DOCSLIB.ORG

Gender Dysphoria: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gender Dysphoria: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back Clin Soc Work J DOI 10.1007/s10615-013-0447-0 CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK FORUM Gender Dysphoria: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back Arlene Istar Lev Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Abstract The long-awaited DSM-5 has finally been of unemployment, creating false narratives about their social published, generating controversy in many areas, including lives to appease others and protect their private lives. Now the revised diagnostic category of Gender Dysphoria. This LGBTQ people have the potentiality of full lives—out, commentary contextualizes the history and reform of the proud, married, with families, serving in the military, pathologization of diverse gender identities and expres- working for the government—with strong communities and sions, within a larger perspective of examining psycho- federal laws that protect us against bias-related violence. logical viewpoints on sexual minority persons, and the Forty years ago, I was a 15-year-old Jewish working-class problems with continuing to label gender identities and adolescent, growing up in the tail end of 1960s counter-cul- expressions as pathological or disordered. ture, and deeply in love with my best girlfriend. My journals were full of endless, painful monologues about her, about Keywords Transgender Á Gender Á Diagnosis Á GID Á society, and about where I would fit into the grownup world I Gender dysphoria Á Gender identity Á LGBT Á Trans Á would soon be entering. I wasn’t exactly closeted—I called LGBTQ myself bisexual—but I was filled with angst and confusion and drowning in myriad social messages of what it meant to be a lesbian (which in my journals I spelled ‘‘lesibean’’ because even simple access to seeing words that reflected my experi- Sexualities keep marching out of the Diagnostic and ences in print was non-existent). I did not know how to talk Statistical Manual and on to the pages of social with my mother, my friends, my boyfriend, my girlfriend history. about my emerging queer identity. What could be the future Gayle Rubin 1984, p. 287. for a young dyke? Where could I find a home, a job, a lover, a Clinical Social Work has just celebrated its 40th anni- life? And if I found my way to therapy, what would the psy- versary, and this volume marks the first special issue devoted chotherapist say to me that would affirm my identity? What to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) mental education did she have, what trainings had he attended, what health and psychotherapy. The lives of LGBT people, people journal articles could she/he have read to help her or him help who are now reclaiming the word queer as a proud self- me to grow to be a healthy secure and very queer adult? descriptor to encompass the term LGBTQ (Tilsen 2013), In entering into this discourse with you, the reader, I must have changed dramatically in this same period of time. start with a moment of silence, for all that has not been said LGBTQ people were leading clandestine, marginalized within the therapy professions, within social work and family lives, ostracized by family and friends, unable to have chil- therapy—the professional communities I call home—these dren (or retain custody of them), living with a constant threat past 40 years. The LGBTQ communities have been hard at work informing politics, changing policy, opening minds, indeed transforming the world in many ways—and our clin- & A. I. Lev ( ) ical communities have followed along, taking a mostly pro- School of Social Welfare, State University New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA gressive, supportive stance on issues as they have arisen, e-mail: [email protected] incorporating a ‘‘gay-affirmative’’ approach into our clinical 123 Clin Soc Work J practices (Levy and Koff 2001), but as a social work com- nothing to say about homosexuality now that it was no longer a munity, I wonder if we have done enough (Levy and Koff diagnosis in the DSM? Really?! 2001). Have we been at the vanguard of advocacy and pro- However, despite the silence within training institutions, gressive change, or have we merely followed the evolving there have been many positive changes for LGB people trends (Hegarty 2009)? I hope that this inaugural issue heralds socially and politically. In the past few decades lesbian and a change not just in direction, but in conceptualization, so that gay people have secured many civil rights. It is worth LGBTQ issues become not a ‘‘special issue,’’ but are incor- pondering whether these social changes would have hap- porated into the framework and organization of the journal. I pened if homosexuality had remained in the DSM. Do you was taught many years ago to always ask the questions ‘‘Who think we would be seeing these massive social changes, is not present at the table? Whose voice is not being heard?’’ like marriage equality? Throwing off the yoke and stigma The challenge of fully incorporating LGBTQ clinical of ‘‘pathology’’ allowed not only for the coming out of gay, knowledge into the mainstream of clinical social work is to lesbian, and bisexual people, but also allowed for legal, deconstruct heteronormative thinking, to queer the discourse. I political, and clinical transformations that could never have will try in the words that follow to move this discussion past been granted a ‘‘mentally ill’’ population. How would your ‘‘gay-affirmative’’ therapy, and to imagine a more queer psy- psychotherapy practice look different than it currently chotherapy, one that truly challenges the pathologizing of does, if homosexuality was still a mental disorder? These LGBTQ lives, and heteronormativity of non-queer ones. I want questions are an important prelude to the discussion of to look at the role that diagnoses play in the development of Gender Dysphoria in the DSM. identity, communities, and the therapeutic gaze. The context of The acronym LGBT has become a moniker, a catch-all this discussion is the change from Gender Identity Disorder to expression meant to include a group of people who may not Gender Dysphoria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and have all that much in common. It has become a practice of Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5;American mine, whenever I receive new classroom textbooks, to look Psychiatric Association (APA) 2013),butitisbynecessitya in the index for the phrase LGBT, and then see what the wider discourse about both sexual orientation and gender content reveals. Most of the time what is revealed is gen- identity, the social and political context of the holding envi- eral information on lesbian and gay people. The B and T ronmentwecalltherapy,aswellasanemergingqueersensi- are too often silent. Although I mentioned above that I feel bility that challenges the hegemony of pathological labeling. relatively secure that lesbians and gay men are receiving The shift in diagnostic nomenclature initiates a potential shift in competent care when seeking therapy, I do not pretend to clinical conceptualization from gender nonconformity as feel that trusting about the clinical treatment received when ‘‘other,’’ ‘‘mentally ill,’’ or ‘‘disordered’’ to understanding that we toss in the unique issues bisexual people face in either gender, as a biological fact and as a social construct, can be heterosexual or same-sex partnerships (see Scherrer, this variable, diverse, and changeable, and existing without the issue for an in-depth discussion regarding bisexual indi- specterofpathology.De-centering the cisgender assumption viduals). And what about the complex issues transgender, that normal people remain in the natal sex (cis) and that dis- transsexual, and gender non-conforming people experience ordered people change (trans) is at the root of debate regarding within the confines of the consulting room? gender diagnoses in the DSM and the battle for their reform. I began to work with transgender clients and their I became a social worker 25 years ago to work with what families in the mid-1980s. I had no training in under- we then called the gay community. I fought and lost the battle standing gender identity, gender expression, gender dys- as the Chair of the ‘‘Gay Issues Committee’’of the New York phoria, or the process of transitioning one’s sex medically, State Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers legally, or psychologically. In my first sessions with a (NASW) to change the name to the ‘‘Lesbian and Gay Issues transwoman I will refer to as Krystal the Duchess, I was Committee’’; the word lesbian was still foreboden. Although initially baffled, bringing to the sessions not much more this was over a decade after homosexuality had been removed than a compassionate heart, an open-mind, and deeply from the DSM, ‘‘gay’’ issues were poorly integrated in my challenged feminist politic. Krystal arrived in therapy, social work education. The only time I heard the word trans- presenting as a mild-mannered, disheveled and middle sexual as a student (the word transgender had not yet been aged depressed man named Norman who lived at home coined) was when a teacher said, ‘‘You know that some people with his mother. Norman could have easily been diagnosed want to change sex?! Really!’’ She leaned into the class and with various personality disturbances, severe anxiety, and repeated in a loud incredulous whisper for emphasis, perhaps a mild psychotic disorder, and indeed would have ‘‘Really!’’ When I became an adjunct professor (in the same been if diagnostics were the primary clinical lens I used. Social Work program in the late 1980s) and I asked my col- Krystal then revealed herself to me, bigger than life, a drag leagues how they addressed issues of sexual orientation in the artist who traveled to New York City on the weekends to curricula, I was met with blank stares.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unconscionable and Unconstitutional: Bill C-8'S Attempt to Dictate Choices Concerning Sexuality and Gender
    Unconscionable and Unconstitutional Bill C-8’s Attempt to Dictate Choices Concerning Sexuality and Gender May 12, 2020 Marty Moore, JD, and Jocelyn Gerke, BComm, MPP, JD (Student-at-Law) Mail: #253, 7620 Elbow Drive SW, Calgary, AB • T2V 1K2 Web: www.jccf.ca • Email: [email protected] • Phone: (403) 475-3622 CRA registered charity number 81717 4865 RR0001 CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. Bill C-8: An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (conversion therapy) .................................. 2 A. An overly broad definition of “conversion therapy” .............................................................. 2 B. Bill C-8 restricts children’s and adults’ access to care.......................................................... 3 C. Bill C-8 imposes an ideological view of sexuality and gender ............................................... 5 II. Bill C-8 Restricts Health Professionals’ Ability to Treat Children’s Gender Distress without Transition and Medicalization ....................................................................................... 7 A. Bill C-8’s imposition of a single treatment path for children ................................................. 7 B. Violation of practitioners’ and patients’ freedom of thought, opinion, belief and expression 9 C. Political interference with medical and scientific debate limits healthcare options .............. 9 III. Bill C-8’s Violation of the Charter Rights of Children and Parents
