Cardiac Rhythms Gate Central Initiation of Sympathetic Reflexes

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cardiac Rhythms Gate Central Initiation of Sympathetic Reflexes The Journal of Neuroscience, February 11, 2009 • 29(6):1817–1825 • 1817 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Following One’s Heart: Cardiac Rhythms Gate Central Initiation of Sympathetic Reflexes Marcus A. Gray,1,2 Karin Rylander,4 Neil A. Harrison,3 B. Gunnar Wallin,4 and Hugo D. Critchley1 1Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RR, United Kingdom, 2Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom, 3Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom, and 4Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sahlgren University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Central nervous processing of environmental stimuli requires integration of sensory information with ongoing autonomic control of cardiovascular function. Rhythmic feedback of cardiac and baroreceptor activity contributes dynamically to homeostatic autonomic control. We examined how the processing of brief somatosensory stimuli is altered across the cardiac cycle to evoke differential changes in bodily state. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain and noninvasive beat-to-beat cardiovascular monitoring, we show that stimuli presented before and during early cardiac systole elicited differential changes in neural activity within amygdala, anterior insula and pons, and engendered different effects on blood pressure. Stimulation delivered during early systole inhibited blood pressure increases. Individual differences in heart rate variability predicted magnitude of differential cardiac timing responses within periaque- ductal gray, amygdala and insula. Our findings highlight integration of somatosensory and phasic baroreceptor information at cortical, limbic and brainstem levels, with relevance to mechanisms underlying pain control, hypertension and anxiety. Key words: baroreceptor; blood pressure; PAG; amygdala; insula; fMRI; shock; anxiety; blood phobia; HF HRV Introduction baroreceptor feedback (McAllen and Malpas, 1997; Ja¨nig, 2006). The processing of environmental stimuli is influenced by visceral Unexpected somatosensory stimuli occurring during early car- state. The brain receives continuous afferent information about diac systole [200–400 ms after electrocardiogram (ECG) internal bodily functions. Cardiovascular homeostasis depends R-wave] further inhibit MSNA in ϳ60% of healthy subjects on such feedback; notably phasic signals from aortic arch and (Donadio et al., 2002a,b; Eder et al., 2009). In contrast, stimuli carotid sinus baroreceptors activated by blood-volume- presented at the ECG R-wave (hereafter called synchronous stim- distension during cardiac systole (Mancia and Mark, 1983). uli), i.e., before the systolic pressure wave, do not inhibit MSNA Baroreceptor firing modulates efferent autonomic responses in (Donadio et al., 2002a,b; Wallin, 2007). Thus, when stimuli are an organ-specific manner, inhibiting muscle sympathetic nerves administered after a delay relative to the ECG R-wave (hereafter while leaving skin sympathetic outflow unaltered (Wallin, 2007). delayed stimuli), baroreceptor impulses inhibit activity in sym- The central processing of painful stimuli is influenced by exper- pathetic nerves supplying muscle. This inhibition is exaggerated imentally increasing aortic baroreceptor firing via external neck in patients with blood phobia and syncope, suggesting that feed- pressure at specific phases of the cardiac cycle, reducing perceived back mechanisms supporting cardiac homeostasis shape an indi- pain and reflexive responses (e.g., limb withdrawal) (Brody and vidual’s affective style (Donadio et al., 2007). Stimulus timing Rau, 1994; Droste et al., 1994; Dworkin et al., 1994; Kardos et al., within the cardiac cycle also influences reflexive and/or subjective 1994; Mini et al., 1995; Angrilli et al., 1997; Edwards et al., 2001, impact of somatosensory stimulation; limb withdrawal and pain- 2002; Rau and Elbert, 2001). ful sensation are reduced to delayed versus synchronous stimuli Sympathetic outflow to muscle vascular beds [muscle sympa- (Elbert et al., 1988; Dworkin et al., 1994; Angrilli et al., 1997; thetic nerve activity (MSNA)] occurs in characteristic bursts, re- Edwards et al., 2002, 2003, 2008). flecting the cyclical inhibition of efferent brainstem cardiovascu- The role of baroreceptor-sensitive brainstem nuclei in the ho- lar nuclei, including the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) by meostatic regulation of blood pressure is well characterized (Gil- bey and Spyer, 1993; McAllen and Malpas, 1997; Spyer, 1999; Ja¨nig, 2006; Gilbey, 2007). However, the mechanisms though Received July 18, 2008; revised Dec. 4, 2008; accepted Dec. 7, 2008. This work was performed at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (WTCN), Queen Square, London, and which baroreceptor activity influences sensory and emotional supported by a Wellcome Trust Programme Grant (H.D.C.), a Swedish Medical Research Council Grant (12170), and processing is poorly understood. Neuroimaging studies implicate funding to the WTCN. We thank Peter Aston and Eric Featherstone at the WTCN for help with the recording of anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in mediat- physiological data within the fMRI environment. ing cardiac influences on conscious feeling states (Craig, 2002; Correspondence should be addressed to Marcus A. Gray, Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RR, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Critchley, 2005; Gianaros et al., 2007). The amygdala, via direct DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3363-08.2009 connections with pontine autonomic nuclei, is further implicated Copyright © 2009 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/09/291817-09$15.00/0 in translating psychological stress into bodily arousal, including 1818 • J. Neurosci., February 11, 2009 • 29(6):1817–1825 Gray et al. • Cardiac Cycle: Neural and Physiological Responses patterns of blood pressure reactivity (Gi- anaros et al., 2008). We therefore hypoth- esized the activity of brainstem autonomic nuclei, amygdala, anterior insula and ACC would reflect cardiac timing influences on physiological reactions to somatosensory stimuli. We simultaneously recorded neu- ral activity and physiological (beat-to-beat blood pressure) responses to unpredict- able electrical stimulation of the skin at different times within the cardiac cycle to investigate the central mechanisms through which sensory and baroreceptor information interact. Materials and Methods Participants. Eleven healthy right-handed adults (7 female, 4 male, mean Ϯ SD age 27.2 Ϯ 7.2 years) with no history of psychiatric, neuro- logical or cardiovascular illness or psychotropic or cardiovascular medication gave informed written consent to take part in this study which was approved by the Joint Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neu- rosurgery, Queen Square, UK. Informed con- sent was obtained after full explanation of the study and procedures. Procedure. The scanning study was designed to investigate ECG R-wave synchronous and delayed stimuli. Immediately before scanning, ECG and pulse oximetry (Nonin 8600 FO Se- ries, Nonin Medical Inc.) data were recorded in a psychophysiology laboratory with the partic- ipant in a reclined position, to determine mean pulse transit time, calculated as time between ECG R-wave and peak finger pulse oximetry waveform. In the MRI scanner, participants were then fitted with three ECG electrodes (mid Figure 1. Physiological data recording. During fMRI recording we acquired ECG, pulse oximetry, stimulus event markers, sternum, 5 cm above and below left nipple). An beat-to-beat blood pressure, and skin conductance data. Blood pressure changes are relative to the average blood pressure inflatable finger cuff and infrared plethysmo- recorded during the three cardiac cycles before stimuli (highlighted by red box). SaO2, oxygen saturation; CI, cardiac interval; BP, graph were fitted to the index finger of the sub- blood pressure. ject’s left hand, allowing measurements of beat- to-beat finger arterial blood pressure with a chronous with the ECG R-wave (estimated using mean pulse transit time Portapres device (Finapres Medical Systems) adapted in-house to be MR from preceding pulse oximetry waveform) or delayed [100–500 ms compatible. Finally, the electrocutaneous shock electrode was applied to (mean 284.8, SD ϭ 105.1 ms) after the ECG R-wave (see Fig. 1). Shocks