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Growing Entrepreneurial Firms in Developing Countries

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Growing Entrepreneurial Firms in Developing Countries GROWING ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE INTERPLAY OF THE STATE, THE MARKET AND THE SOCIAL SECTOR By Cheng-Hua Tzeng Desautels Faculty of Management McGill University, Montreal August, 2006 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ©Cheng-Hua Tzeng 2006 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32249-9 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32249-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada ABSTRACT This study builds an integrative framework to delineate the process of growing entrepreneurial firms in developing countries. Deriving from the existing entrepreneurship literature, this thesis uses two notions to delineate the process of growth of indigenous firms: entrepreneurial intent and entrepreneurial capability. Then, drawing on the literature of economic development, it identifies three key sectors, the state, the market and the social sector, that foster entrepreneurial intent and cultivate entrepreneurial capability. The research setting is the information technology (IT) industries in China and Taiwan, each of which has had impressive performance when compared with their counterparts in other developing countries. This study differentiates the growth of entrepreneurial firms into three stages, getting started, getting there, and staying there, and proceeds to analyze the comparative-historie al experiences of six IT firms, three in China and three in Taiwan. The firms in China are the Advanced Technology Service Division (ATSD), Lenovo Computer, and Great Wall Computer. The firms in Taiwan are United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC), Acer, and Vanguard International Semiconductor (VIS). It is found that at the stage of getting started, the govemment tends to be key among the three sectors, and can broadly influence the firms' entrepreneurial intent by building the national institution context, and more specifically through industrial policies. At the stage of getting there, the domestic social sector becomes more salient, and can transfer technology to entrepreneurial finns either from abroad or from their own research; they can also help defend entrepreneurial firms in intellectual property disputes with multinational firms. At the stage of staying there, due to their advanced technology, multinationals as forces in the market become more prevalent, and can enhance or destroy the capability of entrepreneurial firms. Overall, the state can act as context builder, champion and confronter; the social sector can play the roi es of capability builder and capability defender, while the market, via multinational firms, can play the roles of capability destroyer and capability enhancer. ii RÉSUMÉ Cette étude construit un cadre intégrateur pour délinéer le processus de croissance des entreprises entrepreneurlales dans les pays en voie de développement. À partir de la documentation existante en entreprenariat, cette thèse utilise deux notions pour délinéer le processus de croissance des entreprises indigènes: l'intention entrepreneuriale et la capacité entrepreneuriale. Puis, s'appuyant sur la documentation en matière de développement économique, elle identifie trois secteurs clés: l'État, le marché et le secteur social, qui stimulent l'intention entrepreneuriale et cultivent la capacité entrepreneuriale. La recherche porte sur les industries du secteur des technologies de l'information (TI) en Chine et à Taïwan, qui ont connu un rendement impressionnant comparativement à leurs homologues d'autres pays en voie de développement. Cette étude distingue trois étapes de croissance des entreprises entrepreneuriales, le démarrage, le développement et la durabilité, puis procède à l'analyse comparative de l'histoire de six entreprises, trois chinoises et trois taïwanaises. Les entreprises chinoises sont Advanced Technology Service Division (ATSD), Lenovo Computer et Great Wall Computer. Les entreprises taïwanaises sont United Microelectronics Company (UMC) , Acer et Vanguard International Semiconductor (VIS). Il est démontré que, à l'étape du démarrage, le gouvernement tend à être un élément clé au sein des trois secteurs et peut largement influencer l'intention entrepreneurlale d'une entreprise en créant un contexte institutionnel national, ainsi que directement par ses iii politiques industrielles. À l'étape du développement, le secteur social intérieur devient plus proéminent et peut transférer des technologies aux entreprises entrepreneuriales, de l'étranger ou de leur propre service de recherche; il peut également aider à défendre les entreprises entrepreneuriales en conflit de propriété intellectuelle avec des entreprises multinationales. À l'étape de la durabilité, grâce à leur technologie avancée, les multinationales, en tant que forces du marché, deviennent prédominantes et peuvent mettre en valeur ou détruire la capacité des entreprises entrepreneuriales. Dans l'ensemble, l'État agit en créateur de contexte, en champion et en juge; le secteur social joue le rôle de créateur et de défenseur de capacité; tandis que le marché, par l'entremise des entreprises multinationales, joue le rôle de destructeur ou de rehausseur de capacité. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, 1 would like thank members of my thesis committee. Henry Mintzberg accepted my application for McGill Ph.D. pro gram in 1999, and provided generous support along the way. 1 would also like to thank Jan Jorgensen for his patience of reading my the sis manuscript page by page again and again. Advices of Paola Perez-Aleman and Rick Molz are very helpful to this the sis. 1 also leamed a lot from other Mc Gill doctoral students, including Rick Bercuvitz, Farzad Raft Khan, Warren Nilsson, Abhijit Ghosh and Yuanyuan Wu. Enormous helps from Santa Rodrigues and Stella Scalia are greatly appreciated. My wife, Vicky Yeh, makes my thesis writing process as smooth as possible when our son, Tom Tzeng, was bom in 2005. This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Wen-Rong Tzeng and Ru-Zhen Zhao. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT RÉSUMÉ ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS 2.1. A Brief Overview of Entrepreneurship Research.. .. .. .. 5 2.1.1. Entrepreneurial Intent and Capabilities ................... " . .. .. 7 2.1.2. Bringing the Institutions Back into Entrepreneurship Literature............................................................. 9 2.2. An Overview of Economic Development Theories. .. .. .. .. Il 2.2.1. Market-Centered Economic Deve10pment Theories............. 11 2.2.1.1. Modemization Theory... .. .. .. .. .. .. Il 2.2.1.2. The Market Friendly Approach.......................... 13 2.2.2. State-Centered Economic Development Theories..... .......... 16 2.2.2.1. Dependency Theory....................................... 16 2.2.2.2. The Developmental State in Japan...................... 17 2.2.2.3. South Korea: Market Augmentation Paradigm........ 19 2.2.2.4. Taiwan: Governing the Market... ....................... 21 2.2.2.5. South Korea: Embedded Autonomy.................... 21 2.2.3. Social Sector-Centered Economic Deve10pment Theories..... 23 2.2.3.1. The Neither-Nor of the Social Sector............ ...... 24 2.2.3.2. Categorization of the Social Sector Organizations... 24 2.2.3.3. Trade Associations........................................ 25 2.2.3.4. Research and Development Institutes ............... '" 27 v 2.2.3.5. Just another Better Solution?..................................... 29 2.2.4. Criticism of the Literature and Research Questions............. 30 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Why Case Studies?................................................................................... 33 3.2. Research Design......... ...........
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