Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08414-8 — Indian and Slave Royalists in the Age of Revolution Marcela Echeverri Index More Information

Index

Abad chiefdom, 24 Alfonso X, 97–98 Abascal y Sousa, José Fernando de, 43–44, Andean chiefdoms. See cacicazgo 136 Andes region, indigenous intellectuals in, 87 Tacón alliance with, 46–48 Angulo, Francisco “El negro,” 209, 218 African slaves Angulo, Gregorio, 124, 128–30, 135 communities of, 120–22 Anticolonialism ethnic origins of, 28–29 in Kingdom of Quito, 11–12 legal deﬁnition of, 21 in New Granada, 11–12 mining and, 29, 102–4 in Viceroyalty of Peru, 11–12 Popayán Province, 27 Antioquia Province, slave conspiracy in, Afro-descendants 19–20 in Colombian wars of independence, 188 anti-Republican royalism, in Colombia, communities of, 120–22 203–6 in contemporary Colombia, 236–37 Aponte Rebellion, 173 indigenous people and, 20–21 Arrubla, Gerardo, 201 in Mexico, 20–21 Asian (chino) slaves, freedom modeled by, military duty for, 151 20 in New Granada, 20–21 Asmasa, Salvador, 70 in Popayán Province, 20–21, 32, 101 audiencias (royal judicial courts), 33–34 in Spanish Caribbean, 231–32 creation in Santa Fe and Quito, 23 in Viceroyalty of Peru, 20–21 in Quito, 92–93, 145–46 Age of Revolution, 6 response to Túquerres Indian revolt, freedom for slaves during, 186–90 86–87 Latin America during, literature on, 5–7 Aymerich, Melchor, 193 rights for slaves during, 186–90 royalism during, 9 Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 27 slaves as loyal to monarchy during, Barbacoas 186–90 cabildo, 165 Agualongo, Agustín, 194, 196, 199–203 infanticides in, 119–20 liberation of Pasto and, 201, 209–11, 217 justice for slaves in, 106–13 mestizo background of, 201–2 loyalty to Tacón in, 165 aguardiente (cane liquor), reform policies Quito’s expansionism and, 41–42 for, 66–70 Baron de Carondelet, 41

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08414-8 — Indian and Slave Royalists in the Age of Revolution Marcela Echeverri Index More Information

266 Index

Battle of Boyacá, 191–92 during Túquerres Indian revolt, 77–78 Battle of Pichincha, 194 Cádiz region, 8–9. See also Constitution of the beloved. See el deseado Cádiz Benavides, Juan, 216, 218–19 Calama, Pérez, 41 Blanchard, Peter, 174, 230 Caldas, Francisco José de, 57 Boasé mine, 92–93 Caldas, José Ilario, 166 Bolívar, Simón, 8, 156 Caldas, Rafael, 167 abolition of slavery under, 229 Caldas, Salvador, 167 Battle of Boyacá and, 191–92 Cali, city of, 23–54 Bolivarian Army, 8–9 alliance with Quito junta, 47 end of royalism in New Granada and, enslaved workers in haciendas, 27 194–96 exclusion of blacks from insurgent forces, independence movements and, 58–59 60, 175–76 integration of slaves into liberation forces, independence partisans in, 46 229–31 mine- and slave-owning families from, 30 liberation of Pasto and, 206–17 opposition to royalists in, 158–62 negotiations with Creole royalists, 199 Pacific lowlands colonization and, 27, in New Granada, 59, 191–94 30–31 in Popayán Province, 2 Popayán and, 30–31 as president of Colombia, 224 priests and independence project in, 222 Quito and, 196–99, 206–17 rejection of Tacón, 46, 48, 159 royalist rebellions and, 194, 199–203 royalist slaves in mines and, 176–77 slavery and, 54, 229 slaves against insurgents in, 161 Bolivarian Army, 8–9 Calzada, Sebastián de la, 193 including large numbers of blacks, 59 Calzón, José, 209, 216 Bomboná, battle of, 215 Canchala, José, 209 Botina, Francisco, 149 Cañeque, Alejandro, 33 Botina, Jesús, 149 Captain (enslaved) Bourbon monarchy claiming right to freedom, 187 centralization of government under, conflicts with, 120–21 15–16 controlling slaves during battle, 228 Comunero Rebellion against, 19–20, 37 knowledge of Spanish, 103 in Pasto, 72–73 leadership roles, 15–16, 103 Pastusos and, 61 as legal representative of the cuadrilla, Quito under, 41–43 120–21, 161 reforms, 34–38 mastery of law, 15–16 royalism and, 3, 15–16 as recipient of news and legislation, 162 royalists and, 3, 15–16 Carlosama, Julián, 62–63, 76, 85 Boves, Benito, 194, 196 Carrasco, Miguel, 125–26 Boves, José Tomás, 58–59, 164, 196–99, Carrera Damas, Germán, 164 203 Cartagena Bourbon military reform in, 35–36 cabildo (municipal council), 26–27 confederations sought with, 46 in Pasto, 137–38 first independence project and ideals of in Popayán Province, 159 racial equality, 52–53 cacicazgo (Andean chiefdoms), 138, 205 free blacks in, 52–53, 232 caciques (native authorities), 71–75, 77–78 links with Quito and Popayán, 29 hierarchy vis-à-vis commoners and Pablo Morillo’s pacification of, 56–57 community structures, 72 Pétion’s support to proindependence in Pasto, 130–32 families from, 58 tribute collection by, 130–33 port of, 23