the back of the right hand using a customised optically isolated MR were 10 ms square waves, set at a subject defined intensity of “strong, but compatible system incorporating a Digitimer DS7A stimulator. The not painful” (mean intensity 5 mA, 60 V). Participants were instructed to stimulation electrode consisted of a central cathode (diameter 0.5 mm) simply focus on a central fixation cross and wait for sensory stimuli. On surrounded by a ring anode (diameter 6 mm) (Katsarava et al., 2006), average, each subject was presented with 27.1 synchronous (SD ϭ 6.59) 2 providing a stimulation area of 19.6 mm . Participants underwent func- and 29.5 delayed shocks (SD ϭ 8.13). tional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain while synchro- MRI acquisition and image preprocessing. Functional echo-planar data- nous or delayed electrical shocks were delivered to the dorsum of the sets sensitive to BOLD (blood oxygen level
Recommended publications
  • Baroreceptor Activity and Sensitivity: Normal Values in Children and Young Adults Using the Head up Tilt Test
    Baroreceptor activity and sensitivity: normal values in children and young adults using the head up tilt test Cite this article as: Mohammad S. Alnoor, Holly K. Varner, Ian J. Butler, Liang Zhu and Mohammed T. Numan, Baroreceptor activity and sensitivity: normal values in children and young adults using the head up tilt test, Pediatric Research doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0327-6 This Author Accepted Manuscript is a PDF file of an unedited peer-reviewed manuscript that has been accepted for publication but has not been copyedited or corrected. The official version of record that is published in the journal is kept up to date and so may therefore differ from this version. Terms of use and reuse: academic research for non-commercial purposes, see here for full terms. https://www.nature.com/authors/policies/license.html#AAMtermsV1 © 2019 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. Title: Baroreceptor activity and sensitivity: normal values in children and young adults using the head up tilt test. Authors: Mohammad S. Alnoor1, Holly K. Varner2, Ian J. Butler3, Liang Zhu4, Mohammed T. Numan5 Affiliations: 1. Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 2. Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 3. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 4. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Task Dependent Effects of Baroreceptor Unloading on Motor Cortical and Corticospinal Pathways
    TASK DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF BARORECEPTOR UNLOADING ON MOTOR CORTICAL AND CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAYS A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Vasiliy E. Buharin In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology December 2013 Copyright c 2013 by Vasiliy E. Buharin TASK DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF BARORECEPTOR UNLOADING ON MOTOR CORTICAL AND CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAYS Approved by: Dr. T. Richard Nichols, Dr. Boris Prilutsky Committee Chair School of Applied Physiology School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Minoru Shinohara, Advisor Dr. Lewis Wheaton School of Applied Physiology School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Andrew J. Butler Date Approved: 21 August 2013 Department of Physical Therapy Georgia State University This thesis is for everyone. Read it. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my wife for making me breakfast. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................. x ABBREVIATIONS ............................... xi SUMMARY .................................... xiii I BACKGROUND .............................. 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Baroreceptor unloading . 2 1.3 Methods for quantifying neuromuscular pathways of fine motor skill 4 1.3.1 Corticospinal Excitability . 5 1.3.2 Intracortical Excitability . 8 1.3.3 Spinal motor-neuron excitability . 13 1.3.4 Spinal interneuron excitability . 14 1.3.5 Muscle fiber excitability . 15 1.4 Joint-stabilizing co-contraction . 16 1.5 Potential for influence of baroreceptor unloading over motor pathways of fine motor skill . 19 1.6 Specific aims . 21 1.6.1 Specific Aim 1 .
