Within the Cemetery Which Surrounds the Parish Church of Rothesay, And

IV. NOTICES OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS IN THE RUINED CHURCH OF ST ' MARY, ROTHESAY JAMEY B . . ROGERSC , F.S.A. SCOT. Within the cemetery which surrounds the parish church of Rothesay, and contiguous to that structure, stands the ruin of the Church of St Mary, one of the ancient cathedral churches of the Isles. Nothing certain is known regarding foundatioe th f thino s edifice e choirTh . , which alone remains, measure7 2 s feet 7 inches in length, and 17 feet 8 inches in breadth ; the present height of its walls being on the south side 8 feet 7 inches, and on the north, over the entrance, 9£ feet. Under a low Gothic arch, formed within the substance of the

1 Reg. Vet. Aberb., p. 60. » Vol. i., p. 178. ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 467

south wall extended an , lengtt delevatea n a n ho d tombeffige knigha th f s yo i , t in full armour. (See Plates XIII. and XIV., No. ].) The head of this figure, which rests upo crestena d helmet encloses i , d withi bascinetna , from whice hth ventai r visoo l s absenti r e armsTh ., almost entirely covered with plat- ear mour, lie folded on the breast, where the hands, cased within gauntlets, rest with their palms opposed to each other on the gorget, the latter partially cover- camail e figur e bode th th g f Th yeo in . exhibit haubersa k consistin f chaigo n mail, reaching down to the middle of the thigh, over which is the jupon, the under portion of which terminates in an ornamental border. On the jupon is heater-shapea d shield,—charged knight,wite arme th hth f so 1—presentingn i , firse fourtd th an t h quarters fesa , s cheque,2 surmounte n middli d e chiea y b f lion's head erased, and in the second and third, the Scottish lion within the double tressure, a coat, which—ornamented with sepulchral figures in the form of angels—is repeate centrae th n do l divisiotome frone th th bf f o tundern o - neath. Buckled roun militare effige hipe th th ds f th yi so ylefe beltth t t sida , e of which is a fragment of a sword, and at, the right the remains of a dagger. lowee Th r figuree limbth f so , covered wit mixturha maif plateo d lan e armour, rest against a lion couchant, the tail of which is reflected over its back. On eac he sculpture sidth f eo d arms referre occupyins a o dt centre basee gth th f ,eo t irregulaa r distances from each other, occur four oblong groove r socketsso , into which were inserted the miniature effigies of eight men-at-arms, represented with flat helmets, each graspin thesf o ga speare e figureOn . exhis i s - bited in the sketch by Mr Mackinlay, prefixed to Volume III. of the " Archseo- logia Scotica. spacee Th "s betwee groovee nth s presen remaine th t quatrf so e foil tracery. Placed over the arch, at its apex, are the sovereign arms of Scot- land betwee liono ntw s e sejantheighshiele th th f f whico do t o t, h they cling. Mr Mackinlay, in allusion to the supporters of this coat, apparently uninformed regarding the distinction between the arms of empire and the personal arms of the sovereign, is not aware whether these ever were in use as supporters to the Scottish arms. With referenc whico et hI woul d merely observee , th tha n o t accessio Stewarde th f no discardee h , fese dth s cheque (his arm blood)f so , sub-

stituting s personahi s a , l achievement coas f sovereigntyhi ,o t , supportey db two lions sejant—thes l probabilital n ei y derived fro famile mth f FitzAlanyo 3

1fashioe "Th f embroiderino n gsurcoae armth n silf o othesr o tk o r rich material worn ove haubere th r r coak o mailf o t , became general durin thirteente gth h century."—Planche. 2 This figure, as executed on the jupon, is represented of four tracts; that of the shield underneat three.f ho 3 " In the twelfth century,'' says Mr Planche, " but one beast is to be seen on the shields of any of the great Anglo-Norman nobility, that one being a lion. The Earls of Arundel 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

—in which form they occur on the Privy-seals of his successors down to the reign of James VI. On either side of the armorial figure just described, with a short intervening space, occurs a shallow socket hewn into the wall, and over these again the remains of two similar recesses. It may be well here to premise that some diggings in front of this tomb, con- ducted by Mr Mackinlay in 1817, disclosed merely the fact of a catacomb formed in the underground portion of the wall, within which were found several skulls varioun i s stage decayf so . (See Plate XV.) monumene Westh f o t doorwaa s ordinare i t th f yo y oblong form immed an , - diatel ease th diminutiv a t o yt e Gothic window extending upwards from with- i ns summit walit e 2 bas e Jth o t lth f fee eo f .o t Midway betwee e latteth n r and the gable is the Piscina in good preservation. An upright oblong recess forme lowee th n rdi portio gable th f neo toward poine sth t wher t uniteei s with the south wall, shows the position of the ambry. In the centre of the gable is eastere th n window mullione th , tracerd san whicf yo h have wholly disappeared. (See Plate XVI.) Another similar tomb, constructe norte th hn di wall, unde canopra lesa f syo pointed form, contain femalsa e figure, execute reliefw habited lo an n ,da i n di gow kirtled nan , with tight sleeves reachin wristse th o gt . (See Plate XVII.) Over this is a mantle fastened on the breast, the edges alone of which appear- ing at each side of the effigy present traces of a foliated pattern. This is a succession of pointed leaves, the pedicles of which issue from an undulating stalk, extending apparentl entire yth e lengtgarmente th f ho . Reclinine th t ga left side of the statue is the figure of an infant attired in a loose robe. The e largeth hea f o dr effigy, supporte cushionso tw y db bouns i , d round wita h fillet, from which botn o , h sides, descends flowing drapery opposite Th . - eex tremity present a terminas l bas f simplo e e ornament whichn righe o , th t ta , figuree th foo f o t , appear a sdiminutiv e quadruped. This monumen consis i t - derably defaced, whethe timy rb r acciden eo difficuls i t ti determineo t t e Th . tome basth divides f bi eo d into eight compartment r panelsso , whic occue har - pied by a corresponding number of minute figures, habited in long robes, some of which stand erect, other e representear s d kneeling, lik figuree en th a f o s " Inhabited Cross." 1 Round the circumference of the arch appear to hav« been

