A Cardiac-Cycle-Time Study on Spatial Stimulus-Response Compatibility Mauro F
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Focusing on the Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries
33 Focusing on The Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries Resiliency Through Reconnections - Reflex Integration Following Brain Injury Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Scottsdale, Arizona Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP September 19, 2019 Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP © 2019 Sensory Focus No Pictures or Videos of Patients The contents of this presentation are the property of Sensory Focus / The VISION Development Team and may not be reproduced or shared in any format without express written permission. Disclosure: BINOVI The patients shown today have given us permission to use their pictures and videos for educational purposes only. They would not want their images/videos distributed or shared. We are not receiving any financial compensation for mentioning any other device, equipment, or services that are mentioned during this presentation. Objectives – Advanced Course Objectives Detail what primitive reflexes (PR) are Learn how to effectively screen for the presence of PRs Why they re-emerge following a brain injury Learn how to reintegrate these reflexes to improve patient How they affect sensory-motor integration outcomes How integration techniques can be used in the treatment Current research regarding PR integration and brain of brain injuries injuries will be highlighted Cases will be presented Pioneers to Present Day Leaders Getting Back to Life After Brain Injury (BI) Descartes (1596-1650) What is Vision? Neuro-Optometric Testing Vision writes spatial equations -
The Grasp Reflex and Moro Reflex in Infants: Hierarchy of Primitive
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Pediatrics Volume 2012, Article ID 191562, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/191562 Review Article The Grasp Reflex and Moro Reflex in Infants: Hierarchy of Primitive Reflex Responses Yasuyuki Futagi, Yasuhisa Toribe, and Yasuhiro Suzuki Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Yasuyuki Futagi, [email protected] Received 27 October 2011; Accepted 30 March 2012 Academic Editor: Sheffali Gulati Copyright © 2012 Yasuyuki Futagi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The plantar grasp reflex is of great clinical significance, especially in terms of the detection of spasticity. The palmar grasp reflex also has diagnostic significance. This grasp reflex of the hands and feet is mediated by a spinal reflex mechanism, which appears to be under the regulatory control of nonprimary motor areas through the spinal interneurons. This reflex in human infants can be regarded as a rudiment of phylogenetic function. The absence of the Moro reflex during the neonatal period and early infancy is highly diagnostic, indicating a variety of compromised conditions. The center of the reflex is probably in the lower region of the pons to the medulla. The phylogenetic meaning of the reflex remains unclear. However, the hierarchical interrelation among these primitive reflexes seems to be essential for the arboreal life of monkey newborns, and the possible role of the Moro reflex in these newborns was discussed in relation to the interrelationship. -
Baroreceptor Activity and Sensitivity: Normal Values in Children and Young Adults Using the Head up Tilt Test
Baroreceptor activity and sensitivity: normal values in children and young adults using the head up tilt test Cite this article as: Mohammad S. Alnoor, Holly K. Varner, Ian J. Butler, Liang Zhu and Mohammed T. Numan, Baroreceptor activity and sensitivity: normal values in children and young adults using the head up tilt test, Pediatric Research doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0327-6 This Author Accepted Manuscript is a PDF file of an unedited peer-reviewed manuscript that has been accepted for publication but has not been copyedited or corrected. The official version of record that is published in the journal is kept up to date and so may therefore differ from this version. Terms of use and reuse: academic research for non-commercial purposes, see here for full terms. https://www.nature.com/authors/policies/license.html#AAMtermsV1 © 2019 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. Title: Baroreceptor activity and sensitivity: normal values in children and young adults using the head up tilt test. Authors: Mohammad S. Alnoor1, Holly K. Varner2, Ian J. Butler3, Liang Zhu4, Mohammed T. Numan5 Affiliations: 1. Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 2. Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 3. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 4. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 5. -
Viewing in Ambient Illumination 66
