The Communist Threat' in Post-War Britain • Non-Lethality: John B
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Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence
Russia • Military / Security Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 5 PRINGLE At its peak, the KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) was the largest HISTORICAL secret police and espionage organization in the world. It became so influential DICTIONARY OF in Soviet politics that several of its directors moved on to become premiers of the Soviet Union. In fact, Russian president Vladimir V. Putin is a former head of the KGB. The GRU (Glavnoe Razvedvitelnoe Upravleniye) is the principal intelligence unit of the Russian armed forces, having been established in 1920 by Leon Trotsky during the Russian civil war. It was the first subordinate to the KGB, and although the KGB broke up with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the GRU remains intact, cohesive, highly efficient, and with far greater resources than its civilian counterparts. & The KGB and GRU are just two of the many Russian and Soviet intelli- gence agencies covered in Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence. Through a list of acronyms and abbreviations, a chronology, an introductory HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries, a clear picture of this subject is presented. Entries also cover Russian and Soviet leaders, leading intelligence and security officers, the Lenin and Stalin purges, the gulag, and noted espionage cases. INTELLIGENCE Robert W. Pringle is a former foreign service officer and intelligence analyst RUSSIAN with a lifelong interest in Russian security. He has served as a diplomat and intelligence professional in Africa, the former Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe. For orders and information please contact the publisher && SOVIET Scarecrow Press, Inc. -
Karas Alternatywna Wizja Histor
ALTERNATYWNA WIZJA HISTORII PRACE HISTORYCZNE DAVIDA IRVINGA Marcin Karas Alternatywna wizja historii Prace historyczne Davida Irvinga Kraków 2013 Copyright by Marcin Karas, Kraków 2013 Recenzenci: Prof, dr hab. Marek Komat Dr hab. Jacek Widomski Opracowanie redakcyjne: Marta Stęplewska Korekta: Justyna Rybka Projekt okładki: Emilia Dajnowicz Skład i złamanie: Józef Paluch Publikacja wydana dzięki pomocy de minimis z Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego oraz dofinansowana przez Zakład Filozofii Polskiej UJ ISBN 978-83-763S-291-3 KSIĘGARNIA AKADEMICKA ul. św. Anny 6, 31-008 Kraków tel./faks: (12) 43-127-43 e-mail: akademicka@akademicka. pl Zamówienia przez księgarnię internetową www.akademicka. pl „W propagandzie nie ma miejsca na interpretację i niuanse” Walter Laqueur „Należy działać tak, by odbiorcy nie wyczuli, że chodzi nam o jakiś zamierzony efekt” Joseph Goebbels Spis treści Wstęp Współczesny rewizjonizm historyczny............................................................. 9 Rozdział pierwszy Alianci zachodni oczami Irvinga........................................................................ 35 Rozdział drugi Wizja Polski i Polaków........................................................................................ 67 Rozdział trzeci Naród żydowski ................................................................................................... 83 Rozdział czwarty Obraz III Rzeszy.....................................................................................................103 Rozdział piąty Niemieckie podboje -
Leo Amery at the India Office, 1940 – 1945
AN IMPERIALIST AT BAY: LEO AMERY AT THE INDIA OFFICE, 1940 – 1945 David Whittington A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the University of the West of England, Bristol For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education August 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii GLOSSARY iv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTERS I LITERATURE REVIEW 10 II AMERY’S VIEW OF ATTEMPTS AT INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL 45 REFORM III AMERY FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935 75 UNTIL THE AUGUST OFFER OF 1940 IV FROM SATYAGRAHA TO THE ATLANTIC CHARTER 113 V THE CRIPPS MISSION 155 VI ‘QUIT INDIA’, GANDHI’S FAST AND SOCIAL REFORM 205 IN INDIA VII A SUCCESSOR TO LINLITHGOW, THE STERLING BALANCES 253 AND THE FOOD SHORTAGES VIII FINAL ATTEMPTS AT CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM BEFORE THE 302 LABOUR ELECTION VICTORY CONCLUSION 349 APPENDICES 362 LIST OF SOURCES CONSULTED 370 ABSTRACT Pressure for Indian independence had been building up throughout the early decades of the twentieth century, initially through the efforts of the Indian National Congress, but also later, when matters were complicated by an increasingly vocal Muslim League. When, in May 1940, Leo Amery was appointed by Winston Churchill as Secretary of State for India, an already difficult assignment had been made more challenging by the demands of war. This thesis evaluates the extent to which Amery’s ultimate failure to move India towards self-government was due to factors beyond his control, or derived from his personal shortcomings and errors of judgment. Although there has to be some analysis of politics in wartime India, the study is primarily of Amery’s attempts at managing an increasingly insurgent dependency, entirely from his metropolitan base. -