[FitzAlan], Lincoln, Leicester, Pembroke, Salisbury, and Hereford, all bsar lions:" [This statement must be received with some qualification. In ancient armoury a lion was only distinguishable from a leopard by its position in the shield, and the inward or outward turn given to the animal's tail, which does not appear to have been very nicely observed.] terminformed1A m a I , t generallno , y understood r illustrationFo . , see Millington's translatio "f n o Christia n Iconography, My "b . Didron . 400p , . ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 469

place dnumbea smalf o r l figures, represented weeping, whicf o o h1tw alon- ere main. Between this monumen e gabl th Gothia s ed i an ct- windowre l al n i , spects similar to that in the opposite wall. (See Plate XVIII.) A little west- ward of the tomb and of the centre of the wall, is an arched doorway 6 feet high, and 2 feet 7 inches wide, the space between which and the entrance for- merly leading to the nave is broken by a narrow loophole window, which ex- pands as it recedes inwards. At the west end of the choir are the remains of the entrance referred to, the sides of which stand 5 feet 4 inches apart. The object of this paper being to ascertain the identity of the male effigy, and from thi probable sth efoundatioe datproe th b f eedificeo e -y th ma f no t i , per briefly to indicate the various opinions which have obtained currency regardin formere gth . Popular tradition connects this monument wit r JohhSi n Stewar f Bonkilldo , who fell at the battle of Falkirk in A.D. 1292. Another hypothesis would refer Joho t t i n Steward, sherif Butef o f , natura Roberf o n so l tdie o II. 1449n di ,wh . As a third conjecture, Mr MacHnlay, in a letter communicated to the Society of Antiquarie f Scotlando s e latth ey Lorb , d Bannatyn 1825n ei , concluding fro absence mth f brissur eo e roya th n lo e arms, suppose havo t t si e reference eithe Robero rt III.r o . , II tpreferrin lattere gth viea , w apparently adoptey db the learned author of " Origines Paroehiales Scotite." Altogether discarding the evidence deducible from the form of the military belt, introduced, according to Mr Planch^, about the year 1327, the first of these opinion entirels si well-ascertainee t asidth y se y eb d coa f Bonkillo t , described by Mr Henry Laing, which exhibits a bend dexter, surmounting the Stuart fess.2 (See Plate) XIX.1. . No , The second, which supposes its relation to the illegitimate son of the Steward, is scarcely more probable. If we except the English practice in the reign of Edward II. adduces a r ,Planch^ M y db , whe e distinctivth n e mark f lawfuo s l and illegitimate descent appea o havt r e been reversed differene th , t modef so denoting spurious birth may be reduced to the following. The most common, though, according to Montagu, not perhaps the earliest of these marks, was the baton sinister. Another form consisted in placing the arms on a bend dexter with the addition of the label. A third exhibited the paternal coat borne on a fess, in some rare instances on the cheveron and chief. The base sonnes of a

1 Mr Mackinlay supposes these merely " rude attempts at crockets or foliage." Possibly be is right. They remaine appeareth e m f huma so o dt n figures. Crockets, however, wert eno necessarily foliage. " Descriptive Catalogue of Seals," No. 780. The presence of the royal arms on the tomb 2of itself sufficient refutation. 0 47 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F P SO Y O

noble woman, it would appear, bore the arms of their maternal descent on a surcoat. The custom of marking illegitimate descent receives a further illus- tratio bearine th n i Jamesf go , Ear Morayf o l , naturaf Jameo n sso l IV.s a , illustrious than hi weli f s o ta l s successor ill-fatee th , d Regent, naturaf o n so l formee JameTh I finr. sV d bore Scotland quarterly, surmounted wite hth bend sinister. The latter, the same, in like manner, quarterly, debruised with bena d engrailed e sea f Roberto Th l . , Commendato f Holyroodo r , another

bastard son of James V., presents us with an example of the absence of brissure t unde bu ,exceptioe th r favoun priesthood,ne i th f o r t beini 1 g deeme- dun necessary to make any distinction in a coat which could not be transmitted to posterity. Nisbet, in his " Essay on the Ancient and Modern Use of Ar- mories," adduce bearine sth Alexandef go r Steward, Ear Marf lo A.Dn i , . 1404, instancan sa contrarye th o et , foundin n allegatioa g f illegitimaco n e th n yo simple fac non-successiof o t earldofathes e hi th o n t i r f mBuchano t thiBu s . t conclusiveno s s i certaii t I .n that prio 1587o t r , peerages beint no , g personal, passed wit alienatioe hth lande th thei possessort o f st nw o no rne s i t I . less certain tha instrumene th t Isabey b ts wif hi l e earlconveyine th -m hi o gt do Marf mo e Ear, th describef Buchan.f o l eldesto s a n m so shi Seeing then 2 that none of the distinctive marks of illegitimacy, so far at least as these have been ascertained, are here present, I think it highly improbable that this is the tomb of the sheriff of Bute. Following out the train of negative probation, I proceed to compare the sculptured coats of this monument with the authenticated bearings of the individual members of the Royal House of Stuart, assuming as the basis of investigation descriptione th . Laing'H r M sf so catalogu ancienf eo t Scottish seals. To the acute perception of Pinkerton we are indebted for the first glimpse of the authentic origin of this notable family. Penetrating through the myths of its early fabulous historians into the regions of unexamined antiquity, that in- credulous antiquary was led to suggest, as its original, the great Anglo-Norman famil FitzAlanf yo opinionn a , truthfulnese ,th whicf so bees hha n demonstrated