Index 267

Quito’s junta ambitions to expand into, royalism in, 3–6 41–43 royalist rebellion in, 194, 199–203 relocation of Audiencia to, 56–57 royalists in, 3–6, 191–94 republicanism and race in, 231–32 social transformation in, after end of slave imports through, 28 Spanish rule, 224–37 Cauca River, 23 War of the Supremes in, 231 Cauca Valley, 161–64, 228 wars for independence in, 188 Charcas, Kingdom of, 41–43 colonialism Charles III (King), 10 justifications for, 78 Charles IV (King), 98 as slavery, 227–29 Chaves, Nicolás, 198 communal gathering. See minga Chocó communities frontier expansion, 30–31 of Africans, as result of slavery, 120–22 merchants in the region bringing news, 170 cuadrillas as, 102–3, 115–16, 120–21 native resistance, 24 of Indians, in Popayán province, 31–32, Cieza de León, Pedro, 25 37 citizenship palenque, 104–5 under Constitution of Cádiz, 51–52 community lands. See resguardos exclusion of people of African descent Comunero Rebellion, 19–20, 37, 65 from, 52 Consejo de Guerra Permanente (Permanent for free blacks who could prove merit, 59 Court-Martial), 57 for Indians, under Constitution of Cádiz, Constitution of Bayonne, 49 51–52 Constitution of Cádiz, 48, 50–53 Indians’ particular definition of, 226 citizenship under, 51–52 for indigenous people, under Constitution constitutional debates, American of Cádiz, 51–52 representation in, 40 in New Granada, 49–55 Indians under, 51–52 royalists Indians and slaves and ideas of, 8 indigenous people under, 51–52 vecindad and, 51 in Pasto, 155–56 welcomed by Indians in Santa Marta, 227 in Quito, 155–56 Clavijo, Atanacio R., 62–64, 85 restoration of, 192 changes in tithe collection, 63 slavery under, 52–53 Clavijo, Francisco R., 62–64, 85 constitutions appointment of caciques, 74 in New Granada, 49–55 conflicts with, 73–74 treatment of slaves under, 52–54 as corregidor, 73–75, 78–80 Corral, Juan del, 54, 228–29 dispossession of Indian lands and, 74–75 corregidor (Spanish magistrate), 70–75 Indian complaints against, 80 Clavijo, Francisco R., as, 73–75 Colombia. See also Popayán Province during Túquerres Indian revolt, 78–80, abolition of slavery in, 229 82–83 Afro-descendants in, 236–37 corregimientos (political units administered Antirepublican royalism in, 203–6 by a corregidor), 26–27 Bolívar presidency in, 224 Cortés, Casimiro, 93–97, 114 Cartagena, 231–32 Cortés, Marcos, 92, 107–9, 114–16 development as republican state, 224–37 Cortes authority, 39–40, 158 Guayaquil Province in, 192–93 Costa Firme Expeditionary Army, 56 nationalist myths in, 2 Creole juntas, 169–70 1991 multicultural constitution, 236–37 ambitions, 40 pardo politics in, 188 in Quito and Charcas, 41 preconceived national territorial frame, Quito’s second junta, 47 11–12, 235 Creole nationalism, 2–3