VESTIBULO-OCULAR RESPONSES TO VERTICAL TRANSLATION by Ke Liao Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Adviser: Richard John Leigh M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2008 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Ke Liao candidate for the Ph.D. degree *. (signed) Robert F. Kirsch Ph.D (chair of the committee) R. John Leigh M.D. John Stahl M.D. Ph.D Louis F. Dell'Osso Ph.D Miklos Gratzl Ph.D (date) May 20th, 2008 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Dedication To my parents 献给我的父母 And my wife 和我的妻子 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 List of Tables 7 List of Figures 8 Acknowledgements 10 Abstract 11 Chapter 1 Introduction to Eye Movements during Natural Behaviors 13-40 1-1. Eye movements, visual acuity and motion parallax 13 1-2. Advantages of Studying Eye Movements 15 1-3. Eye movements during locomotion 17 1-4. Binocular vision and eye movements during locomotion 20 1-5. Prior Studies of translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (tVOR) 22 1-5-1. Methodological Considerations 22 1-5-2. Summary of tVOR Properties Reported to Date 24 1-6. Reference List 35 Chapter 2 Methodology 41-57 2-1. Summary of current eye movement recording techniques 41 2-1-1. Clinical observation and ophthalmoscopy 42 2-1-2. DC Electro-oculography (EOG) 43 1 2-1-3. Ocular electromyography (EMG) 44 2-1-4. -
Task Dependent Effects of Baroreceptor Unloading on Motor Cortical and Corticospinal Pathways
TASK DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF BARORECEPTOR UNLOADING ON MOTOR CORTICAL AND CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAYS A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Vasiliy E. Buharin In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology December 2013 Copyright c 2013 by Vasiliy E. Buharin TASK DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF BARORECEPTOR UNLOADING ON MOTOR CORTICAL AND CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAYS Approved by: Dr. T. Richard Nichols, Dr. Boris Prilutsky Committee Chair School of Applied Physiology School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Minoru Shinohara, Advisor Dr. Lewis Wheaton School of Applied Physiology School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Andrew J. Butler Date Approved: 21 August 2013 Department of Physical Therapy Georgia State University This thesis is for everyone. Read it. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my wife for making me breakfast. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................. x ABBREVIATIONS ............................... xi SUMMARY .................................... xiii I BACKGROUND .............................. 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Baroreceptor unloading . 2 1.3 Methods for quantifying neuromuscular pathways of fine motor skill 4 1.3.1 Corticospinal Excitability . 5 1.3.2 Intracortical Excitability . 8 1.3.3 Spinal motor-neuron excitability . 13 1.3.4 Spinal interneuron excitability . 14 1.3.5 Muscle fiber excitability . 15 1.4 Joint-stabilizing co-contraction . 16 1.5 Potential for influence of baroreceptor unloading over motor pathways of fine motor skill . 19 1.6 Specific aims . 21 1.6.1 Specific Aim 1 . -
Parametric Exploration of the Fear-Inhibited Light Reflex
Psychophysiology, 42 (2005), 447–455. Blackwell Publishing Inc. Printed in the USA. Copyright r 2005 Society for Psychophysiological Research DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00301.x Parametric exploration of the fear-inhibited light reflex EUGENIA HOURDAKI, STELLA G. GIAKOUMAKI, VANGELIS GRINAKIS, KATERINA THEOU, MARIA KARATARAKI, and PANOS BITSIOS Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Abstract The effect of various parameters on the mediation of the fear-inhibited light reflex was examined. The light reflexes of 16 healthy men were measured across four light probe intensities, either in the presence of white noise alone or when the white noise was associated with the threat of either an electric shock or an acoustic sound blast. The white noise alone did not affect the light reflex amplitude. Both types of threat were subjectively anxiogenic and inhibited the light reflex across all light probe intensities, the threat of shock being more potent than the threat of sound blast. Importantly, the effect of either type of threat on the light reflex amplitude was found to increase with increasing light probe intensity, suggesting that brighter light probes may become more relevant motivationally in the threat condition, thus attracting greater allocation of attentional/cognitive resources. Descriptors: Anxiety, Conditioned fear, Anxiety models, Light reflex, Pupil, Healthy volunteers The startle reflex is a fast defensive response with the likely pur- The dynamic light reflex is a homeostatic parasympathetic reflex pose of facilitating the flight reaction and protecting the organ- and consists of a brisk and transient contraction of the smooth iris ism from a sudden threat. -
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Composed of the Cranial and Spinal
