Jurnal Biota Vol. 7 No. 1, 2021 ISSN: 2460-7746 (online); ISSN: 2528-262X (print) | 25

The Inventory of Soil in Residential Area of

Ari Saputra1, Zainal Arifin2, Riyanto3*

123 Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teaching and Teacher Training, Sriwijaya University,

*email: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Key word: The purpose of this research is to find out the species of soil ants in the residential area. The sampling method is hand Ground ants collecting and baited trap (tuna and honey). There are 8 Musi river species found: Acanthomyrmex sp., Solenopsis germinata, Soil Monomorium pharaonis, Pheidole megacephala, Paratrechina longicornis. Tapinoma melanocephalum, Article history: Camponotus ligniperda, Diacamma intricatum. The most Received: 04/03/2020 numerous species, namely Pheidole megacephala and the Revised: 03/10/2020 least species, namely Diacamma intricatum. Ant species Accepted: 14/10/2020 diversity tends to increase, as human activity decreases.

Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). All Right Reserved

Introduction larvae, cocoons and pest . One pest Flora and fauna are able to live in that is eaten by ants is aphids. Ants can soil ecosystems. One species of fauna that "manipulate ecosystems" such as aerating has an important role in the ecosystem is the soil and circulating nutrients. The ants (Formicidae). The ants belong to the negative role of ants, which can invade by class of insects and the order attacking and seizing tropical habitats. . Ants have a beneficial and This condition has become a serious detrimental role. The beneficial role is to threat for fauna and local flora. Walker "engineer" ecosystems, pollinators, pest (2006) reports that Wasmania punctata is predators, and energy suppliers. a species of ant that can reduce variations The influence of ants on terrestrial in other species. These ants behave ecosystems is very good, when compared invasively and easily spread and lead to with other insects (Hölldobler & Wilson, the extinction of other species. 1990). Some species of ants can adapt in The number of ant species were disturbed habitats. However, humans estimated at 12,500-15,000. It has a role who are around ants are not inhibiting in ecosystems such as predators and bird factors for ants to live even ants can be feed. The role of ants as predators, associated with humans. Ants that have namely controlling the population of this problem are called tramp ants (Suarez agricultural pests (Yudiyanto et al., 2014) et al., 1998). for example Oecophylla smaragdina (a Ants can live in various places big arboreal ant in tropical Asia and including on the ground. Ground ant Australia). O. smaragdina also well activity can affect soil conditions, such as known as rangrang ants eat from eggs, disturbance to the physical structure of

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26 | Jurnal Biota Vol. 7 No. 1, 2021 the soil (Rodhiyah et al., 2012). Ant houses, bushes, plantation and forests activity can be made while looking for (Figure 1 and table 1). The study was food. Ground ants have a significant conducted from May-December 2018. influence on the erosion process. The presence of ants is very important in the decomposition of soil matter. Ground Research location ants are able to consume living or dead plants. The behavior of eating ants by cutting plants and into small pieces, so that the decomposition of organic substances becomes faster (Ruslan, 2009). Human settlements are not a barrier for ants to live in. Shidqi (2015) reported that there were 4 subfamilies, 7 genera, Figure 1. Location Map of Sampling and 14 species found in the (Source : Google map area locator, Parangtritis village. This discovery can be 2018) made as evidence that it is able to live and develop in areas inhabited by humans. This research is a descriptive One of the human settlements that are method. The ant sampling technique is also found by various species of ants is a purposive sampling. Purposive sampling settlement on the banks of the Musi intentional sampling technique with a Gandus river in Palembang. This area is specific purpose. Consideration based on on the banks of the Musi river. Riyanto & what goals researchers want to achieve Tibrani (2016), reported that there were and what they want to know (Palys, 204 species, 70 families and 10 orders of 2008). The intended purpose, namely the insects in the. sample taken and its location. Based on the survey in residential Considerations include: 1) the ground ant areas, there are settlements and rubber habitat. 2) station conditions allow for factories. residential areas have operational sampling. 3) the station can plantations and forests. The existence of represent the diversity of ant species. human activities gradually causes biotic Therefore, samples were taken and abiotic damage, of course affects the from 7 stations, namely: river bank, function of the environment because the houses, bushes, gardens and forests. Ant forest is converted into a settlement. This sampling uses the baited trap and hand study determined the diversity of soil ants collecting methods (Agosti et al. 2000). from the worker caste in the residential Baited trap is a method to collect the ants area of Palembang. by putting honey or tuna on a paper. Wait until 15 minutes. After that, put the ants Materials and Methods in a jar. This research was conducted in the Procedure determination of sample Musi river bank, Gandus sub-district of location The first step is to determine the Palembang City. Samples were taken location of the sampling area after from various ant habitats of Lettu Karim surveying. This can be observed directly Kadir RT 7 RW 2 (3 ° 00'51.4 "S 104 ° by ants seen by researchers. 41'44.3" E) up to Social roads RT 14 RW Determination of location based on 4 (3 ° 01'02.3 "S 104 ° 41 ' 22.4 "E) different habitat conditions on the banks Gandus sub-district, Palembang. The ant of the Musi River with the following sampling locations include: river bank, categories:

