TALKABOUTSEX

AMultidisciplinaryDiscussion

Editedby

RobertScottStewart

CAPE BRETON UNIVERSITy PRESS SYDNEY,NOVASCOTIA

evolving

Since

a

porary

with

from

replacing

lodge

and

and

from

core

Speaking

and

porary

the

rejection

become

culture

are woman?

about

are

questions,

identity? person

p

The

Authenticity

the .

non-philosophers

gender

Lauren term

rigid

substrate

so

proper

While social

the

literature. 3

mirrored

how

hilosophers

through

predictably critical

concept

enlightened

them and

I

common

oppressive “essentialism”

categorical of

of

If

was

we

factors

and, How

and

Thanks

to

claims

belonging approaches

identity

identity

upbringing

Bialystok

that

with

know

yesterday

oneself,

theory

in

personal

gender.

of

Authenticity

to

can

tends

a

is

have

in

that authenticity

a summoned

more

and

view to

binaries

set

that often

markers

assignments. 2

lesser as

I

all

alike.

are

feminist

to how

that

know seem

though

What of

long

to

the

to

on

and

a

Trans fluid

of

corners

what

cashed so

person raise

feminist,

extent,

these

these

same

are

“few

This sex/gender

that

to

persistently debated

cultural

such

is

if

concepts

does

as is

1122

we it

and suspicion hinge

a seems

I

Identity

other

is

questions

as

called

dictate out

facets

were

of condition

remains

a

am

as sex

to

never

the

it term

queer

poststructuralist

academia.

sexual

as

what

account

relationships,

on

mean

being

are

at words

fixed,

person

that identity

of

“the the

the

essentialism.

if of

maligned,

first

truer

now

identity? the

theory,

not

differ,

makes

philosophy

of orientation

liberate

infallible to

real

authentic?

meaning

in

predetermined

same

for

I

fidelity blush

frequently say

scorn

than

Chief

that am

the

self”

the

we

some

that

someone

today?

vocabulary

person

the bodies

so

when dominates

to

among

obvious

have

critique” and

or

to

of

among Diana

little

of

and

one

be These suggestion

one’s assumptions

an

sex

recognized

personal

Do

queer

discussing

over

begun and

incompatible

gender

“is”

inner

who philosophers

or interrogated, and

Fuss

I

influences “essence.”

them

metaphysical

of

identities

have (1989:

contem extricable

time. t

a

discourses

gender,

contem

she

truth,

man

to

notes

identity identity,

that

a

is

dis

as

have “true”

is sex

Is xi).

the or

of

and

the

of a

circles

excluded

sexual)

an

First,

violence

as

a

identities

criteria

philosophize

not

of

intuition

with

woman, to

ported

attempt person

and

embracement to

can

to

hard

belong

by

first-person

rather I

to

terms

By

interpret

“essentialism

addressed

epistemic, Furthermore,

on

authenticity trod

identity

steer people.

also

the

ally—with

oft-invoked

to

Before

what is

regressive, rival

the learn sex

essentialism,

The from

to

the concluding for to

“really”

sex/gender

experiences

writing

are

narratives by

to want then

than

In

trans or

fulfill.

and

to concept of

clear

accounts.

inclusion basis

trans paper

about

assess philosop1ers

The

single-sex

authoritative

gender

this

I any

in authenticity,

about

them

mostlyin she

feminist begin,

gender

authority, authority

to

persons.

of

a

a

of

that

apologies

if

about

narratives Second,

is people

paper

convincing

proceeds wars”

new

woman. 8

sex lightning

delimit

essentialism. whether,

is

applying

of

not

sometimes interpretations

the

charitably that

where

of

identity.

identity

a

and

in they

and

authenticity,

a

woman. 7 binaries. perspective,

most

gatherings dangerous.

categories

these

I

each,

few in principles. 6

There say

other we

argue

regarding

I and

self-conceptions

according

are

gender for

the

I

for the

feminist

demonstrate as

Trans

of

for

Authenticity

about

rod,

a

caveats trans

suggest can

might

I

themselves.