268 Index

Creole royalists, 43–44 in Popayán Province, 233 Bolívar’s negotiations with, 199 royalism among, 233 Indians and, 199 freedom, for slaves in Popayán Province, 158 during Age of Revolution, 186–90 Creoles, in Popayán Province, 31, 35–36 for Asian slaves, 20 nationalism of, 2–3 black queen and, rumors of, 170–73 Cruz, Gerónimo, 76 legalization of, by slaves, 175–83 cuadrillas (slave gangs), 102–3 manumission as reward for loyalty, 183 captains of, 15–16, 103 for slave mineworkers, 183–86 as community, 120–21 in Spanish Empire, 13–14 excessive cruelty toward, 115–16 French Revolution, 124 legal defense in Barbacoas, 116–17 political structure and dynamics, 116 Gallardo, Juan Díaz, 135, 139–43 Cuba, Aponte Rebellion in, 173 removal as protector partidario, 147–49 Cundinamarca, Kingdom of, 49 García, Basilio, 193, 219 García, Juan, 27 de la Cruz, Mónica, 107 Getial, Manuel, 73–75 “el deseado” (the beloved), 9 gold production, in Popayán Province, Dias, Pablo, 63, 66, 74–75, 84–85, 87–88 29–31 Diaz, Leandro, 75 Gómez, Domingo, 109 Domínguez, Pedro, 180 González del Palacio, Miguel, 68–69 Dubois, Laurent, 93–94, 159 Guadeloupe, slave revolt on, 160 Dueñas, Alcira, 87 Guáitara River, 128 execution of prisoners in, 207–8 Earle, Rebecca, 66, 151 military confrontations along, 128 Ecuador, royalists and royalism in, 4–5 Guayaquil Province, in Colombia, 192–93 1800 rebellion. See Túquerres, Indian revolt in “La Guerra de los Conventos,” 221 encomenderos (Spaniards who were Guinulté mine, 92–93 assigned native settlements and who Gutiérrez, Daniel, 43 had rights to their labor and tribute), Gutiérrez de Piñeres, Francisco, 35 26–27 Enríquez, Joaquín, 217 Haitian Revolution, 172–73 Erazo, Bernardo, 63–64 Henao, Jesús María, 201 Espinoza Ibarra, Antonio, 125 Herrera, Marta, 93 Historia de la Revolución de Colombia Fernando VI (King), 10 (Restrepo), 2–3, 164, 200–1 Fernando VII (King), 8–9, 21–22, 38, Hurtado, Damasco, 166 56–57, 125, 139 Hurtado, Dionicio, 167 Costa Firme Expeditionary Army and, 56 Hurtado, Francisco, 167 Junta Central and, 41–43 Hurtado, Marcelino, 166 reinstatement of tribute collection by, 153 Hurtado, Maria Josefa, 166–67 restoration of royal absolutism, 147 Hurtado, Mauricio, 167–68 Ferrer, Ada, 228 Hurtado, Roque María, 167 Ferrín, Manuel, 93 Fisher, Andrew, 31 identity, for Indians, 87–91 Flores, Juan José, 198, 208–9, 216 independence wars. See also War of forasteros, 138 Independence France, 38–43. See also Napoleonic Bolívar and, 58–59 invasion Indians during, 59–61 free blacks, 20 indigenous people during, 59–61 in Cartagena, 232 in Latin America, 10 militancy of, 232 slaves mobilized during, 59–61, 157–58

Index 269

Indian revolts. See also Túquerres, Indian indigenous people revolt in Afro-descendants and, 20–21 in New Granada, 64–66 in Andes region, 87 in Quito, 64–66 citizenship for, under Constitution of Indianness Cádiz, 51–52 in New Granada, 89 defense of territorial interests by, 214 in Pasto, 87–91 forasteros and, 138 royalism and, 152 during independence wars, 59–61 Indians. See also indigenous people; tribute intellectuals among, 87 collection; Túquerres, Indian revolt in in Pasto, 2, 7–8, 24 abusive conduct toward, 79 Pastusos, 61 aguardiente reform and, 66–70 in Popayán Province, 7 attack on Los Pastos, 125–27 royalism for, 16 caciques and, 71–75 Spanish liberalism and, impact of, citizenship for, under Constitution of 155–56 Cádiz, 51–52 infanticides in Colombian wars of independence, in Barbacoas, 119–20 188 defined, 92 under colonialism, justifications for, 78 economic impact of, 93 commoners in the royalist army seeking in Popayán Province, 92–93 tribute reduction, 60–61 as religious practice, 111 complaints against Clavijo brothers, 80 by slaves, 107–13, 119–20 Creole elites and, 199 by women, 112 elites among, 87 Instrucción sobre la educación, trato y during formation of republican states, ocupaciones de los esclavos, 93–94, after independence, 226–27 98–99, 117–20 as homogeneous group, 66 Insuaste, Manuel, 217 identity for, 87–91 Iscuandé community, 206 during independence wars, 59–61 battle of, 168 labor service for, 139–43 legal definition of, 21 Jasanoff, Maya, 6–7 legal rights of, 65–66, 86–87 Jiménez, Salvador, 193–94 local politics and, 66–70 Johnson, Walter, 95–96 loyalty toward Spanish monarchy, Juan, Jorge, 73 82–85 Juanambú River military duty for, 139–43, 150–56 during Agualongo rebellion, 196–97 in New Granada, revolts by, 64–66 royalist Indian towns around, 133 in Pasto, as royalists, 151–54 Junta Central authority, 39–43 politicization of, in Pasto, 132–33 in Popayán Province, 158 in Popayán Province, 31–32, 37 in Quito, 42–43 population by region, 25–26 protector partidario de naturales for, Kingdom of Charcas. See Charcas, Kingdom 134–39 of in Quito, revolts by, 64–66 Kingdom of Cundinamarca. See under Recopilación de las leyes de Indias, Cundinamarca, Kingdom of 63–64 Kingdom of Quito. See Quito, Kingdom recruited as soldiers, 126–27 of revolts by, 64–66 royalism among, 131, 150 La Paz, 41–43 self-government by, 70–75 Landázuri, Mariano, 108–9 tithing requirements for, 62–64 Landázuri y Eraso, Josef, 76 tribute collection, 72–73 Landers, Jane, 6–7