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Table 1. Research location in Musi River Area Gandus Palembang Range to river bank Plot Location Description 6 River bank River banks include the land affected by tides <100 m 12 House Human settlement, including the yard 6 Bushes Land which not planted with cultivation 12 House Human settlement, including the yard 6 Bushes Dry land that is not planted with crops 100-200 m 6 Plantation Sugar cane plantation 6 Forest Habitat on the edge of the forest

Observation and sampling of ant Identification is guided: Hölldobler & samples Wilson (1990), and Bolton (1994). The observation and sampling of Morphologies observed included total ants are carried out in the morning and body length, number of antenna evening (08.00 – 09.30 and 15.00 – segments, presence of promesonotal 17.00). After the ant sample is obtained, sutures, spines in the propodeum, petiole, the sample is immediately put into a jar number of abdominal segments, containing 70% alcohol. Samples were abdominal weapons, and body color. identified in the Unsri FKIP Biology Data analysis Education laboratory. Sampling uses two Ant species diversity data is written methods according to Hashimoto (2003), in tabular form. The number of species namely: the method of hand collecting, and the number of individual ants namely sampling using hand assisted measured at the following stations: river tweezers, cotton and alcohol. bank, houses, bushes, gardens and This method is used if the ant forests. sample is able to be taken by the researcher. Baited trap method, which is Results and Discussion sampling in hard-to-reach places such as Based on the results of the study holes, leaf litter, and wood. The bait used found eight ant species from four sub is canned tuna and honey placed on paper families (Myrmicinae, Formicinae, (Wielgoss et al., 2010 in Hasriyanty et al. Dolichoderinae, and ). Species 2013). Sampling is done for one hour, found were: Acanthomyrmex sp., then observing the ants that visit the bait Solenopsis germinata, Monomorium every 15 minutes. pharaonis, Pheidole megacephala, Identification Paratrechina longicornis., Tapinoma The research data is made melanocephalum, Camponotus documentation and identified up to the ligniperda, and Diacamma intricatum. level, if possible up to species. For more details can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Species and number of ants at the various stations on the banks of Musi river, Gandus district Station Perse-tase Species Range< 100 m Range 100 - 200 m Total (%) Rb Hs Bs Hs Bs Gdn Frst Acanthomyrmex sp. 0 0 0 0 0 8 11 19 0,97 S. germinata 0 55 179 163 27 69 77 570 29,0 M. pharaonis 0 0 0 0 13 6 0 19 0,97 P. megacepahala 452 90 56 9 0 0 0 607 30,9 P. longicornis 0 111 21 28 0 3 14 177 9,01 T. melanocephalum 0 0 0 0 539 0 15 554 28,2

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Station Perse-tase Species Range< 100 m Range 100 - 200 m Total (%) Rb Hs Bs Hs Bs Gdn Frst C. ligniperda 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 10 0,51 D. intricatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0,41 Total 452 256 256 200 579 89 132 1964 100 Keterangan: Rb (River banks), Hs (house), Bs (Bushes), Gdn (Garden), Frst (Forest)