1 Churchmen (by birth, whether illegitimate or otherwise) generally, though not uniformly, bore the arms of their chief, without a distinctive mark. 3 The bastardy of the Earl of Mar, I am informed, is a fact well-established. I am aware he is generally so represented, but have not seen the evidence on which this rests. At all events it does not materially alter the position of matters. The Earl of Mar did not carry e plaith n coa fathes Stuarf o thi done d s ha r(a t ) quarterly t differencebu , d with three open crowns, the symbols representative of the lordship of Garrioch, My statement, that peerages, prior to 1587, like proprietary jurisdictions, were attached to lands and not to individuals, is on the authority of Wallace, the talented author of " The Nature and Descent of Ancient Peerages." ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 471

by Chalmer e pageth f "n so i s Caledonia. " Walter FitzAlan hel office dth e of Seneschal r Greao , t Stewar Scotlandf do reige th Davif no n i , . dI Walter, fifte descenn th i h t from this person, distinguishe memore shars th hi r n ei dfo - able transactio Bannockburnf no unites wa , n marriagdi e daughteth o t e f o r the Bruce. The offspring of this union was an only child, .Robert, who on the extinction of the male line of his maternal grandfather, in the person of David II., ascended the Scottish throne, under the title of Robert II. The male issue of the latter, by his first wife Elizabeth Mure, was John, usually designed Earl of Carrick ; Walter, Earl of Fife, of somewhat doubtful authenticity; Robert, Duke of Albany, who also enjoyed the inferior titles of Fife and Menteith ; and Alexander, Earl of Buchan. By his second wife Euphemia, Robert II. was father of David, Earl of Strathern, and Walter, Earl of Athol. On the death of the Steward, the succession to the Crown devolved on his eldest son John, better known by the title of Robert III. This king had been married to Anna- bella, daughter of Drummond of Stobhall, by whom he had issue, David, the ill-starred Duke of Rothesay, and the scarcely more fortunate James, his father's successor, the circumstances of whose tragic end are familiar to every reader of Scottish history. Keeping in view these historical facts, I proceed to examine the respective seals, commencing with those of Robert, Earl of Fife and Menteith. The earliest sea f thio l s person know existo nt s appendei , instrumenn a o dt t dated 1373, deposite chartee th n di r roo f Glammimo s Castle t exhibitI . plaie sth n coa Stewartf o t , distinguishe mullea y db t place n dextei d r chief point- An . other seal of Robert, in 1389, preserved among the Melrose charters, has a lion rampant surmountin fesse gth ; whil thira n erepresentes do i paternae dth l coat of Stuart, wit additioe hth a label f no , borne quarterly, secon thirdd dan , with a lion rampant, the latter being the feudal arms of the earldom of Fife. (See Plate XIX., Nos. 2, 3, and 4.) This last is supported by two lions sejant, and form^oe th n i f crest, display hea e neca d boasth f dan ko r placed betweeo tw n trees. Borthwick, in his " Remarks on British Antiquities," describes a fourth seal of Albany, which has for its crest the head of a wolf pierced with an arrow and holding in its mouth a rose. Alexander Stewart (the incendiary of Elgin Cathedral), younges f Robero n so t t Elizabetd II.an h Mure, otherwise desig- nated the Wolf of Badenoch, carried the plain coat of Stuart, quartered with the feudal arms of Buchan.1 The seal of David, Earl of Strathern, presents e paternath l coa f Stuaro t t augmente e symbolth y b df Strathern so , placed within a double treasure. (See Plate XIX,, No. 9.) The first seal of Walter,

1 Nisbet's " Ancien e Essath ModerArmories.f n d yo o an e t nUs ' 2 47 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

second son of the king by the daughter of the Earl of Ross, exhibits the sovereign arm f Scotlando s , surrounded wit bordeha r cheque. (See Plate XIX., No. 7.) On attaining the dignity of Earl of Athol, he bore Scotland quarterly, surmounted by a label of three points, conjoined with the emblems of Athol, Brechin, Galloway, and Caithness. (See Plate XIX., No. 8.) The crest, on a ca maintenancef po lioa , n sejant gandant crowned, holdin dextes a it w n gi rpa sword erect. This seal, it may be observed, presents us with one of the earliest authentic example r nationaou f o s l crestf WalterO .e th , f secono n so d Steward by Elizabeth Mure (if such a person ever existed1), no seal has yet been found. The absence, however, of such a document does not materially affect the conclusion—his death, according to the historians by whom he is recorded, having taken place prior to the year 1360, ten years before his father's accessio thronee s th impossibli o nt t i , imagino et reasoy an e n that woul- dac