    [Show full text]
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Composed of the Cranial and Spinal
    “My green thumb came only as a result of the mistakes I made while learning to see things from the plant’s point of view.” -H. Fred Ale Nervous System 1 Classroom Rules You'll get one warning, then you'll have to leave the room! Punctuality- Everybody's time is precious: •! You get here by the start of class, I'll have you out of here on time. •! Getting back from breaks counts as being late to class. Participation- No distractions: •! No side talking. •! No laying down. •! No inappropriate clothing. •! No food or drink except water. •! No phones in classrooms, clinic or bathrooms. Lesson Plan: 42a Nervous System 1 •! 5 minutes: Breath of Arrival and Attendance •! 50 minutes: Nervous System 1 Introduction Introduction The body uses two systems to monitor and stimulate changes needed to maintain homeostasis: endocrine and nervous. Endocrine System Nervous System Introduction The endocrine system responds more slowly and uses hormones as chemical messengers to cause physiologic changes. Endocrine System Nervous System 1.! Slow response 2.! Hormones Introduction The nervous system responds to changes more rapidly and uses nerve impulses to cause physiologic changes. Endocrine System Nervous System 1.! Slow response 1.! Rapid response 2.! Hormones 2.! Nerve impulses (and neurotransmitters too) Introduction It is the nervous system that is the body's master control and communications system. It also monitors and regulates many aspects of the endocrine system. Endocrine System Nervous System 1.! Slow response 1.! Rapid response 2.! Hormones 2.! Nerve impulses (and neurotransmitters too) 3.! Body control 4.! Body communications 5.! Monitors and regulates the endocrine system Introduction Every thought, action, and sensation reflects nerve activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Fernando De Castro and the Discovery of the Arterial Chemoreceptors
    REVIEW ARTICLE published: 12 May 2014 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00025 Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors Constancio Gonzalez 1,2 *, Silvia V. Conde 1,2 ,Teresa Gallego-Martín 1,2 , Elena Olea 1,2 , Elvira Gonzalez-Obeso 1,2 , Maria Ramirez 1,2 , SaraYubero 1,2 , MariaT.Agapito 1,2 , Angela Gomez-Niño 1,2 , Ana Obeso 1,2 , Ricardo Rigual 1,2 and Asunción Rocher 1,2 1 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España 2 CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España Edited by: When de Castro entered the carotid body (CB) field, the organ was considered to be a Fernando de Castro, Hospital Nacional small autonomic ganglion, a gland, a glomus or glomerulus, or a paraganglion. In his 1928 de Parapléjicos – Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain paper, de Castro concluded: “In sum, the Glomus caroticum is innervated by centripetal fibers, whose trophic centers are located in the sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal, Reviewed by: José A. Armengol, University Pablo de and not by centrifugal [efferent] or secretomotor fibers as is the case for glands; these are Olavide, Spain precisely the facts which lead to suppose that the Glomus caroticum is a sensory organ.” Ping Liu, University of Connecticut A few pages down, de Castro wrote: “The Glomus represents an organ with multiple
    [Show full text]
  • Sympathetic and Baroreceptor Reflex Function in Neurally Mediated Syncope Evoked by Tilt
    Sympathetic and baroreceptor reflex function in neurally mediated syncope evoked by tilt. R Mosqueda-Garcia, … , R M Robertson, D Robertson J Clin Invest. 1997;99(11):2736-2744. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119463. Research Article The pathophysiology of neurally mediated syncope is poorly understood. It has been widely assumed that excessive sympathetic activation in a setting of left ventricular hypovolemia stimulates ventricular afferents that trigger hypotension and bradycardia. We tested this hypothesis by determining if excessive sympathetic activation precedes development of neurally mediated syncope, and if this correlates with alterations in baroreflex function. We studied the changes in intraarterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and plasma catecholamines evoked by upright tilt in recurrent neurally mediated syncope patients (SYN, 5+/-1 episodes/mo, n = 14), age- and sex-matched controls (CON, n = 23), and in healthy subjects who consistently experienced syncope during tilt (FS+, n = 20). Baroreflex responses were evaluated from changes in HR, BP, and MSNA that were obtained after infusions of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Compared to CON, patients with SYN had blunted increases in MSNA at low tilt levels, followed by a progressive decrease and ultimately complete disappearance of MSNA with syncope. SYN patients also had attenuation of norepinephrine increases and lower baroreflex slope sensitivity, both during tilt and after pharmacologic