    [Show full text]
  • Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working with Gender-Variant People and Their Families, Arlene Istar Lev, Bingh
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262039302 Book Review. Article in Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy · March 2005 Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 0 254 1 author: Lara Stepleman Augusta University 67 PUBLICATIONS 637 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Lara Stepleman on 07 February 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Book Review l69 source for obtaining them. In days when the Internet serves as a source of information and support for many, a few more specific websites might be useful as well. In summary, this book is a welcome addition to my professional library and I am pleased that the Talmadges have chosen to share their knowledge, their wisdom, and themselves with all of us, S, Michael Plaut, Ph,D, Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA REFERENCE Talmadge, L, D,, & Talmadge, W, C, (2003), Dealing with the unhappy marriage. In S, B, Levine, C, B, Risen, & S, E, Althof (Eds,), Handbook of Clinical Sexuality for Mental Health Professionals, New York: Brunner-Routledge, 75-92, Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working with Gender-Variant People and their Families, Arlene Istar Lev, Binghamton: Haworth Press, 2004, 467 pages, $69,95 (hardback), $39,95 (paperback). For many psychologists and therapists, the knowledge and skills for working competently with transgender clients is not collected as part of their initial clinical "toolbox," Although a few clinicians may set out early in their training to work specifically with transgender individuals, most clinicians have taken a more circuitous route to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Zone Manual – Edited 9.15.2015 1
    Fall 2015 UCM SAFE ZONE GUIDE FOR ALLIES UCM – Safe Zone Manual – Edited 9.15.2015 1 Contents Safe Zone Program Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4 Terms, Definitions, and Labels ................................................................................................................. 6 Symbols and Flags................................................................................................................................... 19 Gender Identity ......................................................................................................................................... 24 What is Homophobia? ............................................................................................................................. 25 Biphobia – Myths and Realities of Bisexuality ..................................................................................... 26 Transphobia- Myths & Realities of Transgender ................................................................................. 28 Homophobia/biphobia/transphobia in Clinical Terms: The Riddle Scale ......................................... 30 How Homophobia/biphobia/transphobia Hurts Us All......................................................................... 32 National Statistics and Research Findings ........................................................................................... 33 Missouri State “Snapshot” ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Paradox of Authenticity: the Depoliticization of Trans Identity
    The Paradox of Authenticity: The Depoliticization of Trans Identity THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Meredith Cecilia Lee Graduate Program in Women's Studies The Ohio State University 2012 Master's Examination Committee: Professor Shannon Winnubst, Advisor Professor Mary Thomas Professor Jian Chen Copyright by Meredith Cecilia Lee 2012 Abstract The language of authenticity that valorizes the mind over the body is embedded in Cartesian dualism, which thereby inspires an entirely personal understanding of self- fulfillment. Within the trans community, this language depoliticizes trans issues by framing nonnormative gender presentation as a personal issue. This paper examines the relationship of Cartesian dualism to the paradoxes of authenticity in trans medico- scientific discourse. For example, to express authenticity and gain social recognition within the medical model of trans identity, an individual must articulate her/his desire within the normative language of the medical establishment; therefore, the quest for authenticity is already foreclosed through the structures of normalization. This paper argues that, while medical procedures typically normalize one’s body to “pass” as the other sex, these procedures are also necessary for many trans individuals to gain social recognition and live a bearable life. The notion that trans individuals are “trapped” in the wrong body has been the dominant paradigm since at least the 1950s. This paper argues that centering gender in the body constructs gender as ahistorical and thereby erases the political, economic, and cultural significance of trans oppression and struggle. This paper concludes that the systematic pathologization of nonnormative sex/gender identification has historically constituted the notion that gender trouble is indeed a personal problem that should be cured through medical science.