account,

not follows. issues,

contribute

but

trans

type

traditional the

and disciplines

are invoked

latter

instance,

will

Finally that

for

understand

“authentic”

from

of

people,

trans

such

apparently

themselves people’s at

and

that

faithfully. offering

of people

admit

theory focus

their

I

to authenticity

men,

are

I questions

least

is

that

First

follow

authenticity

take

and

this

which

I

and as in

understood

they

persons’

how

misrepresent,

to

an in

address

If

women’s

own

philosophical

may women particularly

we

two discussions on

put

of of

a Trans

experiences.

analysis I

and

MTF showing order.

as

a

five

fruitful enrich

outline these

men

judgements

Talia trans

much

trans the instrumental

as loosen

I trans

ways

my age-old

shed

identity. of

queer/gay

want

identity

well

some

components

avowals

may

or (male-to-female

identity and

As

sex

primary

components

festivals person

I

Mae

people

in an and

new

in people

of women. 9 what

conception

why

am

our

as

of a

in my

MTFs,

so

anticipated

and

which terms

pathologize

questions

area

sex/gender

/cissexual 5

with

Next

argue Thus,

lens

trans

light fact talking

123

on,

Bettcher’s

about

they I

dogmatic of

theory

avers

and

of

and gender

take

material

have

use and

that

authenticity disputing

of apply to

philosophical

this Moreover,

trans 4

that on

1

have identity

for

anyone

lesbian

are

seem

of

that

feminist

do

ask

of

their identity topics

to

has

about

about ethical,

the

to

a

occurs.

objections

this

authenticity.

trans

be

intuitively

ordinarily

compellingly

more

identity

my

qualified been or

what

notion

people—an resistance

she been

the

square

to

perennial

own

implied

do

studies.

as

can that personal group

the

so best

apply

is

traits

re

if

gener

sounds we

over-

are

in of

for

behaviour

logical

‘The

certain

thing

of

to

qualitatively

ticity

others

reducibly

myself

Although

tell,

accordance

are

be

Authenticity

completely

identifying Authenticity

be

self-description.

on

not

person

activity

not

If

description When

men

are

often

distinguished reassignment

stipulated

relations an

determine

“inauthentic”—to to

deserve

on embody

authenticity

gender implies

status—who

our

some

acts

a

and

intersubjective

are These

therefore

do

authentic,

relation alone

and

the

Second,

intuitions

internal.

is

denied

I

of

what

of

my

with

shaped people

speak authentic

better,

with

different

basis women.

because

none

thought

and

that

being

of

is the are

in

possibilities in

of

whether

inadequate.

others

the to

that

the

regarded personal

lauding

selfhood

all the can

some

sex/gender

there

,

it

of she from

of

of

refuse

There

other .

by

or

is

about

self

misappropriations

has DSM-IV.

authenticity

the

my

person’s

of

reasons,

be

is and transitional

authentic truer,

is.

external

opinion

see

be

metaphysical

a

are such

to an

ascribed

a

people.

respect

behaviour

is

to

become

However,

question

the

deliberation,

authenticity untrue

of

identity

candidate

as those

that

for others.’ 3

always

insistence

different

Two

treat

than

me.

conditions

that

condition

neither

behaviour, and

being

or

Because

forces,

takes

“True”

if

and I

people

who

to

trans

However, to

I others.

therapies

social

it “born”

hope diagnostic

by of

a

is

am

judging

oneself—we

If individuals

alone,

matches

self

ways privilege

and his!her!hir’ 2

for

truth

hypothesis a

authentic as

are that

I

and

the

people

referring of

for

relation

of

to

psychiatrists may

am

its

as

categories.

that

If

sex

the

understood

men

the

not authenticity.

investigate

of

condition whether authenticity

by

sincerity a

referent

about it

the being

and

authenticity

undertake

trans being reassignment

up

vocabulary

were

authenticity

exceeds

practice

doing associated

deemed according

and

very

transsexuals, at

of

with

procedures

to

would

one

myself.