Based on Table 2 the number of petiole consists of 2 segments: petiole and ants obtained was 1,964 individuals. The post petiole (f), the blunt end of the most ant species, namely P. megacephala abdomen (g), the color of the head, and S. germinata. Both of these ants abdomen, and thorax are predominantly include tramp ants. P. megacephala was black (Figure 2). These ants include the obtained by 607 individuals (30.9%). The family: Formicidae, subfamily: second most S. germinata obtained by as Myrmicinae, genus: Acanthomyrmex, many as 579 individuals (29%). species: Acanthomyrmex sp. Meanwhile, the ants obtained in at least 10 individuals are C. ligniperda ants House location with a distance of ˂ 100 m from the banks of the Musi river obtained 256 individual ants from three species. Likewise, the bush station obtained 256 individual ants consisting of three species. The home station ant species and bush station are different species. Ant species found around the house are S. germinata, P. megacephala, and P. longicornis. Then at a distance of

100-200 m, 200 ants were obtained for Figure 2. Acanthomyrmex sp. the home, 83 individual ant gardens, and (Lateral view) 132 individual ant forests. The most widely obtained ant species, namely Solenopsis germinata forest with a number of species six, These ants have a total length of ± namely: Acanthomyrmex sp., S. 3.7 mm (a), a mandibular long triangle germinata, P. longicornis, T. (b), small eyes (c) and have a border melanocephalum, C. ligneperda, and D. species in the middle (d). The number of intricatum. Meanwhile, the fewest antenna segments is 12 and the club has 2 stations are the banks of the Musi river by segments (e). The mesosome does not one species, namely: P. megacephala. have a promesonotal suture or pronotum Descriptions of species found in and the mesonotum is fused (f). There is residential areas on the banks of Musi no thorn in the propodeum (g). Waist River, Gandus District, Palembang. consists of two segments: petiole and post Acanthomyrmex sp. petiole (h). The chest stands out. The This species of ant has a total length abdomen consists of four segments (i). of ±6,1 mm (a), the mandible is triangular All parts of his body are covered with (b), the antenna consists of 12 segments hair, there is a sting in the last segment of (c), dimorphic caste. The mesosoma does the stomach (j) (Figure 3). This ant not have a promononotal suture (d) belongs to the family: Formicidae pronotum and the mesonotum is fused. Subfamily: Formicinae, genus: The proppedeum and its thighs (e), the Solenopsis, species: S. germinate.

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the antenna consists of 11 segments (c). The mesosome has no promesonotal suture (d), the pronotum and mesonotum are fused and there are spines on the surface of the propodeum (e). Waist consists of two segments; petiole and post petiole (f). The petiole has a slightly tapered node, and the post petiole has a rounded node. The abdomen consists of 4 segments (g) and at the end of the last Figure 3. Solenopsis germinate segment is sting (h). The mesosoma head, (Lateral view) legs, petiole and post petiole are reddish Monomorium pharaonis brown, while the abdomen is brown These ants have a total length of ± (Figure 5). These ants belong to the 1.8 mm (a), a mandible triangle (b), has family: Formicidae, subfamily: clipe (c), the antenna consists of 11 Myrmicinae, genus: Pheidole, species: P. segments (d). The mesosome does not megacephala. have a promesonotal suture (e), the pronotum and the mesonotum fuse, thus becoming the pro mesonotum. Waist consists of: 2 petiole (petiole and post petiole) (f). The head and mesosomes are black, the abdomen is orange, and there are no thorns in the propodeum (g). The abdomen consists of four segments (h) and in the last segment there is a sting (i). For more details, see (Figure 4). Family: Formicidae, subfamily: Myrmicinae, genus: Monomorium, species: M. Figure 5. Pheidole megacephala pharaonis (Lateral view) Paratrechina longicornis These ants have a total length of ± 2.7 mm (a), a mandibular length (b), and have a clot (c). The number of antenna segments is 12 (d). This ant has a promesonotal suture (e), and the pronotum and mesonotum do not fuse. Waist (waist) only one segment, namely petiole (f). Petiole and propodeum do not have thorns. The abdomen has five segments, the last segment has acidopore