270 Index

Lasso, Marixa, 188, 232 in Barbacoas, 106–13 Latin America Boasé mine, 92–93 during Age of Revolution, literature on, cuadrillas, 102–3, 115–16, 120–21 5–7 freedom for, 183–86 independence wars in, 10 Guinulté mine, 92–93 liberalism in, 9–10 in Popayán Province, 92–94, 102–3, law. See legal regimes 106–13, 169–75 Laws of the Indies, 97–98 San Juan mine, 169–75, 186–90 legal regimes Teranguará mine, 92–93 slaves’ knowledge of, 13 minga (communal gathering), 142 in Spanish Empire, 12 War of a Thousand Days and, 142 legal rights Molina, Joaquín, 47 of Indians, 65–66, 86–87 monarchical crisis, 21–22, 53–54 for slaves, 34, 113–14 changes in community representation by liberalism, Spanish caciques, 145 indigenous people and, impact on, Napoleonic Invasion and, 1 155–56 opportunity for the enslaved during, 157 in Latin America, 9–10 Montalvo, Francisco de, 56–57 royalism and, 155–56, 235 Montes, Toribio, 47–48, 137, 155–56 López, José Hilario, 200, 231 Montúfar, Carlos, 47, 133–34 López, Tomas, 72–73 Montúfar, Juan Pio, 123 Lozano, Jorge Tadeo, 57 Morillo, Pablo, 56–58, 60–61, 139, 148, Lynch, John, 230 192 Mosquera, Felipe, 166–67 manumission, royalist slaves’ request for, Mosquera, José Rafael, 228 183 Mosquera, Mariano, 228 maroon community. See palenque Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de, 202–3, 217 Márquez, José Ignacio, 221 Múnera, Alfonso, 188 Martínez, Maria Elena, 21 municipal council. See cabildo Martínez de Segovia, Francisco, 77, 83–84, 135 naïve monarchism, 189 Mazo, María, 107 Nanny (slave), as black queen, 170–73 Medina, Ramón, 143–50, 197 Napoleon, Joseph, 38 Meiklejohn, Norman, 94–95 Napoleonic invasion Mendinueta, Pedro de, 76 news about and fear of, 124 Mera, Gerardo, 83 Quito during, 41–43, 123–27 Merced, María, 107 of Spain, 39–43 Merchancano, Estanislao, 196–97, 203 Spanish monarchical crisis and, 1 liberation of Pasto and, 209–11 Nariño, Antonio, 54 Messía de la Cerda, Pedro, 67 nationalist myths, in Colombia, 2 Mexico royalists and royalism as part of, 3–6 Afro-descendants in, 20–21 native authority. See caciques protector partidario de naturales in, Naya community, revolt, 206 144–50 New Granada, Viceroyalty of. See also military duty Colombia; Popayán Province for Afro-descendants, 151 abolishment of, 50–51 for Indians, 139–43, 150–56 Afro-descendants in, 20–21 protector partidario de naturales and, aguardiente reform in, 66–70 139–43 anticolonial movements in, 11–12 military reform, for Spanish army, 35–36 Bolívar in, 59, 191–94 mines, slaves in, 93–94 citizenship in, after 1810, 49–55

