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The Mirror of Erised: Het Internet Als Ruimte Voor De Fancultuur. 1 The Mirror of Erised: Het Internet als ruimte voor de Fancultuur. 1 The Mirror of Erised: Het Internet als ruimte voor de Fancultuur. Doctoraalscriptie Theater, Film en Televisiewetenschappen 2007 Auteur: Gertjan den Hertog Studentnummer: 0112097 Opleiding: Specialisaties film en nieuwe media Faculteit Letteren Universiteit Utrecht Docentbegeleider: Nanna Verhoeff 2 The Mirror of Erised: Het Internet als ruimte voor de Fancultuur. Abracadabra 3 The Mirror of Erised: Het Internet als ruimte voor de Fancultuur. Inhoudsopgave ‘Lumos’ .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Deel 1.....................................................................................................................................................11 Intermezzo 1. ...........................................................................................................................................13 Hoofdstuk 1...........................................................................................................................................15 § 1: de basisvereisten voor fandom ...................................................................................................17 § 2: De cultuur van fancultuur...........................................................................................................20 Hoofdstuk 2...........................................................................................................................................25 § 1: Perspectieven op fancultuur .......................................................................................................26 § 2: Speltheorie .................................................................................................................................29 § 3: Practice Theorie .........................................................................................................................32 Samenvatting Deel 1. ........................................................................................................................34 Deel 2.....................................................................................................................................................35 Intermezzo 2. ........................................................................................................................................... 37 Hoofdstuk 3...........................................................................................................................................39 § 1: Fanpraktijk voor 1990 ................................................................................................................40 § 2: De introductie van de ‘nieuwe media’........................................................................................42 § 3: Fanpraktijk na 1990....................................................................................................................44 § 4: Kritiek op de Internet fancultuur ................................................................................................48 Hoofdstuk 4...........................................................................................................................................51 § 1: What is .......................................................................................................................................53 § 2: What if........................................................................................................................................58 § 3: What may ...................................................................................................................................66 Samenvatting Deel 2. ........................................................................................................................71 Deel 3.....................................................................................................................................................73 Intermezzo 3. ........................................................................................................................................... 75 Hoofdstuk 5...........................................................................................................................................81 § 1: Trademark en Copyright ............................................................................................................83 § 2: Twee rechtszaken oude stijl: Tanja Grotter en de Muggles .......................................................85 § 3: Auteursrecht en de komst van het Internet.................................................................................88 § 4: Het begin van een paradox: Fancopyright en fancommercie .....................................................91 Intermezzo 4. ........................................................................................................................................... 97 Hoofdstuk 6.........................................................................................................................................101 § 1: Het product Harry Potter in media convergence ......................................................................101 § 2: De King Kong-aanpak..............................................................................................................104 § 3: Het maken van een fancultuur..................................................................................................109 Samenvatting Deel 3. ......................................................................................................................113 Conclusie .............................................................................................................................................115 ‘Nox’....................................................................................................................................................117 Bibliografie..........................................................................................................................................123 Filmografie..........................................................................................................................................131 Websites ...............................................................................................................................................134 Afbeeldingenlijst..................................................................................................................................135 Bijlage 1...............................................................................................................................................137 4 The Mirror of Erised: Het Internet als ruimte voor de Fancultuur. ‘Lumos’ 1 Het verlangen van The happiest man on earth would be able to use the Mirror of Erised like a normal mirror, that is, he would look into it and see himself exactly as he is. (…) ‘It shows us nothing more or less than the deepest, most desperate desire of our hearts.’ (…) ‘However, this mirror will give us neither knowledge or truth. Men have wasted away before it, entranced by what they have seen, or been driven mad, not knowing what it shows is real or even possible. (Rowling, J. K., 1997 pg. 156 – 157) In zijn eerste schooljaar vindt jonge Harry Potter de magische Spiegel van Erised. Deze spiegel toont ieder die ervoor plaatsneemt zijn diepste verlangen - geen waarheid, geen toekomst, enkel verlangen. Harry ziet zijn overleden ouders voor hem staan, zijn beste vriend een succesvolle sportcarrière. En de wijze hoofdmeester Dumbledore ziet, naar eigen zeggen, een paar warme sokken. De schrijfster van de Harry Potter-boekenserie, J. K. Rowling, had als wens om een professionele schrijfster worden. Dit verlangen is anno 2006 werkelijkheid geworden. Meer nog, haar geesteskind, Harry Potter is een fenomenaal succes. Harry Potter is geen eenvoudige kinderboekenserie meer, maar een miljardenindustrie. Waar de serie ooit begon in een gelimiteerde uitgave zijn er nu wereldwijd 300 miljoen exemplaren verkocht. Bovendien zijn de boeken zowel verfilmd als in (digitale)spelvorm gegoten, en bestaat er een grote hoeveelheid merchandise variërend van lego bouwpakketten tot drinkbekers. Harry Potter dankt zijn populariteit aan twee invloeden. Enerzijds de mond-tot- mondreclame en de vorming van fans van de boekenserie. Anderzijds, het contract dat J. K. Rowling in 1998 sloot met het mediabedrijf AOL Time Warner. Warner Brothers verfilmde de boeken en bracht (en brengt) op grote schaal merchandise uit. De fans bestuderen de boeken en creëren uitingen, maken websites en organiseren bijeenkomsten over de jonge tovenaar Harry Potter. Het zijn deze twee spelers in de casus Harry Potter die in deze studie met elkaar in verband gebracht zullen worden. 1 ‘Lumos’ – de toverspreuk voor licht. 5 The Mirror of Erised: Het Internet als ruimte voor de Fancultuur. ‘Respect voor de fans!’ De jonge geschiedenis van Harry Potter kenmerkt zich in diversiteit. Waar winkels tot diep in de nacht openblijven zodat kinderen als eerste het nieuwste deel uit de serie kunnen bemachtigen, houden religieuze groeperingen nachtelijke boekverbrandingen om dezelfde jeugd te behoeden voor hekserij. En, waar Warner Brothers begin 2000 verscheidene websites van fans over Harry Potter afsloot onder het mom van auteursrechtschending (specifieker: domeinnaamdispuut) spreekt hetzelfde Warner Brothers
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