Figure 4. Monomorium pharaonis instead of sting. All parts of his body are (Lateral view) covered with hair. The head, mesosoma and legs are black, but the feet are a bit Pheidole megacephala brighter, when compared to other body These ants have a total length of ± parts (Figure 6). Family: Formicidae, 4.6 mm (a), dimorphic cast (major and subfamily: Formicinae, genus: minor workers), mandibular length (b), Paratrechina, species: P. longicornis

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The casing has a slightly tapered node and a standing position. The abdomen has five segments (g) and at the end there is acidopore (h). The head and abdomen are reddish brown, (Figure 8). Family: Formicidae, subfamily: Formicinae, genus: Camponotus, species: C. ligniperda

Figure 6. Paratrechina longicornis (lateral view) Tapinoma melanocephalum These ants have a total length of ± 2 mm (a), there are 11 antennas (b), and the mandible is triangular (c). This ant has a promusonotal suture (d) pronotum and mesonotum does not fuse, and there are no spines in the propodeum (e). Waist Figure 8. Camponotus ligniperda (waist) only one segment, namely petiole (Lateral view) (f). Petiole hangs in the first gastric Diacamma intricatum segment, clearly visible from a dorsal These ants have a total length of ± perspective. The abdomen has 5 segments 11.1 mm (a), a mandibular long triangle (g) and the end is not pungent and (b), and there is a clipe (c). The number acidopore, but to protect itself will emit a of antenna segments is 12 (d). Waist distinctive odor from the body. The color (waist) only one segment, namely petiole of the blackish brown head, abdomen legs (e). Propodeum has no spines (f). The box and very pale antenna tends to be has a pair of spines (h). The abdomen has transparent (Figure 7). Family: five segments (i). Pretarsal claw forefoot Formicidae, subfamily: Dolichoderinae, not prickly. The last segment precisely in genus: Tapinoma, species: T. the hypopigidium has a sting (j). Head, melanocephalum. mesosoma, abdomen, and black legs (Figure 9). Family: Formicidae, subfamily: Ponerinae, genus: Diacamma, species: D. intricatum.

Figure 7. Tapinoma melanocephalum (Lateral view)

Camponotus ligniperda These ants have a total length of ± Figure 9. Diacamma intricatum 6.5 mm (a), mandibular triangles (b), the (Lateral view) number of antennal segments there are 12 (c), the spiny Mesosome (e), no Results of research at the location promesonotal suture (d), and pronotum of the banks of the Musi River, Gandus and mesonotum do not fuse: petiole (f). Village, Gandus District, Palembang