Index 271

Comunero Rebellion in, 19–20, 37, 65 Pasto, City of Consejo de Guerra Permanente in, 57 Agualongo and, 201, 209–11, 217 constitutional debates in, 40 aguardiente reform in, 68 constitutions in, after 1810, 49–55 antirepublican royalism in, 203–6 Indian revolts in, 64–66 Bolívar and, 196–99, 206–17 Indianness in, 89 Bourbon reforms in, 72–73 justice for Indians in, 86–87 cabildo in, 137–38 population in, 25–26 caciques in, 71–75 reform movements in, 34–38 chiefdom societies in, 25 response to French Revolution, 124 Constitution of Cádiz in, 155–56 restoration of Spanish monarchy in, district governed by the city, 25 56–61 “La Guerra de los Conventos” and, 221 royalism in, 46–47, 194–96 Indian royalists in, 151–54 slavery in, 94–95 indigenous people in, 2, 7–8, 24 sovereignty of Spanish monarchy in, liberation of, 201, 206–22 39–43 Merchancano in, 209–11 Nieto, Diego Antonio, 63, 100 politicization of Indians in, 132–33 cacique appointments in Yascual and politics of Indianness in, 87–91 Túquerres and, 73–74 population in, 25–26 investigation of Túquerres revolt and, protector partidario de naturales in, 75–76, 85 134–39, 144–50, 154 Northern Andes region. See New Granada; rebel royalists in, 196–99 Popayán Province Spanish liberalism in, 155–56 Spanish rule in, 1–2, 25–26 Obando, Antonio, 196–97 tribute collection in, 72–73 Obando, José María, 217, 221, 231 Los Pastos, 72–73 O’Hara, Matthew, 31 Angulo and, 124, 128–30 Olano, Nuflo de, 27–29 estanquillos destruction in, 75–76 Olave, Vicente, 211–12 Indian attack on, 125–27 Olaya, Manuel, 163–64 Indian mobilization during Aqualongo Ordóñez de Lara, Ramón, 62 rebellion, 203, 209 originarios, 138 Indian royalists in, 133–34 O’Toole, Rachel, 21 Indian tribute collection in, 127–34 links with Barbacoas, 209 Pacific Lowlands region, population of, mobilized by priest Benavides, 218 25–26 royalist guerillas in, 215–16 Pacific royalist block, 11–12, 137, 222–23, search for autonomy from the city of 234 Pasto, 134 attempts to reestablish, 206 tribute collection in, 72–73 as condition for continuation of royal Pastusos, 61 power across Peru and Popayán, Bolívar’s proclamations to, 215 235–36 faithful, 204 as context for royalist alliances in as ignorant and fanatics, 200–1 Popayán, 234 as liberators, 211 fractured in 1820, 192–93 military goals of, 214 in Peru, Quito, and Popayán, 191–92 punishment for treason and rivals, Quito and Santa Fe, 46 rebelliousness, 207, 214–15 pacts. See political pacts reaction to terms of capitulation with Padilla, José, 54–55 Bolívar, 193–94 palenque (maroon community), 104–5 Patía River Valley, 101 pardo politics, 188 during Agualongo rebellion, 203, 218