Active Measures: the Secret History of Disinformation & Political
Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation & Political Warfare | Thomas Rid Philosophers have only interpreted the world. The point, May 25th, 2020 however, is to change it. — Karl Marx INTRODUCTION Thomas Rid is Professor of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies. Rid’s latest book, Active Measures, a startling history of disinformation, was published in late April 2020 with Farrar, Straus and Giroux (also in Russian, Japanese, Polish). His most recent book, Rise of the Machines (2016), tells the sweeping story of how cybernetics, a late- 1940s theory of machines, came to incite anarchy and war (also in Chinese, Russian, German, Japanese, Turkish). His 2015 article “Attributing Cyber Attacks” was designed to explain, guide, and improve the identification of network breaches (Journal of Strategic Studies 2015). In 2013 he published the widely-read book Cyber War Will Not Take Place. Rid’s Ph.D. thesis, “War and Media Operations: The US Military and the Press from Vietnam to Iraq,” was the first academic analysis of the role of embedded media in the 2003 Iraq War, providing a concise history of US military public affairs management since Vietnam. Rid testified on information security in front of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as well as in the German Bundestag and the UK Parliament. From 2011 to 2016, Rid was a professor in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. Between 2003 and 2010, he worked at major think tanks in Berlin, Paris, Jerusalem, and Washington, DC. Rid holds a PhD from Humboldt University in Berlin. -
The Soviet Union and the British General Strike of 1926 Alastair Kocho-Williams University of the West of England, Bristol [email protected]
The Soviet Union and the British General Strike of 1926 Alastair Kocho-Williams University of the West of England, Bristol [email protected] This paper addresses the Soviet analysis and response to the British General Strike of 1926 in the light of newly available documents. The recently discovered and published stenograms of Politburo meetings provide new information concerning Soviet politics and the political process. Previously, scholars have had only Soviet official documents and protocols of Politburo meetings, which only detail participants with a brief summary of decisions (vypuski) along with who received these summaries.1 From the protocols, and other sources, scholars were aware that verbatim stenograms existed, some of which were published and distributed to Central Committee members and other party leaders with instructions for them to be returned after they had been read.2 Amongst the ‘lost Politburo stenograms’ is the record of a lengthy, heated, discussion of the ‘lessons of the British General Strike’ on 3 June 1926.3 It is this that the current paper is chiefly concerned with, detailing the Soviet stance towards the General Strike, inconsistency in the Soviet analysis, the extent to which Soviet internal politics was linked to foreign policy, how as senior figures disagreed factions developed around divisions in policy, and the way in which the handling of the international situation formed a strand of the opposition to Stalin and the Politburo majority in 1926.4 The British General Strike ran from 4-12 May 1926. Although it drew British industry to a halt, and hadn’t been planned much in advance, there had been ample warning of a coming labour dispute, of which the British and Soviet Governments were well aware, although the Soviets had concluded that major action was unlikely I am grateful to Paul Gregory and Alexander Vatlin for their assistance in the writing of this paper. -
Zinoviev Letter
rS8 The Political Police in Britain and more sensitive role now being undertaken by MI5 in industry and socialist movements. Its work now 'called for new techniques and, above all, for a new type of agenr who could infiltrate among rhe workers without arousing suspicion.'16 On several occasions prior to this the Special Branch and MI5 had come under attack in parliament. This usually occurred when the an- nual Secret Service Vote for 'the foreign and other secret services' came up for consideration. In rgrS the sum agreed to was €46,84o; in r9r8-r9 it was €r,r5o,ooo and in rgrgF?o some €4oo,ooo. In Decem- ber rgrg a supplemenary sum of €2oo,ooo was agreed by parliament, and one MP took the opportupity to ask a question. Mr A. Short: Apart from the use of that service as a diplomaric weapon, there was a growing volume of opinion, particularly among the organised working class, that the fund was being used fbr purposes alien to its usual purposes. Mr Baldwin replied: He had no knowledge of theway inwhich the money was sPent.r? And again in May lgto the Chancellor, Mr Chamberlain, declined to give details of the Secret Service Vote. Captain Benn: asked if the Secret Service had not in retent years altered lrom being a purely military service to being a political service. Mr Chamberlain: said he was not aware ofany such change; but ifhe were to answer even harmless questions, the service would cease to besecret...r8 On 8 October lg?4 the 12[6rrr government was defeated in the I{ouse of Commons because of its withdrawal o[ the prosecurion againstJohn Campbell, the acting editor of the Communist Partyjour- nal, Worhers Weeh$. -