    [Show full text]
  • Debating DSM 5 Zowie Davy Phd, Senior Lecturer in C
    Commentary on the construction of Gender Dysphoria at Classifying Sex: Debating DSM 5 Zowie Davy PhD, Senior Lecturer in Community Care, University of Lincoln, UK. Context to the commentary On the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) website the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5), is promoted as the “most comprehensive, current, and critical resource for clinical practice available to today's mental health clinicians and researchers of all orientations” (American Psychiatric Association, 2012a). The manual is ‘comprehensive,’ indeed; it has grown in size since its first edition to over 900 pages in its current DSM 5 incarnation. We could argue as Farley, the former president of the American Psychological Association, does that the DSM authors are contributing to an increase in “the relentless production of disorders and pathologizing of normal extremes” (Gornall, 2013: no page no.) and the facilitating of mental illnesses. In response to the publication of the DSM‐5, a two‐day conference at the University of Cambridge took place: Classifying Sex: Debating DSM‐5, at which discussants debated the potential impact of the manual’s criteria for pathological, paraphilic and by default ‘normal’ sexualities, gender identities, and psychiatric practice. The delegates considered amongst many other topics the role of power and evidence, at least that is how I understood many of the contributions to the debate. The panel that I was invited to contribute to featured Kenneth Zucker (Chair of the Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders workgroup of DSM‐5) to whom I was to critically respond. In this reflective commentary I would like to focus on power and evidence because Zucker has previously described the DSM’s international influence as spreading from clinical care, clinical training to clinical research (Zucker, 2010b).
    [Show full text]
  • LGBT-Parent Families
    LGBT-Parent Families Abbie E. Goldberg • Katherine R. Allen Editors LGBT-Parent Families Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice Editors Abbie E. Goldberg Katherine R. Allen Department of Psychology Department of Human Development Clark University Virginia Polytechnic Institute Worcester , MA, USA and State University Blacksburg , VA , USA ISBN 978-1-4614-4555-5 ISBN 978-1-4614-4556-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4556-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945937 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Whipping Girl
    Table of Contents Title Page Dedication Introduction Trans Woman Manifesto PART 1 - Trans/Gender Theory Chapter 1 - Coming to Terms with Transgen- derism and Transsexuality Chapter 2 - Skirt Chasers: Why the Media Depicts the Trans Revolution in ... Trans Woman Archetypes in the Media The Fascination with “Feminization” The Media’s Transgender Gap Feminist Depictions of Trans Women Chapter 3 - Before and After: Class and Body Transformations 3/803 Chapter 4 - Boygasms and Girlgasms: A Frank Discussion About Hormones and ... Chapter 5 - Blind Spots: On Subconscious Sex and Gender Entitlement Chapter 6 - Intrinsic Inclinations: Explaining Gender and Sexual Diversity Reconciling Intrinsic Inclinations with Social Constructs Chapter 7 - Pathological Science: Debunking Sexological and Sociological Models ... Oppositional Sexism and Sex Reassignment Traditional Sexism and Effemimania Critiquing the Critics Moving Beyond Cissexist Models of Transsexuality Chapter 8 - Dismantling Cissexual Privilege Gendering Cissexual Assumption Cissexual Gender Entitlement The Myth of Cissexual Birth Privilege Trans-Facsimilation and Ungendering 4/803 Moving Beyond “Bio Boys” and “Gen- etic Girls” Third-Gendering and Third-Sexing Passing-Centrism Taking One’s Gender for Granted Distinguishing Between Transphobia and Cissexual Privilege Trans-Exclusion Trans-Objectification Trans-Mystification Trans-Interrogation Trans-Erasure Changing Gender Perception, Not Performance Chapter 9 - Ungendering in Art and Academia Capitalizing on Transsexuality and Intersexuality
    [Show full text]
  • The Ten Tasks of the Mental Health Provider
    This article was downloaded by: [Lev, Arlene Istar] On: 12 July 2009 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 912982325] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Transgenderism Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t792306875 The Ten Tasks of the Mental Health Provider: Recommendations for Revision of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care Arlene Istar Lev a a Choices Counseling and Consulting, Albany, NY Online Publication Date: 01 April 2009 To cite this Article Lev, Arlene Istar(2009)'The Ten Tasks of the Mental Health Provider: Recommendations for Revision of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care',International Journal of Transgenderism,11:2,74 — 99 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/15532730903008032 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15532730903008032 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychotherapy by Arlene Istar Lev