272 Index

Patía River Valley (cont.) imperial subjecthood in, 31 runaways in “El Castigo,” 104–5, Indian communities in, 31–32, 37 115–16 Indians as royalists in, 222–23 Patianos, 202 indigenous peoples in, 7 as allies of Pasto elites, 198 infanticides in, 92–93 Bolívar’s proclamations to, 215 judicial authority in, 33–34 in capitulation, 193 Junta Central in, 158 lampoon to mobilize, 219 political authority in, 33–34 relations with Indians, 212–18 population in, 25–26 Paz, Joaquín, 211–12 Quillacinga chiefdom in, 24 Paz, Melchor, 84 reformist movements in, 10–11 Peredo, Josef Ignacio, 68, 86 Regency authority in, 158 Pérez, Benito, 168 rejection of Spanish monarchy in, 1, 23–26 Permanent Court-Martial. See Consejo de revolutionary movements in, 10–11 Guerra Permanente royalism in, 3–6 Peru, Viceroyalty of royalist alliances in, 3–6, 46–48 Afro-descendants in, 20–21 slave economy in, 27–29, 53–54, 101–2 Creole royalists in, 43–44 slaves as mineworkers in, 92–94, 102–3, Paciﬁc Royalist Block and, 11–12 106–13, 169–75 protector partidario de naturales in, slaves as royalists in, 60–61, 157–69, 144–50 222–23 royalism in, 4–5 slaves in, 27–29, 53–54, 60–61, 93–97, royalists in, 4–5, 43–48 100–6, 157–58 Túpac Amaru rebellion in, 64–65 Spanish arrival in, 23–26 Pétion, Alexandre, 58–59, 228–29 spatial methodological strategy for, 11–12 Philip V (King), 10 sub-regions in, 30 Pianda, Andrés, 149, 209 populations, 25–26 Piar, Manuel, 54–55 Proctor, Frank, 96 Pirio, Marcelino, 107–8 protector partidario de naturales, 134–39 Piscal, Lorenzo, 63, 85 conﬂict between, 153 political pacts, within Spanish Empire, Gallardo as, 135, 139–43, 147–49 14–15 historical development of, 144–50 Popayán Province. See also Pasto, City of; Medina as, 143–50 Los Pastos military duty for Indians and, 139–43 Abad chiefdom in, 24 in Pasto, 134–39, 144–50, 154 African slaves in, 27 politicization of position, 143–50 Afro-descendants in, 20–21, 32, 101 protests. See rebellions alliance with French, 123–27 audiencias in, 33–34 Quillacinga chiefdom, 24 Bolívar in, 2 Quito, Kingdom of Bolivarian Army in, 8–9 aguardiente reform in, 66–70 cabildo in, 26–27, 159, 165 alliance with French invaders, 123–27 Cauca Valley, 161–64 anticolonialism in, 11–12 Cortes authority in, 158 audiencias in, 92–93, 145–46 Creole royalists in, 158 Bolívar and, 196–99, 206–17 Creoles in, 31, 35–36 under Bourbon monarchy, 41–43 elites in, 26–27 Constitution of Cádiz in, 155–56 free blacks in, 233 forasteros and, 138 freedom for slaves in, 100–6, 161–63 independence proclamation from Spain, gold production in, 29 133–34 historical development of, 22–34 Indian revolts in, 64–66

Index 273

Junta Central authority in, 42–43 Riofrio, José, 125 during Napoleonic invasion, 41–43, 123–27 Rodríguez, Pablo, 101–2 protector partidario de naturales in, 144–50 Rosero, Aurelio, 198 Regency authority in, 47 Roxas, Juan de, 86 response to French Revolution, 124 royal judicial courts. See audiencias royalism Ramírez, Marcelo, 63 during Age of Revolution, 9 Real Cédula, 98 Bourbon context for, 3, 15–16 Rebellion of Los Barrios, 67 in Colombia, 3–6, 203–6 rebellions. See also Indian revolts; slave deﬁned, 5–6 resistance; slave revolts; Túquerres, in Ecuador, 4–5 Indian revolt in among free blacks, 233 aguardiente reform as cause of, 66–70 Indian tributes and, 127–34 in Antioquia Province, 19–20, 37 Indianness and, 152 Aponte Rebellion, 173 among Indians, 131, 150 in Colombia, 194, 199–203 for indigenous people, 16 Comunero Rebellion, 19–20, 37, 65 in nationalist myths, 3–6 Haitian Revolution, 172–73 in New Granada, 46–47, 194–96 by Indians, 62–66 among Pasto Indians, 205 in Pasto, by slaves, 2 in Peru, 4–5 slave-led, 95, 160 political context of, during nineteenth Túpac Amaru rebellion, 64–65, 132–33 century, 9 Recopilación de las leyes de Indias, 63–64, for slaves, 16 97–98 as socially embedded, 12 reforms Spanish liberalism and, 155–56, historiographic interpretations of, 36 235 in Popayán province, 10–11 in Venezuela, 4–5 within Spanish Empire, 34–38 royalists in Spanish military, 35–36 Bourbon context for, 3, 15–16 Regency authority, 39–40 in Cali, opposition movements against, in Quito, 47 158–62 Remo, Ramón Cucas, 63, 85 in Colombia, 3–6, 191–94 republican states, formation of Creole, 43–44, 158, 164–65, 199 antirepublican royalism and, 203–6 Creole juntas, 169–70 Cartagena and, race as factor in, 231–32 deﬁned, 5–6 Colombia as, 224–37 in Ecuador, 4–5 Indians during, 226–27 Indians as, in Popayán Province, 222–23 smallholder republicanism, 226 in nationalist myths, 3–6 resguardos (community lands), 37 in Pasto, Indians as, 151–54 Restall, Matthew, 151 in Los Pastos, 133–34 Restrepo, José Manuel, 2–3, 164, 196, in Peru, 4–5, 43–48 200–1, 218–19 political context of, during nineteenth revolutions century, 9 Haitian Revolution, 172–73 in Popayán province, 3–6, 46–48 in Popayán Province, 10–11 slaves as, in Popayán province, 60–61, Reyes, Pablo, 83 157–69, 222–23 rights slaves as, under Tacón, 53–54, for slaves, during Age of Revolution, 157–58 186–90 in Venezuela, 4–5 in Spanish Empire, 13–14 Ruggiero, Kristin, 112 Río de la Plata, Viceroyalty of, 41–43 Ruiz, Miguel, 27