count for the symbol of royalty being set up over his tomb. With the seals of Robert III., bot2 h of which differ essentially from the arms sculptured on the tomb, we exhaust the materials of negative proof. (See Plate XIX., Nos. 5 and 6.) With the second Robert only, the first of the royal house of Stuart, in my ' opinion, can this monument possibly have any connection. To this view ex- ceptio bees nha narmour e score taketh th f efashioo n e n o th , f whicho ns i t i , alleged inconsistens i , t with suc conclusionha e absurdit Th attempy . an f yo t to fix precise dates by particular styles of armour is sufficiently apparent. shalo lWh say, with strict regar chronologicao dt l accuracy, when this fashion began d whean , n thae endedon t ? "The styl f armour,o e " says Meyrick, " marks it as the fashion which prevailed in the reign of Henry IV." The flat helmets of the minute effigies, on the other hand, denote it, according to Planche, of the era comprehended in the reign of Richard I., while the manner whicn i arme hth sjupone occuth n o r, circumscribed withi a forman l shield, seem preseno st feature histor w wits th u tne n ha i f emonumenta y o l effigies, investin t witgi hcharactea r peculia itselfo rt . Leaving such speculation deey mma thos o st o theewh m worth f furtheyo - in r vestigation, I submit a plaster cast (of which the annexed drawing is a careful copy), fro unpublishen ma d sea f Robero l . whilII t e Ear f Stratherno l e th , perfect resemblance of which to the first and fourth quarters of the sculptured coats of the tomb, and to the figures which surmount the wreath of the crested helmet, places the matter, in my opinion, beyond a doubt. The case referred 1 It does appear that Walter Stewart, Ear Fifef o l , died abou yeae th t rt t i13GOi sno t bu , quite clear that this f Roberindividuao n . so II t s wa l 2 See Laing's " Descriptive Catalogue," Nos. 782 and 783. AiNTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 473

founds towa , along with another cast fro mwell-knowa ne Steward th sea f o l , an da silve r Roma ne drawe th coicabinea n f ni o r t formerl e possesth n i y- sion of a gentleman in Liverpool. Roun e circumferencth d e th f o e larger seal, as figured in the sketch, may be distinctly traced the letters, ft JtratJjer the terminal con- sonant, together wite otheth h r portions of the legend, being entirely obliterated, apparently from the softening of the wax of which e originath d beeha ln composed. labee a cas bac Oe th s i ntth f l ko wit inscriptionn ha , apparentln yi the handwriting of the late Mr Deuchar, seal - engraver, Edin- burgh, connectin originae gth l seal with the year 1370. At one of the corners of this label whicn is folded down appear some printed letters of that gentleman's name, aifording good evidence of the authenticity of this cast. Mr Deuchar appears to have made contribu- tions to Mr Laing's collection of ancient Scottish seals, and that one so im- portan thas ta t under consideration should have been omitte probabls di y owing to the circumstance that it had fallen aside and been forgotten. t iI s obvious tha arme th tthif so s monumen t represenno o d tactua e th t l coat borne by the king, but merely a fanciful arrangement by which the paternal 1 coat of the Steward, augmented with a portion of the royal bearing, is placed in the first and fourth quarters. His coat of sovereignty alternating in the second and third quarters with his arms of blood, according to the practice of heraldry e regardeb y ma ,significans da maternae th f o t l relation virtun i , f eo whic ascendee hh Scottise dth h throne. The recovery of this document, although only by copy, seems to set at rest a question often agitated by antiquaries, whether any portion of the sovereign ensign of Scotland was assumed by the Steward or his family, prior to his ac- cession. Thi s generallha s y been answere negativee th n di device e th th , n eo

seal of John (i.e., Robert III.) being commonly referred to the lordship of Kyle. Rober1 . certainlII t quarterlyt y coatsuseno o arrangement e dtw bu ,Th . t here referred to was probably only an idea of the sculptor, to show that the individual was entitled to those coats. Their disposition would of course take place in accordance with the prevailing no- tions of the period. I 2 VOL . PARII . T III. 474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

nots i t ,I however, alleged, that Roberconnectioy an . eveII d t rha n with that lordship, and the fact, which may be gathered from his earliest extant seal, as wel fros a l ms Countess hi tha f o t , tha chie s greaa ta f fo t family declinee h , d the symbol representative of his title of Strathern, which was borne both by his predecessor and successor, materially influences my conclusion that the lion's head erase withous di t doub portioa t nationae th f no l onls armsi t yI farthe. r e noticedtob e remain, th tha s a tf Kin o s g Rober . werII t e depositee th n di chapel of the palace of Scone, it is probable that the altar-tomb in the church of St Mary had been erected in his own lifetime (possibly during the period he last occupied the Castle of Rothesay, from the year 1381 onward towards the terminatio transference reign)s th hi y f e B king'no th . f o se remain- an o t s other plac f sepultureo e t i woul, d appea havo rt e been diverted fro s orimit - ginal purpose presence th ;catacome th f eo b underneath being inexplicablen ,o suppositioe th erectes nsuccessos thahi wa t y i tdb n memori r deceasee th f yo d king. This is rendered more probable by the empty sockets, noted in the preceding description, which evidentl t forno m o firse yd par th tf designo t .s Itwa no uncommon circumstance, if we may trust the statement of Weever, for great men to erect their own tombs. " It was usuall in ancient times," says this thesn i r day s i ewriterou s t i (1631o s ,r d person "fo )an f especialo s l ranke and qualitie to make their own tombs and monuments in their lifetime; partly for that they might have a certaine house to put their head in, whensoever they shoul takee db n awa deathy y b partld an , pleaso yt e themselves- be n i , holdin theif go r dead countenanc marble.n ei papea n I r" entitled, "Obser- vation Sepulchran so l Monuments," printe f "Volo n dArchteologia,i . II . r "M Lethieulliers make followine sth g allusio monumena o nt t erected e prioth o t r deceas individuae th f eo ls intende whowa t mi commemorate:—"Io dt n Hun- gerford church l Berkshireil , , thereffign a n memors ei i yr Rober Si f e yo d t Hungerford, who died 28 Edward IV., anno 1355 ; but this having been set up lifetime,s plaiM s i n s i a n fro inscription ma Frenchd ol n ni , beinthero n s egi date.s certaiit o t "s na In the preceding remarks I have attempted to show,— First, Tha populae th t r tradition which would connec male th t e effigy with r JohSi n Stewar Bonkilf do altogethes i l r unfounded. Secondly, That, as regards the Sheriff of Bute, no instances are recorded of persons of spurious birth having borne their paternal arms without brissure ; that the only exception to this rule was in favour of the priesthood) and that exceptioe th n cite Nisbey t substantiateddb no s i t . Thirdly, That the authenticated bearings of Robert III., and other issue of the founder of the Stuart dynasty (with the exception of Walter, second son by ANTIQUARIE5 47 SCOTLANDF SO .