    [Show full text]
  • Heartbeats Entrain Breathing Via Baroreceptor-Mediated Modulation 2 of Expiratory Activity 3 4 William H
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.09.416776; this version posted December 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Heartbeats entrain breathing via baroreceptor-mediated modulation 2 of expiratory activity 3 4 William H. Barnett1, David M. Baekey2, Julian F. R. Paton3, Thomas E. Dick4&5,#, Erica A. 5 Wehrwein6,#, Yaroslav I. Molkov1&7,# 6 7 1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 8 2 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 9 3 Manaaki Mānawa – The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 10 Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 11 4 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case 12 Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 13 5 Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 14 6 Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 15 7 Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 16 17 #shared senior authorship 18 19 20 Running Head: Cardio-Ventilatory Coupling 21 22 Corresponding Authors 23 Yaroslav I. Molkov, PhD Erica A. Wehrwein, Ph.D. Department of Mathematics and Statistics Department of Physiology Georgia State University Michigan State University 25 Park Place, Rm 1415 567 Wilson Rd, Rm 2201J Atlanta, GA 30303 East Lansing, MI 48824 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Phone: (404) 413-6422 Phone: (517) 884-5043 24 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.09.416776; this version posted December 11, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Fetal Heart Rate Tracing Study
    FHR Monitoring: Maternal Fetal Physiology M. Sean Esplin, MD and Alexandra Eller, MD Maternal Fetal Medicine Intermountain Healthcare University of Utah Health Sciences Center Disclosures • I have no financial relationships to disclose • I want to acknowledge ACOG District II for open sharing of their teaching modules http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Districts/District- II/Quick-Guide-and-Teaching-Modules Goals • Review the basic physiology and adaptive responses that regulate the FHR • Review oxygen delivery to the fetus, potential disruptions, and route to injury • Correlate physiologic fetal adaptations to stress with FHR deceleration patterns Goal of Intrapartum Monitoring Assess the adequacy of intrapartum fetal oxygenation • Reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality • Perinatal death • Intrapartum and neonatal • Birth asphyxia • Long-term neurological impairment The Basic Assumption Fetal adaptive responses to progressive hypoxemia and acidosis are detectable FHR monitoring = fetal brain oxygenation monitoring Basic Heart Rate Physiology • Cardiorespiratory Center (medulla oblongata) • Determines FHR baseline, variability, pattern • Coordinates input from intrinsic influences • Parasympathetic nervous system • Sympathetic nervous system • Baroreceptors (aortic arch, carotid) • Chemoreceptors (central and peripheral) • Endocrine system (hormones) • Sleep-wake cycle • Breathing/Pain/Sound/Temperature http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7741495/slides/slide_24.jpg Parasympathetic Influence • Vagus (CN X) nerve originates in CRC • Innervates
    [Show full text]
  • Resetting of the Baroreflex Control of Sympathetic Vasomotor Activity
    REVIEW published: 15 August 2017 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00461 Resetting of the Baroreflex Control of Sympathetic Vasomotor Activity during Natural Behaviors: Description and Conceptual Model of Central Mechanisms Roger A. L. Dampney* Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia The baroreceptor reflex controls arterial pressure primarily via reflex changes in vascular resistance, rather than cardiac output. The vascular resistance in turn is dependent upon the activity of sympathetic vasomotor nerves innervating arterioles in different vascular beds. In this review, the major theme is that the baroreflex control of sympathetic vasomotor activity is not constant, but varies according to the behavioral state of the animal. In contrast