(Ascophyllum Nodosum, Fucus Vesiculosus and Bifurcaria Bifurcata) and Micro-Algae (Chlorella Vulgaris and Spirulina Platensis) Assisted by Ultrasounds

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(Ascophyllum Nodosum, Fucus Vesiculosus and Bifurcaria Bifurcata) and Micro-Algae (Chlorella Vulgaris and Spirulina Platensis) Assisted by Ultrasounds International Doctoral School Rubén Agregán Pérez DOCTORAL DISSERTATION “Seaweed extract effect on the quality of meat products” Supervised by the PhD: José Manuel Lorenzo Rodríguez, Daniel José Franco Ruiz and Francisco Javier Carballo García Year: 2019 “International mention” International Doctoral School JOSÉ MANUEL LORENZO RODRÍGUEZ, Researcher and Head of the Area of Chromatography, DANIEL JOSÉ FRANCO RUIZ, Researcher, both from The Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne, and FRANCISCO JAVIER CARBALLO GARCÍA, Professor of the Area of Food Technology of the University of Vigo, DECLARES that the present work, entitled “Seaweed extract effect on the quality of meat products”, submitted by Mr RUBÉN AGREGÁN PÉREZ, to obtain the title of Doctor, was carried out under their supervision in the PhD programme “Ciencia y Tecnología Agroalimentaria” and he accomplishes the requirements to be Doctor by the University of Vigo. Ourense, 25 February 2019 The supervisors José Manuel Lorenzo Rodríguez, PhD Daniel José Franco Ruiz, PhD Francisco Javier Carballo García, PhD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my directors, José Manuel Lorenzo Rodríguez, PhD, Daniel José Franco Ruiz, PhD and Francisco Javier Carballo García, PhD for all the knowledge provided to me and for all the advice I received, specially to José Manuel Lorenzo for guiding me during this stage of my professional career. I also want to express my gratitude to the Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne and its manager, Mr Miguel Fernández Rodríguez, for having allowed me to do my Doctoral Thesis in its facilities, and to INIA for granting me a predoctoral scholarship for that purpose. Second, I would like to thank all my laboratory colleagues for all the assistance I received and their companionship during this time, especially my laboratory supervisor, Laura Purriños Pérez, PhD, for providing me with all the required materials and equipment needed. Finally, I give thanks to my family, my parents Juan Carlos and Sara, and my brother Pablo, for their concern and support for me. I extend this gratitude to the rest of my family and friends. ABSTRACT This Docthoral Thesis tried to contribute knowledge in the field of natural antioxidants applied to meat and meat products. Three brown macro-algae, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Bifurcaria bifurcata and two micro-algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis were selected to carry out the experiments of this research work, whose aims were, on the one hand, the study of the antioxidant potential of the previous algae extracts and the evaluation of the inhbitory effect of the macro-algae extracts in an oily food matrix, such as the canola oil and in a meat product such as the pork liver paté, and on the other hand, the study of the efficiency of several extraction conditions to provide extracts with good antioxidant properties, in order to select one of the extracts, from the macro or micro algae chosen for this thesis, to prove its efficacy in delaying oxidation reactions in pork patties. The macro-algae were analysed for their nutritional contribution before experimenting with their extracts. They showed a good nutritional profile, with high amount of PUFAs and proteins with a remarkable biological value. Then, the antioxidant potential of the aqueous extracts of the macro-algae was assessed and their phenolic compounds tentatively identified, higligting the F. vesiculosus extract, which showed the highest antioxidant activity, and the presence of phlorotannins as major phenolic compounds in the three extracts analysed. The aqueous extracts showed to be efficient in delaying both primary and secondary oxidation of lipids when they were applied in canola oil under accelerated storage conditions. Nevertheless, this antioxidant power could not be seen in pork liver pâtés. This unexpected result could be caused by the absence of contact among the product and the oxygen. The low amounts of phenolic compounds found in the aqueous extracts of the macroalgae led to make the decision to analyse several extraction conditions to improve the antioxidant properties of the extracts. The UAE along with water/ethanol (50:50 v/v) was found the one that provided the best results. Once tested in both the macro and micro-algae it was decided to select the extract from the alga F. vesiculosus to be applied in pork patties, since its antioxidant activity per amout of extract was the highest of the extracts tested. The addition of 1000 ppm of the F. vesiculosus extract to the pork patties protected them against oxidative phenomena. However, this protection was