Review of the Meaning of Treason by Rebecca West
BOOK REVIEWS The Meaning of Treason. By Rebecca West. New York: The Viking Press, 1947. Pp. 307. $3.50. Treason is the measure of many things today. The rules defining it are among the few great rules of law of any society. Treason, by the scope of its definition and applica- tion, measures the effective difference between police state and democracy. Treason, by the frequency of its appearance, is a measure of the health and well-being of a society. Treason, because it is perhaps the most fundamental of crimes, is also a measure of our understanding of the deviant impulses and pressures that appear to make law neces- sary. It is with the last of these thipgs that Miss West is especially concerned in her study of twenty or so men brought to trial in England as traitors at the end of World War II. The result is a superb book contributing to law, to psychology, to journalism, and, with the greatest distinction, to the contemporary writing of the English language. Treason's harvest is not quite what we should have expected. The Germans appear to have placed a high price on inducing British treachery at even the lowest levels.x They concentrated on the weak and the uninformed and alternately coerced, bribed, and seduced. A few who were very young, or eccentric, or had genuine German ties succumbed. In one case the man was a traitor technically only because the overshrewd Germans, suspecting him as a spy, delayed so long on his application for German citi- zenship. If this were all, the study of the trials would serve only to corroborate the remark- able morale of the English during the war, and would be a study only of the pathetic and the eccentric. -
The Radical Right in Britain
Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. The Radical Right in Britain Matthew Feldman Director, Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right Various source media, Political Extremism and Radicalism in the Twentieth Century EMPOWER™ RESEARCH The radical right has been small, fractious yet British Union of Fascists, including Neil Francis persistent in nearly a century of activism at the furthest Hawkins, E.G. Mandeville Roe, H.J. Donavan, and reaches of the right-wing spectrum. As this collection William Joyce.iv In 1937, the latter would form one of of primary source documents makes plain, moreover, many small fascist parties in interwar Britain, and there are also a number of surprising elements in perhaps the most extreme: the National Socialist British fascism that were not observed elsewhere. League – in the roiling years to come, Joyce took up the While there had long been exclusionary, racist, and mantle of ‘Lord Haw Haw’ for the Nazi airwaves, for anti-democratic groups in Britain, as on the continent, which he would be one of two people hanged for it was the carnage and dislocation of the Great War treason in 1946 (the other was John Amery, who tried (1914-18) that gave fascism its proper push over the to recruit British prisoners of war to fight on behalf of top. Some five years after the 11 November 1918 the Third Reich). Other tiny and, more often than not, armistice – a much longer gestation period than on the aristocratic fascist movements in interwar Britain continent – ‘the first explicitly fascist movement in included The Link, The Right Club, the Anglo-German Britain’ was the British Fascisti (BF).i Highly unusual Fellowship, The Nordic League, and English Mistery for a fascist movement at the time, or since, it was led (and its offshoot movement, English Array).v by a woman, Rotha Linton-Orman. -
Disinformation Warfares in World Politics: Russian Campaigns and Western Counteraction
WORKING PAPER [WP-04/2018] Disinformation warfares in world politics: Russian campaigns and Western counteraction Alejandro Jesús Palacios Jiménez International Relations students, University of Manuel Lamela Gallego Navarra; junior research assistants, Center for Martín Biera Muriel Global Affairs & Strategic Studies Junio 26, 2018 Key words: European Union, disinformation, Russia, Stratcom Task Force, democracy ______________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The European Union (EU) has been specially damaged internally due to some disinformation campaigns, which have challenged its legislation and its very values. The different operations of disinformation alongside the communicative incapacity of the European Union’s institutions have generated a feeling of alarm in Brussels. Just a year before the celebration of the elections to the European Parliament, Europe has concentrated a lot of his efforts in challenge the issue of disinformation, generating new strategies, challenges, objectives and workshops such as the Stratcom Task Force or the group of experts of the European Commission. 