274 Index

Saether, Steinar, 226–27 in Antioquia Province, 19–20 Saija community, 206 colonialism as, 227–29 Saint-Domingue, slaves in, 172–73 communities of Africans as result of, Salom, Bartolomé, 195 120–22 Salvador, Bernardo, 93, 120 under Constitution of Cádiz, 52–53 Salvador, Manuel, 93, 115–16, 120 humane legislation of, 94–95 Sámano, Juan, 48 during independence wars, 59–61, San Juan mine, 169–75 157–58 freedom for slaves in, 186–90 Instrucción sobre la educación, trato y San Martín, José de, 8, 191–92 ocupaciones de los esclavos, 93–94, Sánchez, José Joaquín, 178–79 98–99 Sanclemente, José Joaquín, 183 laws of, 97–100 Sanders, James, 226–27 mediated by authority of king, 120–22 Santa Cruz, Tomás Miguel, 135–36, in New Granada, 94–95 211–12 in Pasto, 2 Santa Fe, Manuel, 114–15 in Popayán Province, 27–29, 53–54, Santa Marta, 131, 139 60–61, 101–2 Santacruz, Tomás Miguel, 198 under Real Cédula, 98 Sarasti, Cayetano, 166–67 in Spanish Caribbean, 97–100 Sarasti, Francisco, 133–34 under Tacón, 53–54, 157–58 Sarasti, Victorino, 166 throughout Spanish Empire, 27–29 Sartorius, David, 6–7 slavery laws Seijas, Tatiana, 20 Code Noir, 99 Selva Alegre, Marqués de, 123 in favor of servitude, 113–20 Séptimo, Fernando, 139 Instrucción sobre la educación, trato y Serulnikov, Sergio, 65, 81 ocupaciones de los esclavos, 93–94, Las Siete Partidas, 97–98 98–99 slave gangs. See cuadrillas Real Cédula, 98 slave owners in Spanish Caribbean, 97–100 Instrucción sobre la educación, trato y slaves. See also African slaves ocupaciones de los esclavos, 117–20 in Antioquia Province, 19–20 slaves mobilized against, by Spanish Asian, 20 monarchy, 1–2 in Barbacoas, 106–13 slave patrol. See zambos black queen and, rumors among, slave resistance, 95–96 170–73 slave revolts in Boasé mine, 92–93 Aponte Rebellion, 173 Bolívar and, 54 in Cauca Valley, 228 in Bolívar army, 54 on Guadeloupe, 160 Creole royalists and, 164–65 Haitian Revolution, 172–73 cuadrillas, 102–3, 115–16, 120–21 justiﬁcation by slaves for, 174 excessive cruelty towards, by Cortés, M., in the Paciﬁc Lowlands, 2 115–16 royalist revolts compared to, 173 excessive cruelty towards, in Popayán in San Juan mine, 169–75, 186–90 Province, 93–97 in Spanish Caribbean, 160 freedom for, in Popayán province, 100–6, slave trade 161–63 abolition of, 52–55 freedom for, under Tacón, 161–63 under Constitution of Cádiz, 52–53 freedom through self-purchase, 96, European domination of, 28 103–4 slavery in Guinulté mine, 92–93 abolition of, under Bolívar, 229 infanticides by, 107–13, 119–20