“My green thumb came only as a result of the mistakes I made while learning to see things from the plant’s point of view.” -H. Fred Ale Nervous System 1 Classroom Rules You'll get one warning, then you'll have to leave the room! Punctuality- Everybody's time is precious: •! You get here by the start of class, I'll have you out of here on time. •! Getting back from breaks counts as being late to class. Participation- No distractions: •! No side talking. •! No laying down. •! No inappropriate clothing. •! No food or drink except water. •! No phones in classrooms, clinic or bathrooms. Lesson Plan: 42a Nervous System 1 •! 5 minutes: Breath of Arrival and Attendance •! 50 minutes: Nervous System 1 Introduction Introduction The body uses two systems to monitor and stimulate changes needed to maintain homeostasis: endocrine and nervous. Endocrine System Nervous System Introduction The endocrine system responds more slowly and uses hormones as chemical messengers to cause physiologic changes. Endocrine System Nervous System 1.! Slow response 2.! Hormones Introduction The nervous system responds to changes more rapidly and uses nerve impulses to cause physiologic changes. Endocrine System Nervous System 1.! Slow response 1.! Rapid response 2.! Hormones 2.! Nerve impulses (and neurotransmitters too) Introduction It is the nervous system that is the body's master control and communications system. It also monitors and regulates many aspects of the endocrine system. Endocrine System Nervous System 1.! Slow response 1.! Rapid response 2.! Hormones 2.! Nerve impulses (and neurotransmitters too) 3.! Body control 4.! Body communications 5.! Monitors and regulates the endocrine system Introduction Every thought, action, and sensation reflects nerve activity. -
Cardiac Rhythms Gate Central Initiation of Sympathetic Reflexes
The Journal of Neuroscience, February 11, 2009 • 29(6):1817–1825 • 1817 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Following One’s Heart: Cardiac Rhythms Gate Central Initiation of Sympathetic Reflexes Marcus A. Gray,1,2 Karin Rylander,4 Neil A. Harrison,3 B. Gunnar Wallin,4 and Hugo D. Critchley1 1Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RR, United Kingdom, 2Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom, 3Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom, and 4Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sahlgren University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden Central nervous processing of environmental stimuli requires integration of sensory information with ongoing autonomic control of cardiovascular function. Rhythmic feedback of cardiac and baroreceptor activity contributes dynamically to homeostatic autonomic control. We examined how the processing of brief somatosensory stimuli is altered across the cardiac cycle to evoke differential changes in bodily state. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain and noninvasive beat-to-beat cardiovascular monitoring, we show that stimuli presented before and during early cardiac systole elicited differential changes in neural activity within amygdala, anterior insula and pons, and engendered different effects on blood pressure. Stimulation delivered during early systole inhibited blood pressure increases. Individual differences in heart rate variability predicted magnitude of differential cardiac timing responses within periaque- ductal gray, amygdala and insula. Our findings highlight integration of somatosensory and phasic baroreceptor information at cortical, limbic and brainstem levels, with relevance to mechanisms underlying pain control, hypertension and anxiety. -
Behavioral Analysis of Conditions and Treatments Affecting Movement and Nociception
Rowan University Rowan Digital Works Theses and Dissertations 6-21-2021 Behavioral analysis of conditions and treatments affecting movement and nociception Indu Mithra Madhuranthakam Rowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd Part of the Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Madhuranthakam, Indu Mithra, "Behavioral analysis of conditions and treatments affecting movement and nociception" (2021). Theses and Dissertations. 2923. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/2923 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Rowan Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Rowan Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONS AND TREATMENTS AFFECTING MOVEMENT AND NOCICEPTION by Indu Mithra Madhuranthakam A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry College of Science and Mathematics In partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences at Rowan University March 26, 2021 Thesis Advisor: Thomas M Keck, Ph.D. Committee Members: Kandalam Ramanujachary, Ph.D. Subash Jonnalagadda, Ph.D. © 2021 Indu Mithra Madhuranthakam Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Thomas Keck, my thesis advisor, for guiding me throughout my research period at the Rowan University. I am also grateful to Professor Kandalam Ramanujachary and Professor Subash Jonnalagadda for being supportive and helpful and also for being my thesis Committee members. Finally, I would like to thank my family, friends, and lab mates for extending their love and support. iii Abstract Indu Mithra Madhuranthakam BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONS AND TREATMENTS AFFECTING MOVEMENT AND NOCICEPTION 2019-2021 Thomas M Keck, Ph.D. -