his first marriage, whose existence, as a historical fact, is not beyond question) differ essentially fro sculpturee mth d monument e armth f so . And, Fourthly, That, from the negative and positive evidence adduced, it is im- possible to escape from the conclusion that the monument in question presents us with an actual representation of King Robert II., executed during the life- tim thaf eo t monarch. f thiI e considereb s s satisfactorila d y established t wouli , d see f consemo - quenc folloo et w tha edifice th t e itsel coevas fi l wit tombe hth t beini , g scarcely possibl o separatelconceive t ee erectioon th e f th o ef nyo froothere mth e th , latter entering not only into the general design, but also into the composition of the structure. " In country churches," says Mr Lethieulliers, "we usually find the ancient monuments either in the chancel, or in small chapels or side aisles, which have bee manore ne lordth th builpatrond f e o sy an s b th t f so churches, which for the most part went together." The appearance presented tome th by b which support female sth e figure, suggest idesubsequene a sf th ao t erection. That Robert II. had an addition built to the Castle of Rothesay,1 there are sufficient grounds for believing, and that the same individual should erec churca tvicinite royae th th n h i f lyo residence, require stretco sn cref ho - dulit imagineo yt . Although not directly relating to the immediate object of this paper, I may here take occasion to notice that, within the area of the choir, evidently of a date anterior to the edifice itself, is the figure of another knight, presenting appearance greaf so t age righe th , t han f whicdo h grasp e lef th tswordsa n O . is a modified example of the kite-shaped shield, from which the charge is obliterated. (See Plate XIV., No. 2.) This effigy, though not of the cross-legged kind, presents charactee mucth f ho thosf ro e monuments frod fore an m,th f m o helmete th othed an , r circumstances, might, without obvious absurdity- re e b , ferred to the beginning of the thirteenth century, about which time (A.D. 1210) Somerledf o Angusn so e ,th , Lor Argyllf do appearo ,wh havo st e hel manoe dth r of Bute sais i , havo dt e deceased probablo wh d yan , founde previoue dth s structure, whic dedicates hwa t Broke.S o dt 2 These interesting memorials of a by-gone age are fast hastening to decay,

finI d tha square tth e Castltowee th f ero of Rothesay erectioe ,th whicf no h is commonly 1 attributed to Robert II., was built by order of James IV., as appears by the chamberlain's roll, an extract from which has been kindly furnished ine by Mr Mackinlay. 2 It is stated, in opposition to the view of the late Dr M'Lea, author of the " Old Statisti- l Account,ca " that therevidenco n s ei shoo et w that Bute ever containe edificn da dedio s e - cated,—that the only foundation for the name is the popular designation of the midsummer fair of Rothesay, instituted by charter of James VI. in 1584-5. 2 i2 476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

and if means be not adopted for their preservation, must soon disappear before all-subduine th g influenc timef eo . RUSHFOBD PARK.

Addenda. newspapee th n I r reporproceedinge th f to meetine th f so t whicga pree hth - ceding communicatio s state reads wa dt nwa i , tha tr Josep ''M h Robertson shewed, from unpublished records in the General Register House, that while

erected Roberha . monumenda II t himselo t t f durin lifetimes notgs hi wa ' t i , t Rothesaya t Sconea t dond bu ,, ha thae e so."h t 1 That Rober havty IIe.ma constructed for himself a monument at Scone I do not question ; but that this fact necessarily precludes the possibility of that monarch having raised a like structur t Rothesaea differena t ya t period I ,mus permittee b t doubto dt t I . argues nothing against my view, that among the records preserved in the public archives mention is made of a tomb at Scone, and none of a tomb at Rothesay. And it is hardly to be supposed that all documents bearing on the earlier portion r nationa e Generaou foune th b f o sn o i dt l w lhistorno e yar Register House. Another objection offere referencd dpracticha e th o et quarterin f eo g armorial insignia, of which it was. alleged no example would be found of a date anterior to the year 1400. Any one who will take the trouble to refer to plate No. 4 of Williment's " Rega lPlancher Heraldry,M f o pago 5 t s r 16 e""o Pur- suivant of Arms," will there find represented the quartered coat of Elea- nou Castilf ro e (first wif Edwarf eo ddied o I.) ,thinkwh ,I , withi thirteenthe nth century.2 On the tomb of that queen in Westminster Abbey, will also be found arme th Englanf so Ponthied dan u similarly quartered arme f IssabelTh so . , queen of Edward II., who ascended the English throne in A.D. 1307, are represented quarterly. The coat of Edward III. is a quartered one, so also is that of his queen, and those of the other members of the house of Plantagenet. There is somewhere preserved an embroidered counterpane, executed, if I rightly remember, in the year 1JS22, bearingthe quartered arms of the Earl of Hereford,3

t showi s n1Wa thaseae th tl seae produce f Roberth lo t no ts d i II. tha r arme o , d th t san crest engraven thereo t corresponno o nd d wit sculpturee hth monumene th f so t? 2 Queen Eleanour, according to Parker's " Glossary," died A.D. 1296, according to the Rev. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A. [see his communication printed at p. 167, vol. xxix., of "Archseologia"] placa t a e called Hardby, near Lincoln 28te Novembeth f ho n o , r 1290. 3 Reference is made to this coat at page 343, vol. ii., of the " Archseological Journal." ANTIQUARIES OP SCOTLAND. 477

though, accordin Montaguo gt firse th , t English subjec boro quarterea ewh t d Johcoas Hastingse wa tn d , second Ear Pembrokef lo , A.D. 1348. possiblt Bu 1 y it was the practice in Scotland to which it was intended to restrict the observation. If this be what was meant, the objection is equally untenable. Take the following quartered coats fror Laing'mM s " Descriptive Cataloguf eo Ancient Scottish Seals,"—