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City, were found in as many as 8 ant found in and Palu. This might be species (Table 2). There are eight species because the time of sampling from the that are grouped in the Myrmicinae sub- two previous researchers was much group, namely P. megacephala, S. longer. In research on the banks of the germinata, M. pharaonis, and Palembang Gandus River, the sample was Acanthomyrmex sp. One species is taken for one month, October. Meanwhile grouped in the Ponerinae sub-group, Hasrianty et al. (2013) conducted namely D. intricatum. Two species sampling for three months and Rizali et belong to the Formicinae sub-group, al. (2008) who examined ants in Palu for namely P. longicornis and C. ligniperda. three months as well. The composition of One species belongs to the ants obtained varied with a total of 1964 Dolichoderinae sub-family, namely T. individuals found from 7 different melanocephalum. The ant species with stations. The most common species of ant the most number of individuals are P. is 607 individuals of P. megacephala and megacephala and at least the C. the least ants are Diacamma sp of 8 ligniperda species. The station with the individuals. P. megacephala has the main fewest species is river bank (<100 m) and characteristic that is a large head with a the most species are gardens and forests ratio of head and total body length is 1: 4. (100 - 200 m). The worker ants are dimorphic (major The kinds of ants in this study have and minor workers). The major worker similarities with the research results of ants are approximately twice as large, Hasriyanty et al. (2013) in Bogor and the compared to the minor worker ants. results of research Rizali et al. (2008) in These ants are included in the Palu, Central . The kind of ants Myrmicinae sub-family and are very that dominate are the ants which belong successful in nature. This fact can be seen to the category of invasive ants. Invasive in Table 2. These ants control the banks ants are ants that have large populations of the Palembang Musi Gandus river and and can master the composition of ant overall in a variety of habitats, Pheidole species in certain habitats (Hasriyanty et is found more frequently than other ants. al., 2013). Ants originating from the This happens because P. megacephala is Myrmicinae and Formicinae subfamilies an omnivorous ant that eats corn, honey, are a species of ant that is quite dangerous dead insects, soil invertebrate animals, for native species in certain and food scraps (Warner & Scheffrahn, environments. The ant tends to be 2016). The facts in the field of ant food is invasive, because the ant species from the quite a lot because residents who are on two subfamilies have weapons. the banks of the Musi Gandus river in Myrmicinae has a sting and Formicinae Palembang sometimes throw garbage, has acidopore. The existence of this such as leftovers on the banks of the Musi invasion will control the habitat that was river. The rest of the food, rubbish and visited. These migrant ants can gradually wood piled up can be a place for P. reduce and replace the abundance of megacephala to live. native ant species in their habitat Based on the observations of (Holldobler and Wilson, 1990). The ants researchers, P. megacephala lodged in found in this study were not only litter, under houses, and walls. These ants invasive, but there were also tramp ants. also nest underground kaca piring plants Tramp ants are ants that have been able to (Gardania augustra) in residential areas. associate with humans. P. megacephala makes holes as a place to The number of ant species found is live in the vicinity of these plants. This not as many as the number of species activity causes hollow soil and oxygen to

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32 | Jurnal Biota Vol. 7 No. 1, 2021 enter the ground. Oxygen in the soil can stinger in the final abdominal segment. help the process of metabolism of cells in These ants are found in the most plant roots, so plants grow more fertile individuals. Solenopsis is also distributed (Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990). In addition, in all habitats at the study site. A total of ants bring food into the nest. The rest of 570 ants were obtained, with details as this food can support the growth of plate follows: 179 bushes (<100 m), 163 tails glass plants. Widyati (2013) reports that house (100-200 m), 77 tails forest, 69 tails ants can act as environmental engineers in garden, 55 tails house (<100 m), and 27 the process of decomposition and bushes (100-200 m). S. germinata is not distribution of organic matter. found in riverbank land. Solenopsis has Decomposition of leftovers can be this the potential to be a nuisance. These ants organic material which is a natural are often present in foods that are not fertilizer for plants such as plate glass packaged properly, such as cakes, side plants. Therefore, the presence of ants on dishes, and sugary drinks. the ground has a positive effect on the M. pharaonis belongs to the physical condition of the soil and the Myrmicinae subclass. These ants have 12 transportation of soil nutrient sources. antenna segments and body length ranges D. intricatum is included in the from 1,5 to 2 mm. Based on Table 2 Ponerinae sub-family. This sub-family Monomorium found 13 individuals in the has the main characteristic of thorns in bush and 6 individuals in the garden. propodeum, sting in the hypopygium, and These ants are little found despite finding the first narrowed gastral segment. The food in a colony. The size of these ants is number of Diacamma sp found was only very small compared to ants in general. 8 individuals. These ant species are found This causes the movement of ants to be in small numbers, because of foraging very slow and to get limited food. M. behavior that is different from other ants. pharaonis are diurnal ants that look for D. intricatum roams the ground solitary / food during the day. These ant nests not colonized. Relatively large body size contain worker castes, queens, and of ± 11 mm and long legs, very supportive winged female or male ants. Worker of rapid movement. female ants and sterile laborers who work Acanthomyrmex sp. including the in charge of looking for food, guarding Myrmicinae sub-group, with their main larvae to develop, and guarding nests, and characteristics, namely petiole and armed male ants are tasked with reproducing propodeum in the form of thorns (Bolton, (Morris, 2000). 1994). These ants are generally P. longicornis is a sub-family of measuring ± 6.1 mm. Antennas consist of Formicinae. This ant has seta (hair) all 12 segments, petiole there are 2 segments over its body. Another feature of (petiole and post petiole), four abdominal Paratrechina is having acidopore. P. segments. Achantomyrmex was found in longicornis can move quite quickly and gardens and forests of 8 and 11 irregularly, so that these ants are known individuals, respectively (Table 2). These as crazy ants. These individual ants are ants are active on the ground, dead found in various stations, including: 111 branches, leaves and stems of plants. individual houses (<100 m), 28 individual Acanthomyrmex sp. eat various species of houses (100-200 m), bush (<100 m), 14 food, such as: fruit, seeds, small individual forests, 3 individual gardens. invertebrates, and also sugar (Moffet, T. melanocephalum is known as 1985). "odorous ant" or odor ants. At the time of S. germinata are also called fire the study, this species of ant sample ants. These ants have a characteristic smelled a pretty strong odor, even though

