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Groningen Gas Field: Heterogeneities Characterization of the Sediments, by Log Evaluation

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Groningen Gas Field: Heterogeneities Characterization of the Sediments, by Log Evaluation Groningen Gas Field: Heterogeneities characterization of the sediments, by log evaluation. by Aran Amin August 2014 Committee members: Dr. A. Barnhoon & Dr. Karl-Heinz Wolf Section for Applied Geophysics & Petrophysics, Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology Title: Groningen Gas Field: Heterogeneities characterization of the sediments,by log evalu- ation. Author(s): Aran Amin Date: August, 2014 Professor: Dr. A. Barnhoorn TA Report number: BTA/TGP/14-22 Postal Address: Section for Applied Geophysics & Petrophysics Department of Geoscience & Engineering Delft University of Technology P.O. Box 5028 The Netherlands Telephone: (31) 15 2781328 (secretary) Telefax: (31) 15 2781189 Copyright 2014 Section for Applied Geophysics & Petrophysics All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, Stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, In any form or by any means, electronic, Mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, Without the prior written permission of the Section for Applied Geophysics & Petrophysics. 1 Abstract This research focuses on the analyze of the heterogeneity of the Groningen gas field, i.e. charac- terization of the reservoir rock and the sealing Zechstein salt on top of the reservoir, by modeling the rock properties of the formations. The aim of this study is twofold, namely to characterize the thickness, shale content and porosity of the reservoir rock and the sealing Zechstein salt. But also to set an geological framework of the Groningen gas field, which can serve as a basic input for subsidence studies and geomechanical modeling of the Groningen field. The Gronin- gen gas field was first discovered in 1959 by well Slochteren 1 and has an horizontal extent of around 900 km2. The reservoir is situated at a depth of 2600-3200 m and the estimated recoverable volume is about 2700 billion m3. It lies within the Southern Permian Basin gas province, an extensive E-W stretched sedimentary basin. In order to analyze the heterogeneity of the sediments(this include the Ten Boer, Ameland and Slochteren member) and the salt rock, software named Quantumgis is used to obtain two dimensional interpolated plots of the three evaluated rock properties. The three rock properties evaluated are thicknesses, shale content and porosities. Well log data have been used to determine these properties. For the thicknesses, the penetration depth of the well bores are used. For the determination of the shale content, gamma-ray and spontaneous potential logs have been used. And eventually, the porosities are derived from density and neutron logs. The used data is obtained from NLOG, the Dutch gas and oil portal. The Zechstein member is a relative thick formation, and show a relative hetero- geneous thickness pattern. The Ten Boer member has a relative homogeneous thickness pattern. It has a high shale content and low porosity. Both properties show a heterogeneous pattern. The Ameland member is relative thin and is only present in the northern half of the field, with a high shale content. The distribution of the shale content show a heterogeneous pattern. Fi- nally, the Slochteren member, which is the main reservoir rock, has a heterogeneous thickness pattern. The porosities are high and the shale content is relative low. Both properties show a relative homogeneous pattern. In short, the evaluated formations show a relative heterogenous pattern for the three rock properties. If one relates the obtained models in this research with the compaction models done by the NAM [NAM, 2013], it is clear that production must be reduced or completely stopped in regions with high porosities, since at these regions subsidence values are the highest. This will lead to less compaction and a lower chance of seismic activities. 2 Contents Abstract 2 1 Introduction 4 2 Geologic Setting 7 2.1 Geological history of the field . 7 2.2 Lithostratigraphy . 8 3 Literature Review 11 3.1 Well-log Interpretation . 11 3.2 Porosity, Shale Content & Formation Thickness . 12 3.2.1 Introduction . 12 3.2.2 Porosity . 12 3.2.3 Shale Content . 13 4 Data collection, Design & Processing 17 4.1 Data Collection . 17 4.2 Research Design . 17 4.3 Data Processing . 18 5 Results 24 5.1 Model Interpretations . 24 5.1.1 Formation Thickness . 24 5.1.2 Formation Shale Content . 28 5.1.3 Formation Porosity . 31 5.2 Compaction effects . 33 6 Discussion 36 6.1 Model comparison . 36 6.2 Limitations & Difficulties . 