migrancy … are we all in the same boat? Diaspora 7:1:25-51 Margaret Radin 1996. Contested commodities: The trouble with trade in sex, children, body parts, and other things. Harvard UP 1996 Roger Rouse 1991. Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism. Diaspora (Spring): 8-23

Lecture two: moving people around: take two: kinship, marriage, migration and precarious sovereignty (NB Mody’s lectures 2 (on love, affect); 3 (marriage and law) and 4 (gifts)

3

I Women and Children: Abduction or adoption?

* Veena Das 2007. Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary. University of California Press. NB chapters 2: The figure of the abducted woman; and 9: The signature of the State: the paradox of illegibility. * Camilla Townsend and Lyman Johnson 2006. Malintzin’s choices: an Indian woman in the conquest of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. * Jessica Leinaweaver. 2007. On moving children: the social implications of Andean child circulation. American Ethnologist 34(1): 163-180. * Nicolas Argenti. 2011. Things of the ground: children’s medicine, motherhood and memory in the Cameroon Grassfields. Africa 81 (2): 269-94. Carola Suarez-Orozco, 2000. Identities under siege: immigration stress and social mirroring among the children of immigrants. In. Antonius C. G. Robben and Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco, eds. Cultures under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma. CUP

II; Migrations, remittances and households – stretched, fractured, reconfigured: the case of Oaxaca

D. Gittins. 1993 (1985) The in Question: changing households and familiar ideologies. Basingstoke. Goody, Esther 1982 Parenthood and Social Reproduction: Fostering and Occupational Roles in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press *Michael Kearney 1995. The local and the global. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:547-. Lynn Stephen 2009 Expanding the Borderlands: Recent Studies on the US Mexico Border. Latin American Research Review 44(1): 266-277. *James I. Grishop 2006. The envios of San Pablo Huixtepec, Oaxaca: food, home, and transnationalism. Human Organization: 65(4): 400-406. *Dennis Conway and Jeffrey Cohen 2003. Local Dynamics in Multi-local transnational spaces of rural Mexico: Oaxacan experiences. International Journal of Population Geography. 9:141-161. *Edna A. Viruell-Fuentes. 2006. ‘My heart is always there’: the transnational practices of first-generation Mexican immigrant and second-generation Mexican American women. Identities. 13(3):335-62.

Also of interest

Nina Glick Schiller, A. Caglar & Thaddeus C. Gulbrandsen 2006. Beyond the ethnic lens: locality, globality and born-again incorporation. American Ethnologist 3(4): 612-33. Alejandro Portes, Cristina Escobar, Alexacria Walton Radford 2007. Immigrant Transnational Organizations and Development: a comparative study. International Migration Review 41(1): 242-281. L.K. Van Wey, C.M. Tucker & E. Diaz McConnel 2005. Community Organization, Migration and Remittances in Oaxaca. Latin American Research Review 40(1): 83-107. Jeffery H. Cohen & Leila Rodriguez 2005. Remittance Outcomes in Rural Oaxaca,

4

Mexico: challenges, options and opportunities for migrant households. Population, Space and Place 11:49-63. Caroline Bretall. 2006. Global spaces/local places: transnationalism, diaspora and the meaning of home. Identities. 13(3): 327-34. Rodriguez, Gregory 2008 Mongrels, Bastards, Orphans and Vagabonds: Mexican Immigration and the Future of Race in America. New York: Vintage Books. Aihwa Ong 2003 Zones of new sovereignty in Southeast Asia. In RW Parry & B Maurer, eds. Globalization under construction: governmentality, law and identity. London: University of Minnesota Press.

Ethnographies

Joao Biehl 2005. Vita: life in a zone of social abandonment. University of California Press.

Tom Boellstorff 2008. Coming of Age in Second Life: an explores the virtually human. Princeton: University Press.

Mimi Sheller 2003. Consuming the Caribbean. Routledge . Marjory Harper 2005. Emigrant Homecomings Manchester UP

Charles Piot 1999. Remotely Global: Village modernity in West Africa. University of Chicago Press.

Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing 2005. Friction: An ethnography of global connection. Princeton University Press.

Sharon Hutchinson. 1996. Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with money, war and the state. University of California Press.

Pnina Werbner & Tariq Modood, eds. 1997 Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi- cultural identities and the Politics of Anti-racism.London: Zed.

Leo R. Chavez 1992. Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Immigrants in American Society. Harcourt Brace.

Rhacel Salazar Parreñas 2001. Servants of Globalization: women, migration, and domestic work. Stanford University Press.

Nicholas de Genova & Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas 2003. Latino Crossings: Mexican, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Citizenship. London: Routledge.

Carolyn Nordstrom 2007. Global Outlaws: crime, money and power in the contemporary world. University of California Press.

5

Suggested supervision topics (you are of course welcome to invent your own with your supervisor)

1) How might recent work on migration revive anthropological discussions about the relationship between family and household? 2) If marriage in many places is really about inter-relating groups, why is the notion of ‘inter-marriage’ a marked, rather than a defaultmode, category? 3) ‘The gift’, within marriage, has often been theorized in terms of , or with relation to the gendering of ‘care’ – as – amity. How might ethnographies of migration contribute to these discussions? 4) Globalization and technological developments go hand in hand. With a detailed examination of one or two ethnographies, consider some of the ways in which the relations defined as ‘kin’ take part in these processes. 5) David Harvey talks about late modernity as marked by processes of de- and re-territorialization. How might we use that notion to consider the ways that technological developments may be deployed to dis- and re-assemble social relations? 6) EITHER: Kinship often continues to be placed in the notionally altruistic private sphere; that is patently not true. Discuss OR: Kinship is as much about the reproduction of the political and/or economic order as it is about sexual reproduction. Discuss. 7) Blood:race::blood:kinship. Discuss

6