relation

all, authentic,

the

person

not

women

an

myself,

only

I

Hence,

possibility

justice and

are

are

could

of

it

broadly this

am

what the

inherently

self

among

the “true”

somehow

is

not must

authenticity

the

with

the to

insincerity, on

identified

I

a

being

person’s No

relationship

question to

cannot

same

use to

be

way is

some enjoy their

I to

make

gatekeepers

the whether

they

I

self his/her/hir

have am nor

itself.

a transsexuals one

them.’° authentic to

trans

am

to psychiatrists

of

“true,”

of

basis

activity

authentic.

in

identified

include given

possible

of

as

first-person and

seek.”

authen

describe

a

living

authentically

else some

onto

being.

as

point

question, by

It persons’ them

authentic

which

is

a

of I

therefore

based is

can

criteria

that by

ir

see

trans

self, to

in

‘They

to

are

sex it.

sex!

is, to

tions

political

without

all

does

of

cism

This

truth

ing

this

term

between

that

structure.

will

ficient

“criteria”

authenticity.

of

the circumstances, are

metaphysical

is

or

who

any

concept,

to

Sartre

truth,

is

true inauthentic.

disposed

undertakes

component

with it

tegrity

with person’s

trans

regarded

person’s

but The

instantiate man.

“authentic” access allow

may

men,

while

in

usually authentic; complexity

oneself.’ 5

I

mean

ceasing convictions

ethical

one

want

conditions

to

question

Authenticity in

one’s

one

first which

which

therefore

not

persons

The

in

but Without

when us

the

really

wherein the

to

because

to

“essence”

“true

to

very

to

another. order

as

to

I

conform

men-only

authentic

component one

principles to

evidence

relationship

other

designation

choose is another

propose Unlike

identify

but

the

Inauthenticity

does one

investigate valuable

to

essentialist it

of

she

be is.’ 6

notoriously

is

difficult

self.”

may

seem, of

for is

a

imagines

is

to

selfhood “true

the

actually

being

oneself.

the

type

person,

is

is

possible

them not

It

it

has

One

authenticity.

the is. avoid

not.’ 4

feel to lying being

speaks will

of not

internal five

something

self

spaces

consistency

but

exceptionally, necessarily

almost

self,” In

normative often

of

term

authenticity

of Authenticity

able

to

between might

that that who

specific

possible

components

be

claims and

For other

it suggesting

“bad

For constitutive

to

thorny, conduct

between

that

“true

in authenticity meet.

will

to

is

it

called while

“components”

to

others,

is

been acting

advocates and

principle

without

instance, one’s example,

is

the a

feel

deployed

it faith”

point

words,

have

disregard to

applications

This

nonsensical

as are

to I the

seems manifest

not external

rules.’ 7 at

assumption

the

imagined she

will

a

but and

herself,”

way

one’s

“essential”

imagine

in is

quite

however,

hypocrite; greeted, issue

action

to

that

(his

only

of is

to

not

exception.

other

accordance is of

Trans

to

what undertakes

two

a a

then

has

be

of

to

merely

authenticity

with

donning

an

behaviour

certain

person

Nonetheless,

the

imagine

in term

because

is for, these

congruent itself

being. aspects

rather

treat obvious

and

biological

Identity

and

to

entity might

that

the

to

as

exactly

not

more argue

but

person’s

ethical

of

authenticity

or

to

for

do

one

speak

a a

as some

so action

how

are

with

true

person type

Hence between than

in

violation

working

state a

with specifically

oneself?

of

inconsistency

that of

inauthenticity)

productively.

with

feel

or

in

reductively.

costume another

that

who

and

125

order

necessary

is

and

intent.

the

oneself identity,

do will

further

some

of

females

strong

set of

the

“real”

that of

those the authenticity

that element

having

the

authenticity

a

its

we

is

some

conduct usual

show

of alignment

more

all

convergence

to

behaviour

account

is internally In

of,

person

was

sense

she will

essentialist

in

know

experiences

properties

are

lifelong

identity? convic apply

fact not

because

aspects

which

could

almost

skepti some

order

fact and

why

What

been

familiar

is, undertaken away

to

consistent

be

what

and

a about

as

in

be the

others.

the

that

about

suf moral

they itself

dress called

lying

to inner

may

or

is

fact,

most

and

of

then

gain

a

in

the

as a

facto

to

choose

set

ferent

of

inauthenticity

still be

For

ity.”

should

content

permanent),

its

the

new call

into

event

political

change.

reduce

ally

does

ments

being

we actions.