    Psychotherapy by Arlene Istar Lev Encyclopedia Copyright © 2015, glbtq, Inc. Entry Copyright © 2005, glbtq, inc. Reprinted from http://www.glbtq.com Psychotherapy, the clinical process of treating mental and emotional health problems, has recently been energized by a movement to depathologize homosexuality and to enhance the dignity and self-respect of glbtq clients. Psychotherapy is the clinical process of treating mental and emotional health problems by utilizing numerous and diverse psychological techniques and approaches. The practice of psychotherapy is a dialogic process between a client, i.e., the person seeking assistance for problems, and the psychotherapist, who is a trained helping professional, whose explicit intention is to improve the mental health and social functioning of the client who is seeking treatment. Clients are sometimes referred to as patients or consumers, and psychotherapists are often simply called therapists. General Psychotherapy Concepts Psychotherapy is a general term and can be used by anyone involved in therapeutic helping relationships, although it most commonly refers to professionally trained and licensed psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. Additionally, other types of counselors and helping professionals, including nurses and educators, are often referred to as psychotherapists. Counseling, a term often used synonymously with psychotherapy, refers to a less intensive helping relationship, whereby the counselor offers advice in very specialized areas (e. g., career counseling). The practice of psychotherapy usually entails a long-term, in-depth dialogue, involving therapeutic transference and the revelation of unconscious material. The process of psychotherapy depends on the compassionate therapeutic rapport between the therapist and client, and is therefore best practiced by a professional with training and skill who adheres to ethical guidelines for client confidentiality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dissidents
    CHAPTER SEVEN THE DISSIDENTS ntil the 2015 controversy that cost him his job, Kenneth Zucker was Uuniversally recognized as an international expert on child and ado- lescent gender dysphoria. As psychologist-in-chief of Toronto’s Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and head of its Gender Identity Service, he spent decades conducting research and practicing what he had trained to do—help children and adolescents with gender dysphoria grow more comfortable in their bodies. In 2007, Dr. Zucker oversaw the writing of the definition of “gender dysphoria” for the DSM-5.1 He also helped write the “Standards of Care” guidelines for the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH).2 Until transgender activists rallied against him, most health professionals practicing in this area regarded Dr. Zucker as an international authority on what “gender dysphoria” was. His philosophy was simple, though his understanding of gender dysphoria was anything but: a child or adolescent in distress is not reduc- ible to one problem. To reach an accurate diagnosis, Dr. Zucker believes mental health professionals need to look at the whole kid. 123 124 IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE Some children latch onto gender dysphoria as a way of coping with trauma or other distress. A therapist needed to question the patient’s understanding of gender in order to determine why the patient might have fixated on that as a source of their problems. What beliefs did the patient have about boys or girls? Why did the child or adolescent come to believe changing gender would lead to a happier life? The goal of the questioning was often to challenge the notion that biological sex was the source of the patient’s problem and, wherever possible, to alleviate the dysphoria.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgender Emergence: a Family Affair
    Transgender Emergence: A Family Affair By Arlene (Ari) Istar Lev, State University New York at Albany, New York1 Gender variant experience is not simply an internal psychological process that needs to be navigated by transgender and transsexual people, but it is also a relational and systemic dynamic that intimately involves family, friends, loved ones, and all social relationships. Family members have been viewed as extraneous to the process of evaluation and treatment. The literature offers very little hope that marriage or partnership to a gender variant person could be emotionally fulfilling, or that marriages and families can mature through gender transitions. Gender variant people are embedded in a complex matrix of familial and societal relations and their unique relationship to their sex and gender identities impact family members in numerous ways. Parents struggle to understand the issues facing gender variant children and youth, and children often need to address the concerns of parents who are facing gender transitions. Spouses of transgender and transsexual people — husbands, wives, partners, and lovers—are often thrown into emotional chaos following the disclosure of a desire to transition; this is equally true for gay, lesbian, and bisexual spouses as it is for heterosexuals. Brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, adult children, and grandparents, all struggle with trying to make sense of and come to terms with transgender identity and/or transsexual sex changes in their loved ones. Until very recently family members have managed these emotional upheavals in their family life- cycle with little actual "help" from helping professions. Unlike LGB people, transgender people cannot "come-out" (to themselves) and remain closeted if they are to actualize themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Grandparents
    LGBT-Parent Families Abbie E. Goldberg • Katherine R. Allen Editors LGBT-Parent Families Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice Editors Abbie E. Goldberg Katherine R. Allen Department of Psychology Department of Human Development Clark University Virginia Polytechnic Institute Worcester , MA, USA and State University Blacksburg , VA , USA ISBN 978-1-4614-4555-5 ISBN 978-1-4614-4556-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4556-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945937 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]