Index 275

Instrucción sobre la educación, trato y gold production for, 29–31 ocupaciones de los esclavos, 93–94, Junta Central authority in, 39–43 98–99 legal regimes in, 12 integration into liberation forces, by military reform in, 35–36 Bolívar, 229–31 mobilization of slaves against slave intellectual history of, 93–94 owners, 1–2 knowledge of law, 13 in Pasto, 1–2, 25–26 law in favor of servitude and, 113–20 political pacts within, 14–15 legal identity for, 93–94 in Popayán Province, 23–26 legal rights for, 34, 113–14 Recopilación de las leyes de Indias in, legalization of freedom for, 175–83 63–64 manumission of, 183 reform movements within, 34–38 meetings in juntas, 169 Regency authority in, 39–40, 47 as mineworkers, 92–94, 102–3, 106–13, rights and freedoms in, 13–14 115–16, 120–21, 169–75 slave economy as part of, 27–29 mobilization against slave owners, by sovereignty of Spanish monarchy Spanish monarchy, 1–2 throughout, 39–43 mobilization of, during independence War of Independence and, 38–43 wars, 59–61, 157–58 Spanish magistrate. See corregidor mobilization of, under Tacón, 157 Spanish monarchy. See also Bourbon in Pasto, 2 monarchy political culture for, 93–94 during Age of Revolution, loyalty of political identity for, 93–94 slaves to, 186–90 political radicalization of, 55 crisis of sovereignty for, 1–18 in Popayán Province, 27–29, 53–54, destabilization of, 21–22 60–61, 93–97, 100–6, 157–58 Indians’ loyalty toward, 82–85 under Real Cédula, 98 in Popayán Province, rejection of, 1 rebellions by, 95 restoration of, in New Granada, 56–61 as royalists, 60–61, 157–69, 222–23 War of Independence and, 21–22, in Saint-Domingue, 172–73 38–43 in San Juan mine, 169–75, 186–90 in Spanish Caribbean, 97–100 Tacón, Miguel, 123–25, 177–78 in Spanish Empire, 27–29 Abascal alliance with, 46–48 strategy of war used by, on Paciﬁc coast, Angulo and, 124, 128–30 217 Barbacoas and, loyalty to, 165 in Teranguará mine, 92–93 after battle of Iscuandé, 168 smallholder republicanism, 226 mobilization of slaves under, 53–54, Spain. See also Spanish Empire; Spanish 157–58 monarchy negotiations with Indians over tribute, Napoleonic invasion of, 39–43 130–32 War of Independence for, 38–43 promises of freedom for slaves, 161–63 Spanish Caribbean recruitment of slaves as loyalists, Afro-descendants in, 231–32 158–69 Real Cédula, 98 slavery under, 53–54, 157–58 response to French Revolution in, 124 Telembí community, 206 rumors of black queen in, 170–73 Terán, Francisco, 217 Saint-Domingue, 172–73 Teranguará mine, 92–93 slave revolts in, 160 tithing requirements, 62–64 slavery laws in, 97–100 Toro, Jerónimo, 209, 216, 218 Spanish Empire. See also New Granada Torres, Camilo, 57, 175–83, 187 Cortes authority in, 39–40 Torres, Gerónimo, 169, 176, 180, 183–86

276 Index

tribute collection, 72–73 Venezuela conﬂicts under Clavijo’s government and, First Republic of, 58–59 71–72 Morillo army in, 148 under Fernando VII, 153 royalists and royalism in, 4–5 under Gallardo, 139–43 Second Republic of, 58–59 Indians’ control of, 72 Viceroyalty of New Granada. See New offers made by caciques in favor of the Granada, Viceroyalty of king, 130–33 Viceroyalty of Peru. See Peru, Viceroyalty of reduction in exchange for loyalty, 130 Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. See Río de la royalism and, 127–34 Plata, Viceroyalty of Túpac Amaru rebellion, 64–65, 132–33 Villa-Flores, Javier, 111–12 Túquerres, Indian revolt in, 62–64, 75–83 Villalonga, Jorge de, 35 audiencias’ response to, 86–87 Vinson, Ben, 151 caciques in, 77–78 Clavijo brothers and, 78–80 Walker, Charles, 79 denunciations of the corregidor in, 78–80, war, jurisdiction and sovereignty, 39–41 82–83 War of a Thousand Days, 142 legal status of Indians, 88–89 War of Independence, 21–22, 38–43 punishment of Indians after, 85–87 War of the Supremes, 231 wars of independence, in Colombia, Ulloa, Antonio de, 73 188 Uribe, Jaime Jaramillo, 101–2 Weinstein, Barbara, 232

vagamundos, 138 yanaconas, 138 Valdéz, Luciano, 211–12 Yupanqui, Dionisio Inca, 147 Valiente, Juan, 27 Yurumanguí, mine of, 159 Valverde, García de, 72–73 Valverde, Manuel Silvestre, 163–64, zambos (slave patrol), 164 176–78 Zambrano, Manuel, 125 Van Young, Eric, 214 Zumpango, 141 Velasco, Manuel Alonso de, 177–80 Zúñiga, José María, 177