Hristiyanlik Tarihinde Fransisken Tarikati

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Hristiyanlik Tarihinde Fransisken Tarikati T.C NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANA BİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HRİSTİYANLIK TARİHİNDE FRANSİSKEN TARİKATI ABDÜLKADİR KURT YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Danışman DOÇ. DR. MUSTAFA SAMİ BAYBAL Konya -2012 iii T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü BİLİMSEL ETİK SAYFASI Adı Soyadı Abdülkadir KURT Numarası 094245031006 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri / Dinler Tarihi Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans x Doktora Öğrencinin Tezin Adı Hristiyanlık Tarihinde Fransisken Tarikatı Bu tezin proje safhasından sonuçlanmasına kadarki bütün süreçlerde bilimsel etiğe ve akademik kurallara özenle riayet edildiğini, tez içindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, ayrıca tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel kurallara uygun olarak atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. Abdülkadir KURT iv T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KABUL FORMU Adı Soyadı Abdülkadir KURT Numarası 094245031006 Ana Bilim / Bilim Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri / Dinler Tarihi Dalı Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans x Doktora Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Mustafa Sami BAYBAL Öğrencinin Hristiyanlık Tarihinde Fransisken Tarikatı Tezin Adı Yukarıda adı geçen öğrenci tarafından hazırlanan Hristiyanlık Tarihinde Fransisken Tarikatı başlıklı bu çalışma 27/09/2012 tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonucunda oybirliği ile başarılı bulunarak, jürimiz tarafından yüksek lisans tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ünvanı, Adı Soyadı Danışman ve Üyeler İmza Doç. Dr. Mustafa Sami BAYBAL - Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ahmet ARAS –Jüri Üyesi- Yrd. Doç. Dr. Doğan KAPLAN - Jüri Üyesi- v T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Abdülkadir KURT Numarası 094245031006 Ana Bilim / Bilim Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri / Dinler Tarihi Dalı Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans x Doktora Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Mustafa Sami BAYBAL Öğrencinin Tezin Adı Hristiyanlık Tarihinde Fransisken Tarikatı ÖZET Hristiyanlık, Hz. İsa’nın peygamberliği ile başlayan, kutsal kitabı İncil olan, ilahi kaynaklı ve günümüzde mensubu en fazla olan dindir. Hristiyanlık-diğer tüm dinlerde olduğu gibi- mensuplarının zamanla geçirdikleri; ekonomik, kültürel ve sosyal değişimlerden etkilenerek, yaşamını sürdürebilmek ve mensuplarını kaybetmemek, hatta daha da artırabilmek için, kendisini güncelleme zorunluluğu ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu zorunluluk zamanla, Hristiyanlık içerisinde, dini yorumların farklı algılanışları sebebiyle kendisini; Katolik, Ortodoks ve Protestan gibi mezheplere ayrılarak göstermiştir. Mezhepler içerisinde de dini algılama ve yorum farklılıklarından dolayı, İncil’i ve Mesih İsa’yı farklı yorumlayan, yorumlarını kendi hayat tarzları haline getiren ve etrafına taraftar toplayan ve kurdukları tarikatlarla, Hristiyanlık Dinine farklı bir bakış açısı kazandıran –Hristiyan Literatürüne göre- azizler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu Azizlerden birisi de Assisili Aziz Fransua’dır. 1182 yılında İtalya’nın Assisi şehrinde dünyaya gelen Fransua aldığı dini eğitimin ardından İsa gibi fakir yaşamayı, İncil’i okumayı, insanlara İncille vaaz etmeyi ve dilenciliği bir yaşam şekli haline getirerek, düşüncelerinin etrafında insanları etrafında toplamayı başarmıştır. Yaşadığı dönemin sosyal ve ekonomik sıkıntılarına ve ilk zamanlarda Papa’nın karşı çıkmasına rağmen zamanla taraftarları artan Fransua, ortaya koyduğu dini hareketini yazdığı kural ile sistematik hale getirmiş ve tarikatının ilk şeklini oluşturmuştur. 1226 yılında 45 yaşında iken vefat eden Aziz Fransua’nın, hayatını misyonerliğe adaması, kadınlar için ilk tarikatı kurması, savaşa ve silaha karşı çıkması, Orta çağın baskıcı tutumuna karşı durması, Kiliseyi eleştirirken kiliseye karşı saygı ve bağlılıktan ödün vermemesi, İsa’ya benzeme çabası doğaya önem vermesi gibi özellikleri, aradan geçen yedi asıra rağmen günümüzde hâlâ hatırlanmasına, vi taraftarlarının koyduğu kurallar çerçevesinde dünyanın birçok yerinde misyonerlik faaliyetlerine devam etmesine ve Hristiyan Hacılar tarafından ziyaret edilmesine sebep olmuştur. Aziz Fransua ve taraftarları Orta Çağın kapanıp, Rönesans döneminde Hümanizm akımının ortaya çıkmasında katkı sağlamışlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hristiyanlık, Aziz Fransua, Fransisken Tarikatı vii T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Abdülkadir KURT Numarası 094245031006 Ana Bilim / Bilim Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri / Dinler Tarihi Dalı Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans x Doktora Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Mustafa Sami BAYBAL Öğrencinin Tezin İngilizce Adı : The Franciscan Order in Christianity History. SUMMARY Christianity is a religion which begins with the prophecy of Jesus, its holy book is the Bible. It is also the religion of divine origin, and today has most members. Christianity was influenced by economic, cultural and social changes that its members encountered with, in the course of time like in the other religions. Therefore it had to update itself in order to survive ,not to lose its members and increase them even more. Because of the different perception of religious interpretations, this obligation shows itself by dividing Christianism into Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant denominations in the lenght of time. Because of the perception of religion and differences in interpretations within the denominations - according to the Christian literature - some saints have emerged. These saints interpreted the Bible and Jesus Christ differently, brought their comments into their lifestyles, gathered the fans around themselves and lend a different perspective to the religion of Christianity with the religious orders that they founded. One of these saints is St. Francis of Assisi. After his religious education, Francis, who was born in Assisi, Italy in 1182, succeeded in gathering people around his ideas by making it a lifestyle; living in poverty like Jesus, reading the Bible, giving biblical preaching to the people, and begging. Despite the social and economical difficulties of his period and the objections of the Pope at the first time, Francis increased the number of his followers and by writing the rules, he has made his religious movement systematic and has created the early form of his order. St. Francis who died at the age of 45, dedicated his life to missionary. He has established the first order for women and has opposed the war and weapons. He stood against the oppressive attitude of the Middle Age and while criticizing the Church, he has always remained faithful to the respect and loyalty. Besides them all, his efforts to be like Jesus, his characteristics such as giving importance to the environment has viii resulted in his still being remembered in spite of the intervening seven centuries. Those features of him also resulted in his followers’ continuing the missionery movement all around the World and his being visited by the Christian pilgrims. St Fransua and his followers contributed to the closure of the Middle age and the revealing of the Humanism movement in theRenaissance period. Key Words: Cristianity, St Francis, The Fransican Order ix İÇİNDEKİLER BİLİMSEL ETİK SAYFASI ...................................................................................... iii TEZ KABUL FORMU ............................................................................................... iv ÖZET ........................................................................................................................ v SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................... ix ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................... xv KISALTMALAR ....................................................................................................... xvii GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................................... 1 I. Tezin Amacı, Önemi, Kaynakları, Yöntemi ve Sınırlandırılması ............................ 1 A.Konunun Amacı ve Önemi ............................................................................ 1 B.Konunun Yöntemi ve Sınırları ....................................................................... 1 C.Konunun Kaynakları ..................................................................................... 2 II. Hristiyanlığın Tarihsel Gelişim Süreci ................................................................... 3 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM I.AZİZ FRANSUA’NIN HAYATI ............................................................................ 15 A.Hayatı, Gençliği ve Eğitimi ......................................................................... 15 B.Fransua’nın Dine ve Tanrıya Yönelme Evreleri ........................................... 16 C.Eski Yaşantısını Terkedip Cüzzamlıların Arasına Katılması ........................ 19 D.Aziz Fransua’nın Manevî Gelişimi .............................................................. 25 1.İnhiraf ............................................................................................. 25 2.Rabbini Tanıma ............................................................................... 25 3.Dünyayı Terk etme .......................................................................... 26
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