36 7 Conclusions 40 8 Recommendations 42 A Appendices 43 3 Chapter 1 Introduction The Groningen gas field was discovered in 1959 by well Slochteren 1 (SLO-1) and lies in the Northeastern part of the Netherlands, see figure 1.1. The field has a horizontal extent of around 900 km2. The reservoir is situated at a depth of 2600-3200 m and its thickness varies between 100 and 200 m. The estimated recoverable volume is about 2700 billion m3 [Ketelaar, 2009]. The discovery of the field has been playing a huge role in the economical growth of the Nether- lands and is therefore of big importance for the country and its citizens. But on the other hand research has shown that the production of gas leads to a certain amount of ground subsidence, which is the negative part of the story. The amount of ground subsidence due to hydrocarbon production depends on several factors, like the rate of production and the geologic history of the field. The subsidence at the Groningen gas field and the surrounding area is a hot issue these days in the Netherlands, because it is proven that they lead to induced earthquakes in the Groningen area. Since 1986 relatively small earthquakes has occurred in the Groningen area in the Northern Netherlands, which caused damage to buildings and public houses. In the Huizinge area, on August 16th 2012 the strongest earthquake was recorded with a magnitude of 3.6 on the richter scale, causing significant damage and of course pubic concerns. It is clear that these events are causing feelings of unease amongst the citizens, so they need to be analyzed carefully. A multidisciplinary study, initiated by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, analyzed the relation- ship between gas production and earthquakes. The conclusion is, based on the seismic pattern and the frequency magnitude distribution, that the earthquakes are of non-tectonic origin and most likely are induced by reservoir depletion [NAM, 2013]. In a report of TNO, an indepen- dent dutch research organization, subsidence and seismic hazard calculations are done with the purpose to bring out advice on the improvement of the Groningen field production plan to min- imize subsidence effects. Several production scenario's and compaction models are considered, in which each model/method or a combination leads to different reservoir subsidence predictions. This research focuses on the analyze of the heterogeneity of the Groningen gas field, i.e. charac- terization of the reservoir rock and the sealing Zechstein salt on top of the reservoir by modeling the rock properties. Heterogeneity in a hydrocarbon reservoir is referred to non-uniform, non- linear spacial distribution of rock properties [Mohaghegh et al., 1996]. The aim of this study is twofold, namely to characterize the porosity, thickness and shale content of the reservoir rock and the sealing Zechstein salt. But also to set an geological framework of the Groningen gas field, which can serve as a basic input for subsidence studies and geomechanical modeling of the Groningen field. But in this research the main focus will be on the first one, since several com- paction models and subsidence studies has already been realized by the Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM). The characterization of the reservoir rock and the sealing salt rock is done by log evaluation, i.e. using information of data from the drilled wells in the Groningen gas field. All the data used, is obtained from the online Dutch Gas and Oil Portal(NLOG). The site provides information 4 about oil, gas and geothermal energy exploration and production in the Netherlands and the Dutch sector of the North Sea continental shelf. The data is used to set up models for the three petrophysical rock parameters (porosity, shale content and thickness). There are also other pa- rameters like the fluid saturation of the rock and the fault system in the research area that can be used to analyze the heterogeneity of the Groningen field, but in this research they are not included. The output of the data exists of trend maps of the three analyzed rock parameters. The main software used to obtain these trend maps is Quantum GIS (Geographical Information System). In the next chapter the geologic setting of the Groningen gas field is described to get famil- iar with the reservoir rock and the overburden and underlying rocks. Then the used theory for this research, which finds its character in the Petrophysical discipline is described. In the data collection, design & processing section, the general strategy and method used to obtain the results is described. And finally the results, discussion and conclusions are given. 5 Figure 1.1: Location map of the Groningen Gas Field showing fault lineations, the Top Rotliegend depth contours, and the extent of the gas-filled area in green. Coastlines are shown as light blue lines. Key exploration wells and development clusters are indicated in various colours reflecting the time of drilling (see inserted legend), from [Gr¨otsch and Gaupp, 2011]. 6 Chapter 2 Geologic Setting 2.1 Geological history of the field The Groningen field lies within the Southern Permian Basin (SPB) gas province, an extensive E-W stretched sedimentary basin. It is formed on top of folded and tilted Carboniferous and older sediments in the foreland of the Variscan fold and thrust belt [Gr¨otsch and Gaupp, 2011].
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