If

which of the

to

time.

able,

ficient

introspection.

central properties

identity

“inessential,”

criteria

identity,

authenticity.

convictions?

raised

the

being

authentic.

Third,

‘This

it

duration possibilities. 18

isolated

authentic—the

person

would

question?

perspective?

inauthentic.

re-identification

as

not

weren’t

Second,

be could

by

same

(Dasein),

We

of

we

the

authentic Paul

endurance

task

convictions. Consider

some However,

in

the

prove

to,

authenticity. some

for

is

as

choose

have that

do

altogether concept

not

a

events

alter

not

are

individual ought

of

is

Ricoeur

our

same

There a

slightly

for

consistently

the

not If

different

At not

other

that

logical

all a

we

So even

the

different

no

distinguished

that

Second,

identity;

If

There character

her personal

by

identity

use

what

or

enduring

to to

the

just

individual. would

while

to

one

even

of basis

must

we

kind

this

virtue

from

behaviour, of

actions.

Is

characterize

were

defines perspective

different

but

subsume be

authenticity,

First,

authenticity

outcome

example

who

semantic

is

are

that a

content

it

point

behaviour

character

of

contrasted

be on

we

human

modes

a by

even cease

separating

not

revealed

and a

characteristic

to

temptation

(or

of ambivalent

thing

properties

some the

first-person

lasted

which

can

the

expect

as

Authenticity

happen,

would

the possible

As

political

not

some yet

if

under

to

“the

that fact just

to

choices

of

of

be

but

individual

habit

enough

that

way the

Heidegger

be

fact

by

is

be

to we longer, can

or

being

in

to

the

designated

with

that

the

we

set

we also

mentioned understanding

true

what

ourselves?

triviality: the

at

individual

designated

judge the

the which can

to

of

that

find are

that

is

be

about

milieu,

first

least

a

can of

perspective. say,

true

we

does identify

understanding

challenging

possibilities

available

assumed

things

person to to

first

be

necessarily

or

misleading moniker

tracks

distinctive

is

we

as

no

some

act

understand

a

the

call

two

stripping

set

do neatly the

suggests, “essential”

self

this

real being

not

component

chose

such

having

as

we

habitually

It

not authenticity over

of

of

that

some

makes whatever

as

something

one

components,

profound

to

is

“authentic”

overlap self;

scenario,

to

to

would

convictions

a

“inauthentic,” pinned

“authenticity,”

use

the

of difficult

clear

be

Just

a it.

the

that be

are

authentic. person

available

and

marks

as

away

developed

protracted

of

we

authenticity

enduring

within

But

enduring same” it

as

possibilities

to

authentic,

a

same

a

as

the

always

in robustly,

division

incorporated should

metaphysical.

we perfectly

may

“inauthentic

basis

part down.

us

life-changing

elements

critics it

like

this

which

a to

of

with

do convictions

must

certain

from

(1992:

is

her

to

instance be whatever would

imagine

individual

of,

character,

for

in

is

because identity),

be

alternative

period

have

a

while

(if

Essential

habitu

own

through there surmise,

strong

just

fact

to

habits

dif permit

but

and

also with

what

judg

de

as

not

119).

of

way

refer

we

suf

a

not

any

our

of is

convince

than

with

find

banker

difficult,

villain.)

or

no

the

obvious

glean

how

even

decline

person

tions

desire

conviction

despite

or

seen

one that

ideal

a nate

the

of

but

that it

propriate to

the herself,

true the

to

priori

it

expectations can

we’ve

Finally,

most

ity

authentic

what authenticity

more

though actualize

who the

whose is various say

usually

are

to

in

material

from

him

presupposes

Moreover,

motive

converges

even to

in than

is Fourth,

self,

to riot

be

coincidence.

costly

an

that

value,

reason

immune people,

a

others

truly

question. be

comfortable

conform

hates

irrespective

interpreted

of

real

fully instance

that

sources

uncomfortable,

to

rather

life as

it

different. it

requires influences

authenticity

the

or

for his

may

do. amenities

consequences

violated

I

need authenticity

possibility,

for

his

to

has are

of

so.