A.D. No. 496. Walter Leslie, Ear . l of Ross136, 7 ,, 238. William, Earl of Douglas and Mar, circa, 1378 ,, 513. Liiidsay, Earl of Crawford, created, . 1398

Other examples migh adducede b t t thesebu , I think, , will suffice.2 Another objection, which relates to the absence of a crown encircling the helmet of the effigy, is soon disposed of. The tomb of Edward the Black Prince at Canterbury, I believe, was instanced. That which surrounds the helmet of this figure is not a crown, but a coronet, placed there " rather by way of ornament than distinction," and " totally different from that subsequently assigned to s rank. hi similaA " r ornament encircler e helmee Si effigth sth f o f yo t William Wadham Ilminsterf o , , Somersetshire, evidentls wa o Princeo wh y3n . It will be evident to any one who shall give the subject his attentive consideration, that this monument can possibly only relate to one of three individuals, viz., to Robert II., Robert III., or the bastard son of the former, who held the office of Sheriff of Bute. Regarding the second of these, I have already stated my reasons of dissent. The question, therefore, obviously rests between the other two. Armorial insignia either had or had not a significance. These were either assume individualy b d denoteo st their descent "d displaan , y their pre- tension o certait s n honour r estates,o s r wero " e simply whimsical figures,

give the quotation from the inventory of the goods of the said Earl of Hereford and Essex, a seditoe citeth f Parker'y rdo b s "Glossary,"—"j. autre [quintepoint, i.e. quilt] quartels ede armes Dengleterr Hereford.e d t ee " [A.D. 1322.] 1yea e Dieth r n d1375i . 2 A good paper on the Quartering of Arms will be found in the " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. xcvi. Boutell'e 3Se s " Monumental Brasses. "solitara t Thino s syi instance. Tak exampln ea e oppositn oa f e kindequestriae Th . n Greae figurth n to e Sea Roberf lo . presentII t helmesa t surmounte simpla y db e crest , helmee whil correspondine th th n ef o to g figursuccessos hi f eo r occurs a ducal crown. In the effigy of the Knight of Somersetshire, we have an example of a commoner with a coronet; in the seal of Robert, of a king without a crown. In England,. from the reign of Edward IV., it would appear, coronets were worn indiscriminately by. princes, peers, and even knights. 478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

destitute of meaning and adopted at random. That the latter view is not borne out by facts, it would be idle to prove. Heraldry, according to Mr Planche (a gentleman ver ye accuratel b unlikel o t t yno y informe thin do s subject)d ha , been reduced to a system at the commencement of the thirteenth century. As- suming, then (what I hare no means of knowing to be true), that under that syste methoe mon f distinguishindo bastare gth d son f Royaltso y consisten di placing the sovereign coat in the second and third quarters, as exemplified in the lower shield of the monument, what is the explanation of the fact of the private coat of Royalty without marl: or 'brissure—such only as was borne by the king—being placed in the most prominent position? Simply, it would appear assertioe th n i , n thae arme Royath th t t s love no arce e rth h ar arm t all,a s 1 whic t i hteem s evideni s wels a t l fro absence mth crow a f eo n over the shield as from the presence of the lions that support it. Unfor- tunatel r thiyfo s view e premiseth , s being false o necessarils , ye musth e b t

conclusion e RoyaTh .l arms remai e Royath n l arms wit r withouho e th t presenc crowna f eo , supporte centipedelioa a r y no db unicorn,a a beetle r o 2 . The sculpture of this monument represents not the imperial insignia of Scot-

land, but, as has been elsewhere shown, the personal bearing of the Scot- tish sovereign, 3 which, so far as relates to the point at issue, is identical; besides stone th , e which contains this sculpture being broke f immediatelnof y above the shield, nothing remains by which it may be determined either in favou againsr ro suppositioe tth crowa f no n havin time on e t gsurmountea d these arms. That such ornament t invariablno d sdi y accompany regal e coatsb n ca ,

satisfactorily shown wels A l. migh affirmee b t ti d tha coae Edwartf th to d IV., represente "Willimenn di t withou coae th f Edward o crown,tt a t no s i 4 , because• of the place of that ornament being occupied by a chapeau, or " cap of main-

1 Had it been affirmed that these are not the arms of Royalty, the objection would have been intelligible assero t t Royalt,bu e thath t t no thearms, e yar simpls i y absurd sone Th s . and grandsons of the Scottish Kings, not in the direct line, all, or most of them, displayed the Royal bearing, debruised, or quartered with the insignia of their feudal lordships; but Royae th l Arms—still distinguishabl such—is ea n their possession ensige , ceaseth e f b n o o dt Royalty, or other than the private insignia of the individual. 2 This figure—the supporter of the arms of the Scottish monarchy, as distinguished from the personal insignia of the monarch—does not appear on seals till the reign of Queen Mary. Previou thiso t smoss a , t people know nationae th , l ensig s displayenwa shiela n do d (not solely on the shield) borne on the arm of an equestrian figure, which occupied one side of the Great Seal of preceding monarchs, an arrangement which precluded the use of supporters. Whoever doubts examin y thisma prive eth y James'e sealLaing'r th f M so n si s book. "e RegaSe 43 l Heraldry,. "55 . platp , ex. ANTIQUARIE9 47 SCOTLANDF SO .