1 DISINFORMATION WARFARES IN WORLD POLITICS: RUSSIAN CAMPAIGNS AND WESTERN COUNTERACTION 1. Introduction From the Cold War to nowadays, western countries have experienced a major challenge to its political agenda, national security and its challenges and objectives. During the last decades the actual international system has experienced how disinformation positions itself as one of the most important threats for national and international defence, security and governance. Being disinformation as a widely known and used tool at the past by major superpowers to expand its influence, the actual context where information can be gathered and shared with relatively ease has propitiated and favoured the merge of this phenomenon, that without any doubts implies a clear threat for State and non-State actors where values of democracy, rule of law and freedom prevail. -
The Abolition of the Death Penalty in the United Kingdom
The Abolition of the Death Penalty in the United Kingdom How it Happened and Why it Still Matters Julian B. Knowles QC Acknowledgements This monograph was made possible by grants awarded to The Death Penalty Project from the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Sigrid Rausing Trust, the Oak Foundation, the Open Society Foundation, Simons Muirhead & Burton and the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. Dedication The author would like to dedicate this monograph to Scott W. Braden, in respectful recognition of his life’s work on behalf of the condemned in the United States. © 2015 Julian B. Knowles QC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Copies of this monograph may be obtained from: The Death Penalty Project 8/9 Frith Street Soho London W1D 3JB or via our website: www.deathpenaltyproject.org ISBN: 978-0-9576785-6-9 Cover image: Anti-death penalty demonstrators in the UK in 1959. MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY 2 Contents Foreword .....................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................5 A brief -
Special Collection Title: Fascism in Great Britain Collection
University of Sheffield Library. Special Collections and Archives Ref: Special Collection Title: Fascism in Great Britain Collection Scope: A collection of published and unpublished documents relating to Fascism and other right-wing movements in 20th century Britain up to the period of the demise of the Union Movement, but including critical and biographical material published after the period. It is intended primarily for the use of Third-year History students. Dates: 1901- Extent: circa 150 volumes Administrative / biographical history: The collection was formerly housed in the Department of Economic & Social History but was transferred to the Main Library in 1987, since when further material has been added. It includes a number of scarce pamphlets, and includes for the most part documents produced by the British Union of Fascists before 1940, as well as more overtly anti-Semitic material produced by organisations such as the Sons of Liberty and the Imperial Fascist League. Related collections: British Union Collection, Cooper Collection, Fascism in Europe Collection, Joyce Papers, Robert Saunders Papers Source: From various sources System of arrangement: Classified by Dewey Decimal Classification Subjects: Subjects: Fascism - Great Britain Conditions of access: Available to all researchers, by appointment Restrictions: No restrictions Copyright: Variously according to document Finding aids: Listed and catalogued Special Collections and Archives Fascism in Great Britain Collection Listing Octavo books West, W. J. (William John), 1942- Truth betrayed ; W. J. West. - London : Duckworth, 1987. - [0715621823] Western Bank Library FASCISM GB COLLECTION 071 (W) ; 200659413 Durham, Martin Women and fascism ; Martin Durham. - London : Routledge, 1998. - [0415122791] Western Bank Library FASCISM GB COLLECTION 301.4194 (D) ; 200656539 Gottlieb, Julie V. -
Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details EMPIRE and EUROPE: A REASSESSMENT of BRITISH FOREIGN POLICIES 1919-1925 Christopher Thomas Crook Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Sussex October 2017 ii I hereby declare that this thesis has not and will not be submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree: Signature: [Christopher Thomas Crook] ORCID iD 0000-0002-8515-0491 iii Empire and Europe: A Reassessment of British Foreign Policies 1919-1925 Summary This thesis is a reassessment of British foreign policies from the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 until the Treaties of Locarno in 1925. It initially argues that much of the historiography of this period is unbalanced in its judgement of the different governments because it views them from a teleological perspective that fails to differentiate this period from the inter-war years as a whole. The problem with this approach is that the rise of Hitler and the causes of the Second World War became so dominant in such analyses that most issues within these years have only been judged within that wider context.