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Jurnal Biota Vol. 7 No. 1, 2021 | 33 it had been preserved for about 2 weeks. the bush. This is thought to have many The main characteristics, namely the head food sources. Food sources are not only and black mesosoma, while the white foods that are in people's homes, but also gastric. Tapinoma is found abundantly in leftovers that are thrown away. The the bush. This is thought to have many bushes are quite close to a stall that sells food sources. Food sources are not only food, so a lot of garbage. T. foods that are in people's homes, but also melanocephalum becomes a nuisance in leftovers that are thrown away. The homes and places with sweet substances. bushes are quite close to a stall that sells T. melanocephalum is very abundant in as food, so a lot of garbage. T. many as 539 individuals, but only found melanocephalum becomes a nuisance in in bushes 100-200 m. These ants make homes and places with sweet substances. nests in the bush precisely below ground. T. melanocephalum is very abundant in as C. ligniperda is a sub-family of many as 539 individuals, but only found Formicinae. These ants are only found in in bushes 100-200 m. These ants make gardens and forests. This species is quite nests in the bush precisely below ground. few found, because its size is quite large, C. ligniperda is a sub-family of which is around 5-6 mm. The size is large Formicinae. These ants are only found in enough to make the behavior of these ants gardens and forests. This species is quite in looking for food tends to be solitary. It few found, because its size is quite large, is not uncommon for C. ligniperda to which is around 5-6 mm. The size is large separate from the group and return to the enough to make the behavior of these ants nest, if it has brought food. Therefore, in looking for food tends to be solitary. It there is a small chance of being trapped in is not uncommon for C. ligniperda to a baited trap. Foraging activities like this separate from the group and return to the make only a few C. ligniperda found in nest, if it has brought food. Therefore, the habitat. there is a small chance of being trapped in a baited trap. Foraging activities like this Conclusion make only a few C. ligniperda found in Based on the results of the study the habitat. found as many as 8 Ants species P. longicornis is a sub-family of consisting of four sub-families Formicinae. This ant has seta (hair) all (Myrmicinae, Formicinae, over its body. Another feature of Dolichoderinae, and Ponerinae). Species Paratrechina is having acidopore. P. found were: Acanthomyrmex sp., S. longicornis can move quite quickly and germinata, M. pharaonis, P. irregularly, so that these ants are known megacephala, P. longicornis, T. as crazy ants. These individual ants are melanocephalum, C. ligniperda, and found in various stations, including: 111 Diacamma intricatum. individual houses (<100 m), 28 individual houses (100-200 m), bush (<100 m), 14 References individual forests, 3 individual gardens. Agosti D., J.D. Majer, L.E. Alonso, & T. melanocephalum is known as T.D. Schultz. (2000). Ants "odorous ant" or odor ants. At the time of Standard Methods for Measuring the study, this species of ant sample and Monitoring . smelled a pretty strong odor, even though London: SmithsonianInstitution it had been preserved for about 2 weeks. Press. The main characteristics, namely the head Andersen A.N. (2000). Global ecology of and black mesosoma, while the white rainforest ants: functional groups gastric. Tapinoma is found abundantly in in relation to enviromental stress

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