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Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 1 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Introduction mean concentrations of eight heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc) in marine 12.1 Many inorganic and organic sediments from different parts of the contaminants in seawater are associated territorial waters in the last 5 years with particulate matters which settle to (1997-2001). form part of the bottom sediments. Sea floor serves as an important habitat for 12.5 In general, sediments in Victoria marine life. Many commercially important Harbour had higher levels of heavy metals, species are bottom dwellers. They can especially copper and silver. The copper accumulate contaminants from the contamination was mainly due to the sediments and pose a potential threat to discharges from printed circuit board, marine organisms and humans. electroplating, metal and textile industries between the 60s and 80s. Elevated 12.2 Sediment monitoring is an integral concentration of silver in sediment was part of EPD’s marine monitoring likely due to pollution from electroplating programme. In 2001, sediments were industries, photo-developing business and sampled twice at 45 stations in open waters dental clinics. (Figure 1.3) and 15 stations in typhoons shelters (Figure 1.4). Sediment samples 12.6 Tsuen Wan Bay (VS10) was a were collected using grab samplers and “hot-spot” of heavy metal contamination analysed for over 30 physical and chemical with copper, nickel and silver all exceeding parameters (Appendix C). the UCELs. With the reduction in toxic industrial discharges into the environment, 12.3 This report applies the Lower the levels of copper and nickel in Chemical Exceedance Levels (LCELs) and sediments at VS10 have declined Upper Chemical Exceedance Levels significantly over the past ten years (UCELs) specified in the Works Bureau (Figures 12.14 and 12.15). The Technical Circular 3/2000 – Management improvement was mainly due to the of Dredged / Excavated Sediment (WBTC enforcement of the Chemical Waste 3/2000) as “benchmarks” to compare and Control Regulations since 1992. This illustrate the degree of contamination of ensures that chemical wastes containing marine sediment in the territory. The toxic heavy metals are taken to the Tsing LCELs and UCELs cover 13 individual or Yi Chemical Waste Treatment Center by group of chemical contaminants found in licensed collectors for proper treatment and sediment (Appendix F). thereby preventing them from entering and polluting the marine environment. Heavy Metals 12.4 Figures 12.1 to 12.8 summarise the 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 1 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Trace Organics organic particles from sewage discharges which exerted a high oxygen demand on the seabed. Double Haven and Crooked 12.7 Trace organic pollutants refer to Harbour have several fish culture zones persistent organic contaminants such as and are subject to organic pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), fish excreta and excessive fishfeed which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contribute to the anoxic condition in these which are usually present at very low areas. concentrations in the environment. Some of them are toxic, potentially carcinogenic or mutagenic. 12.8 In the past five years, the concentration of total PCBs in sediments of Hong Kong were very low (Figure 12.10). All stations in the territory, except VS6 in western Victoria Harbour, had total PCBs concentrations below the LCEL. 12.9 The levels of low molecular weight PAHs in the marine sediments of Hong Kong were generally very low in 1998-2001. All the stations monitored were below the LCEL (Figure 12.11). Similarly, the levels of high molecular weight PAHs were all below the LCEL, with the exception of VS6 in western Victoria Harbour (Figure 12.12). Electrochemical Potential 12.10 The marine sediments in Hong Kong were generally anoxic (i.e. with negative electrochemical potential). Highly anoxic sediments were found in two areas: a) Victoria Harbour WCZ ; and b) Double Haven and Crooked Harbour in Mirs Bay (Figure 12.13). The low electrochemical potential in the sediment of Victoria Harbour was mainly due to deposition of 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 2 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Shenzhen N Cadmium MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS2 MS1 > 4.0 MS7 MS5 1.6 - 4.0 MS17 DS1 0 - 1.5 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.1 Cadmium in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 Shenzhen N Chromium MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >160 MS7 MS5 81 - 160 MS17 DS1 0 - 80 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.2 Chromium in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 3 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Shenzhen N Copper MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >110 MS7 MS5 66 - 110 MS17 DS1 0 - 65 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.3 Copper in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 Shenzhen N Mercury MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS2 MS1 >1.0 MS7 MS5 0.6 - 1.0 MS17 DS1 0.0 - 0.5 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.4 Mercury in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 4 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Shenzhen N Nickel MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >40 MS7 MS5 35 - 40 MS17 DS1 0 - 34 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.5 Nickel in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 Shenzhen N Lead MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >110 MS7 MS5 76 - 110 MS17 DS1 0 - 75 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 PS5 Kowloon VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.6 Lead in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 5 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Shenzhen N Silver (mg/kg dry weight) MS3 MS4 >2 MS1 MS2 MS7 1.1 – 2.0 MS5 0 – 1.0 MS17 DS1 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.7 Silver in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 Shenzhen N Zinc MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >270 MS7 MS5 201 - 270 MS17 DS1 0 - 200 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.8 Zinc in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 6 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Shenzhen N Arsenic MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >42 MS7 MS5 13 - 42 MS17 0 - 12 DS1 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.9 Arsenic in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 Shenzhen N Total PCBs MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >180 MS7 MS5 24 - 180 MS17 DS1 0 - 23 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.10 Total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1997 - 2001 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 7 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Shenzhen N Low molecular weight PAHs MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >3160 MS7 MS5 551 - 3160 MS17 DS1 0 - 550 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.11 Low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1998 - 2001 Shenzhen N High molecular weight PAHs MS3 (mg/kg dry weight) MS4 MS1 MS2 >9600 MS7 MS5 1701 - 9600 MS17 DS1 0 - 1700 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10 MS15 NS3 NS2 Kowloon PS5 VS9 NS6 WS1 PS6 VS6 VS3 JS2 VS5 MS14 ES4 Lantau Island Hong Kong Island ES1 SS5 WS2 ES2 SS2 SS4 SS6 SS1 MS13 MS8 SS3 0 5 10km Figure 12.12 High molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments in Hong Kong, 1998 - 2001 海 Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong in 2001 12 - 8 Chapter 12 Sediment Quality Shenzhen Electrochemical N potential (mV) MS3 below -300 MS4 MS1 MS2 -201 to -300 MS7 MS5 -101 to -200 MS17 DS1 0 to -100 DS2 TS5 DS3 MS6 TS3 TS4 MS16 New Territories DS4 TS2 NS4 PS3 VS10
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