Prepulse Inhibition of the Auditory Startle Reflex Assessment As A
brain sciences Review Prepulse Inhibition of the Auditory Startle Reflex Assessment as a Hallmark of Brainstem Sensorimotor Gating Mechanisms Ricardo Gómez-Nieto 1,2,3 , Sebastián Hormigo 1,4 and Dolores E. López 1,2,3,* 1 Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] (R.G.-N.); sebifi[email protected] (S.H.) 2 Institute Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain 3 Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain 4 Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 August 2020; Accepted: 14 September 2020; Published: 16 September 2020 Abstract: When a low-salience stimulus of any type of sensory modality—auditory, visual, tactile—immediately precedes an unexpected startle-like stimulus, such as the acoustic startle reflex, the startle motor reaction becomes less pronounced or is even abolished. This phenomenon is known as prepulse inhibition (PPI), and it provides a quantitative measure of central processing by filtering out irrelevant stimuli. As PPI implies plasticity of a reflex and is related to automatic or attentional processes, depending on the interstimulus intervals, this behavioral paradigm might be considered a potential marker of short- and long-term plasticity. Assessment of PPI is directly related to the examination of neural sensorimotor gating mechanisms, which are plastic-adaptive operations for preventing overstimulation and helping the brain to focus on a specific stimulus among other distracters. Despite their obvious importance in normal brain activity, little is known about the intimate physiology, circuitry, and neurochemistry of sensorimotor gating mechanisms. -
Fernando De Castro and the Discovery of the Arterial Chemoreceptors
REVIEW ARTICLE published: 12 May 2014 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00025 Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors Constancio Gonzalez 1,2 *, Silvia V. Conde 1,2 ,Teresa Gallego-Martín 1,2 , Elena Olea 1,2 , Elvira Gonzalez-Obeso 1,2 , Maria Ramirez 1,2 , SaraYubero 1,2 , MariaT.Agapito 1,2 , Angela Gomez-Niño 1,2 , Ana Obeso 1,2 , Ricardo Rigual 1,2 and Asunción Rocher 1,2 1 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España 2 CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España Edited by: When de Castro entered the carotid body (CB) field, the organ was considered to be a Fernando de Castro, Hospital Nacional small autonomic ganglion, a gland, a glomus or glomerulus, or a paraganglion. In his 1928 de Parapléjicos – Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain paper, de Castro concluded: “In sum, the Glomus caroticum is innervated by centripetal fibers, whose trophic centers are located in the sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal, Reviewed by: José A. Armengol, University Pablo de and not by centrifugal [efferent] or secretomotor fibers as is the case for glands; these are Olavide, Spain precisely the facts which lead to suppose that the Glomus caroticum is a sensory organ.” Ping Liu, University of Connecticut A few pages down, de Castro wrote: “The Glomus represents an organ with multiple -
Sympathetic and Baroreceptor Reflex Function in Neurally Mediated Syncope Evoked by Tilt
Sympathetic and baroreceptor reflex function in neurally mediated syncope evoked by tilt. R Mosqueda-Garcia, … , R M Robertson, D Robertson J Clin Invest. 1997;99(11):2736-2744. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119463. Research Article The pathophysiology of neurally mediated syncope is poorly understood. It has been widely assumed that excessive sympathetic activation in a setting of left ventricular hypovolemia stimulates ventricular afferents that trigger hypotension and bradycardia. We tested this hypothesis by determining if excessive sympathetic activation precedes development of neurally mediated syncope, and if this correlates with alterations in baroreflex function. We studied the changes in intraarterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and plasma catecholamines evoked by upright tilt in recurrent neurally mediated syncope patients (SYN, 5+/-1 episodes/mo, n = 14), age- and sex-matched controls (CON, n = 23), and in healthy subjects who consistently experienced syncope during tilt (FS+, n = 20). Baroreflex responses were evaluated from changes in HR, BP, and MSNA that were obtained after infusions of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Compared to CON, patients with SYN had blunted increases in MSNA at low tilt levels, followed by a progressive decrease and ultimately complete disappearance of MSNA with syncope. SYN patients also had attenuation of norepinephrine increases and lower baroreflex slope sensitivity, both during tilt and after pharmacologic