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Nationalism, Sovereignty, and Agrarian Politics in Venezuela

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Nationalism, Sovereignty, and Agrarian Politics in Venezuela Sowing the State: Nationalism, Sovereignty, and Agrarian Politics in Venezuela by Aaron Kappeler A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by Aaron Kappeler 2015 Sowing the State: Nationalism, Sovereignty and Agrarian Politics in Venezuela Aaron Kappeler Doctor of Philosophy Degree Anthropology University of Toronto 2015 Abstract Sowing the State is an ethnographic account of the remaking of the Venezuelan nation- state at the start of the twenty-first century, which underscores the centrality of agriculture to the re-envisioning of sovereignty. The narrative explores the recent efforts of the Venezuelan government to transform the rural areas of the nation into a model of agriculture capable of feeding its mostly urban population as well as the logics and rationales for this particular reform project. The dissertation explores the subjects, livelihoods, and discourses conceived as the proper basis of sovereignty as well as the intersection of agrarian politics with statecraft. In a nation heavily dependent on the export of oil and the import of food, the politics of land and its various uses is central to statecraft and the rural becomes a contested field for a variety of social groups. Based on extended fieldwork in El Centro Técnico Productivo Socialista Florentino, a state enterprise in the western plains of Venezuela, the narrative analyses the challenges faced by would-be nation builders after decades of neoliberal policy designed to integrate the nation into the global market as well as the activities of the enterprise directed at ii transcending this legacy. Not merely a restoration of the status quo or reassertion of a prior independence, I argue, the Venezuelan nation-state is being reinvented in this drive for sovereignty and that the tensions between peasants, workers and technical experts in the Florentino enterprise reflect the cleavages of an emerging state form. iii Acknowledgments The research for this dissertation was funded by the Wenner Gren Foundation and the School of Graduate Studies at the University of Toronto. El Centro Técnico Productivo Socialista Florentino provided countless forms of institutional support along the way. I thank the workers and employees of the center for all their help. Anthropology is a profoundly social endeavor which draws upon interactions with diverse groups of people written recursively until we arrive at an ethnographic text which approaches the lived reality, although I doubt we ever entirely reach it. I could not have succeeded in this research project without the help of the countless people with whom I have dialoged over the past eight years, only a fraction of whom are listed here. My dialogs with these individuals have greatly enriched the insights of this dissertation and created a text whose merits I cannot wholly claim, but whose defects are mine alone. First, I would like to start by thanking a talented group of graduate students in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto. I could not have made it through the program without the support of Chantelle Falconer, Hollis Moore, Daniella Jofre, Stephen Campbell, Secil Dagtas, Glen Chua, Emily Hertzman, Alejandra Gonzalez Jimenez, Matt Hilder, Asli Zengin, Danko Jaccard, Anna Kruglova, Laura Sikstrom, Jacob Nerenberg, Vivian Solana, Jessica Tremblay, Lukas Ley, Sharon Kelly, Matthew Mosher, Timothy Makori, Maria Martika, Claire Montgomery, Sandy Oh, Maria Sabate Dalmau, Sardar Saadi, Columba Gonzalez Duarte, Kate Rice, Behzad Sarmadi, Eugenia Tsao and Alyson Stone. iv Postdoctoral fellows in residence at the time of my graduate studies who proved to be especially helpful interlocutors include Kregg Hetherington, Ashley Lebner, Malini Sur, Angeles Lopez-Santillan, and Phuc Xuan To. Graduate and professional students in other academic departments and institutions who helped me along the way include Lindsay Bell, Irena Wenk, Gail Russel, Christian Chun, Nathaniel Heisler, Burak Köse, Umit Adogymus, Jaby Matthew, Aziz Güzel, Lucy Angus, Özlem Aslan, Begüm Uzun, Zach Anderson, Tom Long, Caitlin Henry, Ashleigh Ingle, Amy Buitenhuis, Prasad Khanolkar, Meghana Rao, Patrick Vitale, Katie Mazer, Corey Ponder, James Nugent, Sara Suliman, Mai Taha, John Paul, Daniel Vandervoort, Wai Kit Tang, Sara Suliman, Michaela Kopka, Annie Donald, Alyssa Titus, Heather Millar, Johanna Moore, Eddy Green, Carl Root and Lisa Conley. My housemates Amanda Wilson and Jasmyn Singh performed valuable emotional labor during the arduous first years of graduate school and I am also grateful to my friends in Arizona, Mary Jo Ghory, Jody Gibbs, Betsy MacDonald, Christopher Floess, Gabriel Schivone, Josh Banno, and Chad Wellins. Danielle Root, Rosa van den Beemt, Janne Dingemans, and Dragana Obradovic have all in their own way proven to be essential figures in my life, and I would not trade the time we have spent together for anything. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my friend Dustin McDaniel for sojourning with me during my first trip to Venezuela in 2007, and to George Ciccariello-Maher for showing us the ropes in Caracas. I should also thank Andrey Gomez Sanchez and his family for hosting me over the Christmas holiday in 2009. v Faculty members who gave freely of their time to discuss aspects of the project include Ken Mills, Harriet Friedman, Scott Prudham, Thembela Kepe, Victor Rivas, Ana Maria Bejarno, Valentina Napolitano, Hilary Cunningham, Girish Daswani, Jeffrey Webber, Henry Bernstein, Henrietta Moore, Tad Muttersbaugh, Karen Rignal, Garret Grady, Amira Mittermaier and the late Krystyna Sieciehowicz. Special thanks to faculty members at the University of Arizona for my training in Latin American Anthropology, and help in getting to graduate school from Linda Green, Kathleen Schwartzman, Lydia Otero, Victor Braitberg, Julian Kunnie and Mark Nichter. At the University of Toronto, I have to thank the support staff in the Department of Anthropology for saving me multiple times. Thanks to Natalia Krencil, Josie Alaimo, Sophia Cottrell, Kristy Bard, Annette Chan, and Diane Yeager. My greatest debts during research in Venezuela were contracted to my language instructor Carmen Rojo Lobo, to Jose Guerrero and Carlos Sanchez of the National Institute of Lands, both of whom used their credentials to vouch for me, and to Florentino social development workers, Jose Luis Cano, Marianny Apostal, Amilcar Kassem, Gabriel del Valle Mercado, Arelis Blanco, Holbert Laborda and Jorge Luis Godoy de Betancourt. Special thanks go to the truck drivers and security guards of the Florentino enterprise, especially Alberto Chaparro and Freddy Torrealba for keeping up my weight and my spirits, and to all the Venezuelans who shared the intimate details of their lives with me and who believed me when I said I wasn’t a member of the C.I.A. vi My supervisory committee deserves more reward and praise than I can give them at present. I hope I will be able to pay them back over the years to come. Andrea Muehlebach has truly inspired me with her dedication to the academic endeavor and tireless work ethic. She provided critical feedback at crucial stages of the project and she never made me feel as if she did not have time for me. Chris Krupa came in at a later stage of the project, but was nevertheless able to offer some of the greatest insights I have ever received into the project and the predicament of Latin America in the twenty-first century. It is a testament to his wide-ranging knowledge and skills as an academic that he could provide such input. My external reviewer David Nugent offered extensive commentary on the dissertation and greatly helped me to clarify my argument and avoid key conceits. His praise meant a lot to me. Although now professor emeritus, Gavin Smith continues to confront he present, and I would be remiss if I did not thank him for encouraging me to do the same. At every turn, Gavin pushed me to go deeper, and articulate more clearly, what I knew about social relations in Venezuela, and the implications for the social actors. This dissertation is a stronger document for it. My supervisor Tania Li has truly been the sine qua non of this project. Without her support, I would never have started fieldwork in Venezuela, and I would not have had as much success as I did without her guidance. Tania has an uncanny ability to bring about the best in her students. I will spend the rest of my career paying her back. vii Final thanks go to my best friend Patrick Bigger; he has been with me every step of the way, and I hope we continue to march in lockstep for years to come; and to my parents, Victor and Jana Kappeler, for tolerating my occasional bouts of insanity and knowing it would all be worth it in the end. viii Dedication To my great-grandmother Pauline McVey who passed away during the fieldwork for this dissertation. And to the Venezuelan people. They have endured great hardships on their road to sovereignty. I fear there are many more still ahead. ix Table of Contents Introduction 1 Part I: Problems 42 Chapter 1: Peasants and Petroleum 43 Chapter 2: The Devil and Florentino 103 Part II: Fixes 157 Chapter 3: The Technical and the Social 158 Chapter 4: Food Sovereignty and Security 210 Chapter 5: Dependency and Development 268 Conclusion 317 References 336 Notes 375 x 1 Introduction Outside the headquarters a group of students had gathered for a tour of the enterprise touted as a model of socialist agriculture and the vanguard of the new social economy. The pride of the new government, the farm received frequent visits from various delegations and guests. As one of many such delegations, the group of students had gathered outside the headquarters with their instructor and the general manager of the project, a career officer in the Venezuelan armed forces.
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