to the view that was generally accepted up until the 1980s, I argue that the baroreflex control of sympathetic vasomotor activity is not inhibited or overridden during behaviors such as mental stress or exercise, but instead is reset under those Edited by: Chloe E. Taylor, conditions so that it continues to be highly effective in regulating sympathetic activity and Western Sydney University, Australia arterial blood pressure at levels that are appropriate for the particular ongoing behavior. A Reviewed by: major challenge is to identify the central mechanisms and neural pathways that subserve Satoshi Iwase, Aichi Medical University, Japan such resetting in different states. A model is proposed that is capable of simulating the Craig D. Steinback, different ways in which baroreflex resetting is occurred. Future studies are required to University of Alberta, Canada determine whether this proposed model is an accurate representation of the central *Correspondence: mechanisms responsible for baroreflex resetting.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence of a New Hidden Neural Network Into Deep Fasciae
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evidence of a new hidden neural network into deep fasciae Caterina Fede1,2*, Lucia Petrelli1,2, Diego Guidolin1, Andrea Porzionato1, Carmelo Pirri1, Chenglei Fan1, Rafaele De Caro1 & Carla Stecco1 It is recognized that diferent fasciae have diferent type of innervation, but actually nothing is known about the specifc innervation of the two types of deep fascia, aponeurotic and epymisial fascia. In this work the aponeurotic thoracolumbar fascia and the epymisial gluteal fascia of seven adult C57-BL mice were analysed by Transmission Electron Microscopy and foating immunohistochemistry with the aim to study the organization of nerve fbers, the presence of nerve corpuscles and the amount of autonomic innervation. The antibodies used were Anti-S100, Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Anti- PGP, specifc for the Schwann cells forming myelin, the sympathetic nerve fbers, and the peripheral nerve fbers, respectively. The results showed that the fascial tissue is pervaded by a rhomboid and dense network of nerves. The innervation was statistically signifcantly lower in the gluteal fascia (2.78 ± 0.6% of positive area, 140.3 ± 31.6/mm2 branching points, nerves with 3.2 ± 0.6 mm length and 4.9 ± 0.2 µm thickness) with respect to the thoracolumbar fascia (9.01 ± 0.98% of innervated area, 500.9 ± 43.1 branching points/mm2, length of 87.1 ± 1.0 mm, thickness of 5.8 ± 0.2 µm). Both fasciae revealed the same density of autonomic nerve fbers (0.08%). Lastly, corpuscles were not found in thoracolumbar fascia. Based on these results, it is suggested that the two fasciae have diferent roles in proprioception and pain perception: the free nerve endings inside thoracolumbar fascia may function as proprioceptors, regulating the tensions coming from associated muscles and having a role in nonspecifc low back pain, whereas the epymisial fasciae works to coordinate the actions of the various motor units of the underlying muscle.
    [Show full text]
  • Deactivation of Carotid Body Chemoreceptors by Hyperoxia Decreases Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients
    Hypertension Research (2014) 37, 858–862 & 2014 The Japanese Society of Hypertension All rights reserved 0916-9636/14 www.nature.com/hr ORIGINAL ARTICLE Deactivation of carotid body chemoreceptors by hyperoxia decreases blood pressure in hypertensive patients Maciej Sinski1, Jacek Lewandowski1, Jacek Przybylski2, Pawe" Zalewski3, Bartosz Symonides1, Piotr Abramczyk1 and Zbigniew Gaciong1 Previous studies have shown that hyperoxia-induced deactivation of carotid body chemoreceptors reduces sympathetic activity in hypertensive patients but it does not affect blood pressure. The maintenance of blood pressure can be explained by the direct, vasoconstrictive effect of hyperoxia, which offsets diminished sympathetic activity. This study compares the effect of acute hyperoxia on hemodynamic parameters between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Twelve males with hypertension (age 39.4±2.4 years; body mass index 27.4±1.1 kg m À2) and 11 normotensive males (age 39.9±2.7 years; body mass index 25.4±0.7 kg m À2) received, via non-rebreathing mask ventilation, ambient air, followed by 100% oxygen for 20 min. The stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, respiratory rate, baroreceptor control of heart rate and oxygen saturation were recorded continuously. Several 30 s periods were analyzed before, during