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Building Real Communities in a Virtual Space?

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Building Real Communities in a Virtual Space? COMMUNITY NETWORKS: BUILDING REAL COMMUNITIES IN A VIRTUAL SPACE? by Neil K. Guy BES, University of Waterloo, 199 1 THESIS SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the department of GEOGRAPHY Copyright O 1996 Neil K. Guy SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY July, 1996 All rights resewed. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Neil Kenji Guy Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Community Networks: Building Real Communities In A Virtual Space? Examining Committee: Chair: R.B. Horsfall, Assistant Professor N.K. Blomley, Associate Professor Senior Supervisor Hahsim, Associate Yrotessor Xchool of Communication P. Bpdhrofd, &sociate Professor School of Community and Regional Planning University of British Columbia External Examiner Date Approved: PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Community Netwo r ks : Buildieea1 Communities In A Virtual Space? Author: Neil Kenii Guv (name) 1996 (date) ABSTRACT. Thls thesis examines a number of community computer networks in British Colum- bia, Canada, focusing on questions of human community. Particular attention is given to the nature and character of the place-based communities that these net- works are claimed to embody and promote, and the ways in which the networks are said to build and enrich local community. Community networks are a form of computer-mediated communications (CMC) that emphasize serving local and geographically-defined communities, rather than purely non-spatial communities of common interest. Community networks are thus com- pared to and contrasted with the virtual communities of interest said to be present on many CMC systems. Interviews were conducted with volunteers from several British Columbian commu- nity networks, including Vancouver, Victoria, Campbell River, Nanaimo, Parksville/ Qualicum Beach, Prince George and Vanderhoof. Generally, respondents did not consider the building of local community to be a priority of their organizations, although they &d recognize it as being one of the general objectives of the commu- nity network movement. The thesis concludes that there is a gap between the views of many community net- work advocates, who frequently hold the buildmg of local community as a primary goal, and the volunteers with the systems surveyed, who generally focused on the buildmg of public space on the information infrastructure as their primary goal. Some of the significant barriers - economic, political and internal - to achieving this goal are also examined. For wy parents. The dilemma of the critic has always been that ifhe knows enou~hto speak with authority, he knows too vnuch to speak with detachment. Raymond Chandler, A Qualzfied Farewell. ...nerds run the world! Douglas Coupland, Mzcroserfs. Acknowledgements. I extend special thanks to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Nicholas Blomley, for his extraordinary patience. I would also like to thank all of the indwiduals - hardworking volunteers all - who agreed to be interviewed for this thesis. Finally, thanks to all the regulars on EFnet #ecto and DALnet #in&go-girls for their friendship and support. Table of Contents. Titlepage ................................................ i Approval ................................................ ...11 Abstract ................................................ IU Dedication .............................................. iv Quotations .............................................. v Acknowledgements ........................................ vi Table of Contents ........................................ vii List of Tables ............................................ xii List of Figures ........................................... xiii Online Address .......................................... xiv Chapter One .Introduction Introduction and Rationale ............................. 1 Thesis Statement ..................................... 2 Thesis Structure ..................................... 2 Definitions ......................................... 4 Community Networks ................................. 4 Computer-mediated communications (CMC) ................ 5 Community networks as a form of CMC .................... 6 Community building .................................. 6 Community networks and Geography ..................... 8 Previous studies of CMC ................................ 10 Technophilic views of CMC............................. 11 Technophobic views of CMC............................ 13 Community networks as a potential middle ground ........... 17 Previous studm of community networks ................... 19 The need for study and the nature of this thesis .............. 21 Part I .Literature Review and Methodology. Chapter Two .Literature Review . 2.0 Introduction ........................................ 24 2.1 Dehtions of Community .............................. 24 2.1.1 Classic definitions .................................... 24 2.2.2 Ferdmand Tonnies ................................... 25 2.2.3 Modern conceptions of 'community.' ..................... 26 2.2.4 Popular definitions of community........................ 29 2.3 Virtual communities.................................. 30 2.4 Entirely virtual communities ............................ 34 2.5 The place of community networks ........................ 38 Chapter Three .Methodology . 3.0 Introduction ........................................ 42 3.1 Methodology ....................................... 42 3.1.1 Interview Respondents................................ 43 3.1.2 Personal Experience.................................. 44 3.1.3 Interview Structure ................................... 45 3.2 Interview Questions .................................. 47 Part II .An Overview of Computer-Mediated Communications. Chapter Four .Technical Background. Introduction ........................................ 49 Basic technological paradigm ............................ 49 Common types of CMC systems .......................... 52 Major corporate online services .......................... 52 Commercial Internet service providers ..................... 55 Bulletin Board Systems ................................ 57 Community networks as dminct from commercial services...... 58 i)Locd............................................ 58 ii) Universal Access ................................... 59 iii) Community Outreach .............................. 60 iv) Non-commercial and Diverse nature of Content ........... 63 v) Information as a community good, not a commodity ........ 65 vi) Community Participation ............................ 66 vii) social gods...................................... 68 Chapter Five .History of Community Networks . Introduction ........................................ 69 Early Community Networks in the us ..................... 69 Community Memory - the 1970s........................ 69 The early 1980s...................................... 70 The Cleveland Free-Net - the mid 1980s.................. 73 T~~NPTN.......................................... 74 Community networks in Canada ......................... 75 Other Canadian community networks ..................... 76 Telecommunities Canada and the federal government ......... 79 Telecommunities Canada and the NPTN .................... 81 BC Community Networks .............................. 83 I viii Part Ill .Empirical Findings and Analysis . Chapter Six .Description of Selected Community Networks . Introduction ........................................ 85 Campbell River Community Network ..................... 86 Historical background to the community network ............ 86 The technology...................................... 89 Local information .................................... 91 User Structure ....................................... 93 Commercial content .................................. 94 Public Access ........................................ 94 The Mount Arrowsmith Community Network .............. 95 Historical background to the community network ............ 95 Nanaimo Online ..................................... 98 Historical background to the community network ............ 98 The National Capital FreeNet - Libertel de la Capitale nationale .........................................101 Historical background to the community network ............ 101 Nechako Access Network Organization (NANO) ............. 103 Historical background to the community network ............ 103 Prince George Free.Net ............................... 106 Historical background to the community network ............ 106 The Vancouver CommunityNet ......................... 108 Historical background to the community network ............ 109 Charitable Status..................................... 114 The Victoria Telecommunity Network ....................116 Historical background to
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