limited, thus the use of this extract in commercial meat or meat products is unviable. The most relevant results extracted from this thesis are that aqueous extracts of macroalgae successfully protected canola oil from lipid oxidation, and that the UAE along with water/ethanol (50:50 v/v) provided an extract capable of delaying oxidation reactions in pork patties, although in a limited way. RESUMEN Esta tesis doctoral trató de contribuir al conocimiento dentro del campo de los antioxidantes de origen natural con aplicación en alimentos, en concreto en carne y productos cárnicos. Para ello se seleccionaron tres algas pardas, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus y Bifurcaria bifurcata, muy extendidas en toda la costa gallega y en la europea atlántica en general, para llevar a cabo los experimentos que conformaron esta tesis, cuyos objetivos de forma resumida fueron los siguientes: 1 Estudio de la composición química de las macro-algas A. nodosum, F. vesiculosus y B. bifurcata con el fin de conocer su contribución nutricional como alimentos. 2 Estudio del potencial antioxidante de los extractos acuosos de las macro-algas anteriores. 3 Evaluación del efecto inhibitorio de los extractos acuosos anteriores en los procesos de oxidación, los cuales tienen lugar en aceite (canola) y en una matriz compleja de carne como paté de hígado. 4 Evaluación de varias condiciones de extracción con el fin de seleccionar la más eficiente para valorar el potencial antioxidante de los extractos de A. nodosum, F. vesiculosus and B. bifurcata y el de las micro-algas Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. 5 Estudiar la capacidad de protección contra la oxidación en hamburguesas de cerdo ejercida por el extracto con el mayor potencial mostrado in vitro. Antes de realizar cualquier experimento con los extractos, se llevó a cabo un estudio de la composición química de las algas con el objetivo de conocer su aporte como nutriente en la dieta. Después de este estudio previo, las algas se extrajeron con agua, dando extractos acuosos, que fueron empleados en los sucesivos experimentos. Estos extractos se caracterizaron composicional y funcionalmente, llevándose a cabo analíticas para determinar tanto su composición química como su potencial antioxidante. Antes de usar los extractos sobre material cárnico, se hicieron pruebas sobre un aceite poliinsaturado como el aceite de canola, con el fin de evaluar la eficacia antioxidante de dichos extractos sobre este tipo de matrices. El aceite se sometió a condiciones de almacenamiento aceleradas para poder así valorar la acción antioxidante de los extractos en un tiempo relativamente reducido. A continuación, se procedió a elaborar un paté de hígado de cerdo con adición de los extractos sustituyendo parcialmente la grasa saturada por aceites vegetales (aceites de canola y girasol alto oleico). La finalidad de este experimento fue evaluar la capacidad de los extractos para frenar la oxidación tanto lipídica como proteica durante el almacenamiento, y adicionalmente mejorar el perfil lipídico del producto final, aumentando los ácidos grasos mono (AGMs) y poliinsaturados (AGPs). Los resultados de los análisis llevados a cabo sobre los extractos acuosos revelaron un contenido fenólico total bastante inferior a lo teóricamente esperable, de modo que ante la posibilidad de mejorar este parámetro, el cual podría aumentar considerablemente la capacidad antioxidante de los extractos, se procedió a valorar varias condiciones de extracción, escogiendo la más adecuada y probándola sobre las algas A. nodosum, F. vesiculosus, B. bifurcata y sobre dos micro algas, C. vulgaris y S. platensis. El extracto con mayor actividad antioxidante de los anteriores fue seleccionado y añadido a hamburguesas de cerdo para probar su capacidad de retrasar los procesos de oxidación lipídica y proteica a lo largo del almacenamiento. Se llevaron a cabo un total de ocho experimentos, los cuales se pueden dividir en dos grandes grupos, uno donde el objeto de estudio fueron las algas y/o los extractos, y otro en donde lo fue la capacidad de los extractos para proteger varias matrices alimentarias (aceite de canola, paté de cerdo y hamburguesa de cerdo) del enranciamiento oxidativo, evaluando su idoneidad como antioxidantes. El primer grupo de experimentos tuvieron el objetivo, por una parte, de determinar la composición química de la matriz del alga y de su respectivo extracto, y por otra, la de determinar la aptitud de los extractos para eliminar radicales libres. En las algas se realizaron analíticas, como contenido en proteína, en grasa, carbohidratos totales, cenizas, perfiles de ácidos grasos, aminoácidos y minerales, y en los extractos analíticas, como contenido en sólidos totales, proteína, carbohidratos y compuestos fenólicos totales, capacidad antioxidante mediante ensayos de ORAC; ABTS, DPPH y FRAP, y rendimiento de extracción según el experimento. Adicionalmente, se realizó un análisis dirigido
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