and after inducing hyperoxia. At baseline, the hypertensive subject’s blood pressure was higher and their baroreflex control of heart rate was lower when compared with the normotensive control group. After the first 30 s of hyperoxia, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures, as well as the total peripheral resistance, decreased significantly in hypertensives but not in normotensives. After 20 min of 100% oxygen ventilation, systolic and mean blood pressures and total peripheral resistance was increased in hypertensive patients, and the cardiac output and stroke volume had decreased in both groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Edutopia Lab 1 Heart Rate Response to Baroreceptor Feedback
    Computer 5 Group No. _____ Date: ________ Names: ____________________________________________________________ EHA Physiology: Challenges and Solutions Lab 1 Heart Rate Response to Baroreceptor Feedback One of the homeostatic mechanisms of the human body serves to maintain a fairly constant blood pressure. Major determinants of blood pressure are heart rate, amount of blood pumped with each beat (stroke volume), and the resistance of the arterial system which is receiving the blood. The heart rate is influenced by baroreceptors, special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses which contain nerve endings that respond to stretching (see Figure 1). An increase or decrease in stretch sends signals to the medulla oblongata in the brain stem which in turn acts on the heart through the vagus nerve and cardiac accelerator nerve, completing what is called a negative feedback loop. Sudden increase in pressure in the heart or carotid sinuses causes an increase in stretch of the baroreceptor sensors and results in a decrease in heart rate. Sudden lowering of pressure causes the opposite effect. This feedback loop enables us to function in a gravity environment. Most people have experienced the sensation of dizziness after standing abruptly from a seated or squatting position. This effect can be seen in healthy individuals, but it is accentuated in the elderly and in certain conditions including dehydration and Parkinson’s disease. In these cases, the increase in heart rate may be significant but is still not able to make up for an insufficiency of the other two contributors to blood pressure (i.e., low blood volume or poor regulation of the resistance of the arterial system by the sympathetic nervous system).
    [Show full text]
  • A Cardiac-Cycle-Time Study on Spatial Stimulus-Response Compatibility Mauro F
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Disentangling sensorimotor and cognitive cardioaferent efects: A cardiac-cycle-time study on spatial stimulus-response compatibility Mauro F. Larra1*, Johannes B. Finke2, Edmund Wascher1 & Hartmut Schächinger2 Cardiac-cycle-time efects are attributed to variations in baroreceptor (BR) activity and have been shown to impinge on subcortical as well as cortical processes. However, cognitive and sensorimotor processes mediating voluntary responses seem to be diferentially afected. We sought to disentangle cardiac-cycle-time efects on subcortical and cortical levels as well as sensorimotor and cognitive processes within a spatial stimulus-response-compatibility paradigm employing startling stimuli of diferent modalities. Air-pufs and white noise-bursts were presented unilaterally during either cardiac systole or diastole while bilateral startle EMG responses were recorded. Modality, laterality and cardiac- cycle-time were randomly varied within-subjects. Cognitive and sensorimotor stimulus-response- compatibility was orthogonally varied between-subjects: Participants (N = 80) responded to the stimuli via left/right button-push made with either the contra- or ipsilateral hand (sensorimotor compatibility) on either the ipsi- or contralateral button (cognitive compatibility). We found that sensorimotor compatible reactions were speeded during systole whereas sensorimotor incompatible ones were prolonged. This efect was independent of cognitive compatibility and restricted to auditory stimuli. Startle was inhibited during systole irrespective of modality or compatibility. Our results demonstrate how diferential cardiac-cycle-time efects infuence performance in confict tasks and further suggest that stimulus-response-compatibility paradigms ofer a viable method to uncover the complex interactions underlying behavioral BR efects. Te ability to fexibly adapt our behavior according to changes in bodily states is crucial to survival, promoting adequate actions e.g.
    [Show full text]