tenance," while in the preceding example of that monarch's arms, from the stone compartment over the entrance to Hertford Castle, given in the same plate, the shield is surmounted by a crown,1 and supported by a lion and a 'bull. What- eve containee rb trut observatioy e th hma n di f Montagno u regarding opinion and usage in respect of the bastard, that while " the stern eye of the law recog- nised in him no rights either of blood or inheritance," illegitimacy " was really held as being but little derogatory," it is scarcely to be credited that in the matter of armorial insignia the base-born issue of our ancient kings enjoyed higher privileges than the sons of lawful wedlock.2 Monmouth, the natural son of Charles II. morn ,i e modern times, trueis ti , displayed the'nationarinsignia of these realm a tomb sn o withou ,t a banner no n o d ts brissurean , wa t i t bu , an pai e penaltyde h dth . It is worthy of remark, that the plaster cast3 (figured at page 473), on which'is chiefly founde opinioy dm n regardin identite gth thif yo s ^remain, is,'i judge nth - ment of Mr H. Laing, beyond question a copy of a genuine seal. If, therefore, the cast be authentic, it plainly follows that the seal of which it is the representative was that of Robert II. The inscription contained on the seal itself, with the circumstantialit namhandwritiny of dat the and eein MrT)euchargof , makes this clear. It is obviously not the seal of David, Earl of Strathern. This document t wili , observede lb , differs only fro lowee mth monumenre coath f o t t

figure 1Th e here referre presento t d s onl fragmentya e othe crowna th f o d r poran , - tion completelo ss y removed, that whad ,ha t remains been subjeeted]t same oth e causest i , might have been difficult to determine whether such an ornament ever had a place in this sculpture. 2 It will be seen, by referring to the armorial sketches [Plate XIX.], that on the escutcheons of the legitimate issue of King Robert II., where the sovereign ensign occurs entire, in two instance thref o t e sou (on thronee thesf heith e e o borns coa i e o th rt t e f th )i o te wit ha labe l of three points. [Figs. 4 and 7.] In the third example it is surrounded by a border cheque. [Vide Fig. 8.] These sketches,relates heraldia e r th fa o st o s c questio quarteringf no d san charges, have been accurately copied from sulphur casts of origina lHenr r sealsM y y,b Laing, the ingenious author of "A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Scottish Seals." I have said tha certain ti n instance bastare sth d carrie principae dth l figure charge paternae th th n si f eo l coat cheveron,placee th n do sometimed an chief.e sn other I th als n o o t si woul d appeao t r have been borne party per cheveron, charged with certain figures of the paternal arms, probably adopted in accordance with the fancy of the bearer—such is the coat of Sir John de Clarence "s GuidStudhi e f th ,o Montagr giveo ye5 t M 4 o . y fnp b Heraldry. t ua arme Th s" o fJohr "Si n Stanley, bastarde, "e Pursuivanth f o 6 " figure15 Arms,f . o t p t da " presena t curious exampl composea f eo d coat, into whic introduces hi anciene dth t badgnoble th f eeo hous Derbyf eo . With respec mannee th o t tdistinguishin f ro "e g bastarth fixialis,e th f do " sufficiens i t i remaro t t bearino n presene ks th thaha n g o t i t question. 3 The cast referred to, with others from the arms of the tomb, are in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 0 48 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO Y O

in tha lattee th t quartere s i r d witroyae th h l bearing circumstanca , e whichI have endeavoured to explain. 1 In all other respects it is precisely similar—the Stuart fesse surmounted in middle chief by a lion's head erased—the crest, in both cases Talbot'a , s head, chaine collaredd dan , over-toppin trellice gth e work, r honeycombeo d figure which surmount helmete sth . In a note addressed to me by David Laing, Esq. (one of the Editors of the Proceedings), along wit e proof-sheetth h e presenth f o s t article e suggesth , s that as the monument is neither that of Robert the Second nor Robert the f somThirdo t e bu ,perso n legitimately connected wite Royath h l family; whethe t i mighr t havno t e referenc o Waltert e , Eighth hereditary Great Steward, who married the daughter of Robert I. He says, " The quartering of the shield, 1st and 4th Stewart, the 2nd and 3rd the Royal Arms, or the Scottish Lion within the double treasure, seem to me most distinctly to refer to Walter Steward, 8th hereditary Lord High Steward of Scotland, and to his wife Marjory Bruce, daughte f Robero r . I t If, r Lain"M g continues, "the monumen erectesucceedes o wa tthron wh theie y db n th so ro Roberds t ea t II., explaiy thi sroyama e cause th nth f leo arms beinge placee heath th f do t da monument. Walter, we know, died at Bathgate in 1327 or 1328, and, accord- statemena in o gt Bar.bour'n ti ' eirdit s ' Bruce,s wa ' e (interredh ' Paisleyt )a . Chamberlain'e th Bu n i t s account yeae th rr 1379sfo , while ther paymente ear s for the king's own tomb partly brought from England to Leith, and from thence to Edinburgh, there is specially entered, ' Et Andre Pictori pro labore t sumptibue s sui t cariagise o factpetris~ordinat.o pr , tunibasd a Patris t Ma-e tris Domini nostri Begis.' (Compota, &c., vol. ii., p. ^103.) No place is men- date tioned th nearls ei d an , y fifty-two years afte father's hi r s deathsuba n I - . sequent account of the year 1379, we also find, ' Et in solucione Andree pictori pro uno petra de alabast. pro tumba prime sponse Domini nostri Regis, xij. li.' (Compota, &c., vol. ii., p. 111.) This, of course, was Elizabeth Mure, who died before 1363 r sixtee,o n years previously alse sais oSh i hav.o d t e bee- nin terred at Paisley. A previous entry in 1375 might seem to indicate Linlithgow

