CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL CPD DEVELOPMENT Developing nursing care plans NS832 Ballantyne H (2016) Developing nursing care plans. Nursing Standard. 30, 26, 51-57. Date of submission: August 31 2015; date of acceptance: October 16 2015. Abstract Aims and intended learning outcomes This article aims to enhance nurses’ understanding of nursing care plans, This article aims to enable you to develop reflecting on the past, present and future use of care planning. This a comprehensive understanding of nursing involves consideration of the central theories of nursing and discussion care plans so that you may begin to of nursing models and the nursing process. An explanation is provided of critique, adjust, develop and adapt them how theories of nursing may be applied to care planning, in combination to suit the requirements of different contexts with clinical assessment tools, to ensure that care plans are context of care. After reading this article and specific and patient centred. completing the time out activities you should be able to: Author Outline the concepts and processes of planning care that enable you to use nursing Helen Ballantyne Staff nurse, Transplant Continuing Care Unit, care plans effectively. Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, England. Discuss how nursing models and the nursing Correspondence to: [email protected] process relate to nursing care plans. Describe how nursing care plans can benefit Keywords patients and nurses. care bundles, care pathways, care plan, care planning, critical thinking, Identify potential problems with nursing models of care, nursing process, nursing theory, patient-centred care care plans in practice. Outline the advantages and Review disadvantages of using nursing care plans in practice. All articles are subject to external double-blind peer review and checked for plagiarism using automated software. Introduction Revalidation Nursing care plans are based on nursing Prepare for revalidation: read this CPD article, answer the questionnaire theory, which is taught throughout nurse and write a reflective account. www.rcni.com/revalidation education, but is seldom revisited thereafter. Nursing care plans are complex, involving Online many aspects of nursing theory and practice. Therefore, nurses may find it difficult to For related articles visit the archive and search using the keywords above. understand how these aspects relate to care To write a CPD article: please email [email protected] planning in practice. Guidelines on writing for publication are available at: The terms ‘care planning’ and ‘care plan’ journals.rcni.com/r/author-guidelines. are often used interchangeably. This contributes to misunderstanding of the theory of care plans, encouraging some nursing staff to dismiss them as irrelevant to practice. ‘Care planning allows a nurse to identify a patient’s problems and select interventions that will help solve or minimize these problems’ (Matthews 2010), and ‘Care plans are the written records of this care planning process’ (Barrett et al 2012). Essentially, care planning is the action, while a care plan is a record of that action. NURSINGDownloaded STANDARD from RCNi.com by ${individualUser.displayName} on May 18, 2017. For personalfebruary use only. No24 other:: vol uses30 nowithout 26 :: permission.2016 51 Copyright © 2017 RCN Publishing Company Ltd CPD care planning Evolution of planning nursing care nurses to identify with the patient’s potential and In 1978, the planning of nursing care was actual health problems (Aggleton and Chalmers becoming a common topic for discussion in the 2000). Assessment may be considered the first nursing profession (Clarke 1978). In contrast, stage in the planning of nursing care, since it starts a nurse job analysis in 1953 did not recognise the process of gathering information to make or include care planning as a nursing task decisions about suitable interventions. (Goddard 1953). Reflecting on past ways of In general, planning nursing care is working, Lelean (1973) observed that nursing the process of setting goals that provide care was often dictated by ward routine. benchmarks for evaluating care. These goals It was a functional, activity-based method of may be adapted after the nursing intervention nursing where patients became names on a list has been implemented. Modifications to this according to the procedures they required. process may be used, depending on factors There are anecdotal stories of care being such as the culture of nursing, the context or provided by word of mouth, via bath books, the patient. A nursing diagnosis stage may be TPR (temperature, pulse, respiration) books, inserted between the assessment and planning dressing books and work lists. This reflected stages. Carpenito-Moyet (2009) stated: ‘a a task-based system of nursing, where the nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about emphasis was on the activity rather than the individual, family or community responses patient. However, by implication, there was to actual or potential health problems/life planning of care using these lists, since care processes.’ Therefore, a nursing diagnosis was provided and patients’ needs were met. acknowledges the actual or potential health The aim now is to provide individualised care, problem and labels it. ‘A nursing diagnosis is with emphasis on the patient’s unique needs. commonly referred to as a diagnostic statement This evaluation of care planning in nursing or identification of problem or need’ (Matthews history does not make the assumption that 2010). This stage is not often used explicitly nursing in the 1960s and 1970s was poor in the UK. However, it may be argued that and nursing in the present day is better, nor it is used implicitly throughout the nursing does it reflect the level of care given or the process since patient needs are identified and outcomes experienced. Nurses have always addressed. For example, consider a patient planned, carried out and documented that handover, where nursing diagnoses are often care, albeit in varying levels of detail. It is the made after a formal assessment, and several method of planning care that has changed over nursing diagnoses, for example, anxiety, risk time (Walsh 1998). For example, consider a of impaired skin integrity and disturbed sleep dressing change. In the 1970s, the care was pattern, may be used routinely. planned in the dressing book, the task ticked If one applies the nursing process to a off once completed and plans made to repeat familiar life activity, such as buying a house, the care if required, with a further entry in it is possible to understand its usefulness. A the dressing book. One can speculate that family plans to move house; the assessment care plans may be required now more than consists of a list of needs, for example a garden, ever, given the increased complexity of care, a primary school nearby and three bedrooms. access to information and changing healthcare The process is planned; visiting estate agents environments. or using online tools. The intervention is when the family moves in. Evaluation of the situation The nursing process is continuous, as the family assesses the house, 1 Make a note of all The development of the nursing process lives in it, adapts it, reassesses and possibly the nursing models you (Yura and Walsh 1967) may be considered the moves out once their needs change. can think of. Consider most influential change in approaches to thinking Complete time out activity 1 them individually and about nursing care. The nursing process is a clear try to remember the and straightforward cyclical model, consisting of Other nursing models basic principles of each. four concepts of nursing: assessment, planning, The next aspect of nursing theory to consider, Is there any particular implementation and evaluation. The central while keeping the nursing process in mind, is model which you believe consideration of the nursing process is that it nursing models. These models offer a range of applies best to your looks first at the patient and then thinks about the beliefs and values to guide nurses through the place of work? Discuss care that is required, rather than deciding what stages of problem-solving and provide direction this with a colleague to care the patient needs and then looking at the regarding that which is relevant and important find out if you agree. patient and how this might be implemented. The (Barrett et al 2012). Walsh (1998) described the emphasis is on patient assessment, encouraging nursing process as a tool to provide structure to 52 fDownloadedebruary 24 from:: vol RCNi.com 30 no 26 by:: 2016${individualUser.displayName} on May 18, 2017. For personal use only. NoNURSING other uses without STANDARD permission. Copyright © 2017 RCN Publishing Company Ltd care delivery and models of nursing as tools to example, a patient with a supportive family, instruct us on how care should be given. no comorbidities and an effective relationship Several definitions of nursing models refer with their GP may recover more quickly from to their use in the nursing process. They often a myocardial infarction than a patient who provide detail to be used in conjunction with is recently divorced and has type 2 diabetes the nursing process to facilitate care. Many and a history of missed GP appointments. In nursing models fit into one or more of the this model, nursing is required when the line four stages of the nursing process. However, of resistance has been diminished and can no several nursing models were published before longer protect a person. The emphasis is on the nursing process was formalised. This lends preventive health to ensure that the patient is validity to the nursing process, since it indicates well-equipped to resist any stressors that may that the process was in use informally before it arise as a result of their diagnosis. was formally documented. Each of these models of nursing has different Models of nursing can be abstract and priorities.