place asth e where Walte buries rwa wel s dfathera s hi l , viz cariao . pr :— t - E ' Th1 e following pertinent remark, which had previously escaped my observation, occurs in "a Glossar Termf yo s use Britisn di h Heraldry," referreprevioua n i o t ds note (printet da Oxford by John Henry Parker, 1847), apparently on the authority of a work on " Royal Descents, . LongE . C , y M.A.—"b " The Royal Arms," says this author, " brought intoy an family by am, heiress, are usually placed in the SECOND quarter.'" I presume it is scarcely necessary to inform the reader that the quarters of an escutcheon count, from his view of any coat, from left to right. Across the upper half of the shield, 1, 2, and across the lower half, in like manner, S, 4. The Royal bearing on the sculpture of the Rothesay tomb occurs in the second quarter. ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 481

giis petrarum de alabastro pro twnibis pro patre Begis et Auo a Leth vsque Lithcu.' (Compota, &c., vol. ii., p. 84.) I do not, indeed, think the above sug- gestio quite b o ent conclusiv face Roberf th o t t , constructinbu II te; g suc- hmo numents soon afte accessios hi r throne th no t s remarkable ei wels i t o i t l d an , keep these notice vien si wforminn i theory gan y regardin interestine gth - gmo nument t Rothesay.sa " It gives me pleasure to learn, that through the good offices of Mr. MacHnlay, late of H.M. Customs, whose name incidentally occurs in the preceding pages, the entire choir and monuments which compose this venerable ruin will shortly be placed in a state of preservation. This gentleman—a zealous antiquary, especially in all that relates to the history of Bute—has given orders for a conservative applicatio e outeth o rt n surfac d sculpturean e e principath f o s l tomb whicr fo , deservee takhh o e wh thanke pleasurl sth al f so preservin n i e g the crumbling records of the past.

Monday, July 13, 1857.

COSMO INNES , Chaire Esq.th n i ,.

r JOHM N STUART reporte meetine th do t recentld g ha tha e h t y receive a communicatiod n froe Secretarmth e Boarth f f o yo d Manufactures, announcing that the Board had allocated the large octagoo gallertw d n yan Royae roomth n li s Institution, presently occupie Eoyae th y db l Scottish Academy suitabls a , e apartmentr sfo e Society'th s Museum n termTreasure i , th f so y minut 1851f eo . These apartment occupie w e pictureno th e Acae y th b dsar f -so demy, but, on the removal of the latter to the National Galleries, they will be ready for occupation. He stated that it was probable a vote of the necessary funds for adapting the apartments to purposee th e Societth f o s y passee mighb t dye t durin e pregth - sent session. 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OP Mr STUART stated he had received a communication from Mr FARRER, announcin resumptioe gth diggings hi f no Orkneyn si f ,o which an account would be furnished to the Society.

Reve Th . HENRY WALKEK, Ministe parise th f Urquhartf ho o r , Elgins wa , elected a Corresponding Member of the Society.

e followinTh g Donation Museue th o st Librard man y were laid on the table :— Two Urns of reddish clay, found in stone cists on the top of Caickmuirhill, paris f Borthwicko h , Mid-Lothian y JOHB .N BORTHWICK, Esq Crookstonf o . thesf o e e UrnOn . r "so Drinking - Cups " measure | 6 inches heightn si f acros5 , mouthe sth 3 d J an , across the base ; the other is 7^ high, 6f across the mouth, and 4 inches across the bottom. The larger one has somewhat of a Vandyke pattern round its upper and lower part, the spaces en- closed by the crossing lines being alternately smooth, and lined across ; and round the centre of the Urn is a band of straight and oblique lines runnin n differengi t directions fro middle mth e line, the whole having been made with some sharp instrument; the smalles ornamentei e on re usua th n li d way, with straighd an t oblique lines impressed with a twisted cord. A Gold Armlet, consisting of a twisted band of gold, gradually becoming narrower towards each extremity, which terminatea n si hook t measurei ; s abou inchet4 diametern si bane ,th d being about incn a t itf ha so greatesf t breadthReve referres i th t .y b (I .o d t Mr Walker in his subsequent communication on some of the Antiquities of the parish of Urquhart.) By the Rev. HENRY WALKER, Urquhart. A Ring-shaped Ornament of black stone (see drawing, p. 484), ANTIQUARIE3 48 SCOTLANDF SO . and portions of a broken coarse clay Urn, found in a cist near Yarrow Kirk, Selkirkshire. By ANDREW CURRIE, Esq., Dar- nick. Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie, 2 Serie, Tome X.; et 3 Serie, Tome I. 4to. Paris, 1855. By the SOCIETY f ANTIQUARIEo f NORMANDYSo . Archaeological Journal r Septembe- fo 2 De 5 , d d Nosan ran 1 .5 cember 1856. 8vo. By the ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAI IRELANDD NAN . Archseologia Cambrensis. Nos. 9, 10, and 11, for January, April, and July, 1857. 8vo. By the CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AS- SOCIATION. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. V., Part IV., Vol. VI., Par . I t8vo . Dublin, 1853-54. Transactione th f so Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XXII., Part V., Science. 4to. Dublin, ROYAe th 1855y B L .IRIS H ACADEMY. Three Small rudely Carved Wooden Deities from Africa; one femala e carryin gsnaka e; BronzA e Socketed Celt, with side loop threand , e parallel lines aloninche4 blades e i g th t sI long. 2y Jb , acros a face e d sth an ; Small Roman Lamp of coarse pottery. By ANDREW BROWN, M.D., Weymouth. Historica d Topographicaan l l Descriptio f Reptone o n th n i , count f Derryo y y ROBERB . T BIGSLEY, M.D. 4to. London, Authore th 1854 y r BIGSLEYB D ,. , Chelsea. followine Th g Communications were then read:—