forms inauthentic

applies

there

indicated with

higher

potential

for the

to

think Hence

than her

to

the

job

It

seem.

this

both doing.

where

more

forces

The

not

is

some

social

an authentic

to

as

the

of

are peers.

possibility

Still,

part and

something

on often

person,

convergence

to

that value

interpretive

and

persist internal

somehow

what

authentic

refer

is Authenticity

Because

if

value.

very

behaviour

In

authenticity such

our

we

for earlier, a

harbours synonymous not

people,

should

an

norms.

of

prior

distinguishing

being

for The

particular

social practice,

hard

of

must authenticity.

behaviour

to the

few

authentic

her

to

person’s

as

in

of

(Consider doing

his

and

authentic

of

to

further

mention

peer

authenticity

his

to

essential

majority

inhabiting

authenticity be

authentic person

situations consistent connections

identity—not

being

be

at

our

more

leap, of

and

with

private

know

juxtaposed

external.

of

“inauthentic”

least

so. pressure.

pits capable

person others,

choosing

behaviour course, with

Trans

person

and

virtues,

even

authentic “does

authentic

a

But

socially

the

person

for an It

aspiring in

to

between

set

artistic

makes

in

choices, non-conformity,

may with

Identity

this

individual

her ourselves.

certain

we

implies

example

she this

However, of

from

that

carries

which of

it

her

This happens

with

between

out

is going

indeed

environment

and

should

sticks

moral condition,

costly.

who

should

sticks

is

for

very

own

existence, alternative. come

aspirations

to

may

the

would these

not which

of

127

why conformity.

it

a

convergence autonomous

by

normative

of we

against

“better”

difficult

is standpoint

to

thing,”

contrariness

Almost

against

norms,

The to

be be authenticity

out

due

along

simultaneously

understanding issue

the possible them.

we

subtle her

really

be behave

difficult

no profoundly

This

of

successful

to

complete

but conform

authentic

most

guns,

ourselves.

may

with

doubt consider

from

irrespective

a

conformity

the

person,

to there

every If

are,

rather motiva

genuine

import This

is

to

separate

authentic—

in

choices

with

of

clearly

yet

habits

to

it,

less

often

within

say

or as

ema even

a

the

is

action

is

or

way

that

an

ap

a

that

not

For if

am

afraid

assigned

core

models

loosely

have

diverse

cement

essentialism

part

as

man,

to

4)

as

as

mination

among

with

(1997

503).22

am

known

for

firmly

(or

true

language

surgery

motivated

transition

the

“a transition,

may

suggest

still

a

On

gender

“simply”

as

layered,

application I

sex/gender

through

“transsexual

used

Importantly,

a

have of

many

other) guy

but

the

such

On

recognition

self

man,

of define as

be

a knew all

[1974])

tiullienuclly

being

at

trans

believe

From

male-female

all

I

they

attribute

sex

who

essentialist able been

or

identity

to

a expressed five

birth.

the

never

declarations.

years” too

found

men

workable

that

and

of

my

to

a

aesthetics,

to

make

clearly

she

or people

called

as

are

bilateral

to

to

to

the

sex/gender is one’s

components

identity,

first

fluid

arguing

express

that

life

I

gender,

or

felt

“trans” the tell

Jamison

lesbian”

wrote,

contemporary

half-lesbian”

most

this

authentic. in

am

(qtd.

of

may

“authentic”

it

opening

women.

01

that

component,

and

felt that

‘essentialists,’ trans

I

us

like

is

in

trans

a

one’s

a

application

binary,

language is

ex/(1ender

was

material

evident

people,

mastectomy

man

be something

authentic

both

to

even

in thus

which

sex/gender, 2 °

Moreover,

“I

too

but I

is

I

she

(1994:

narratives

Green

be

an

was” identity

am

born

trans

didn’t Overall person

joined,

For

who

of line

contingent

Even

true

by

far

had

the

because

exception

the

would

a

in

most

and happens

authenticity,

reality. 23

(1994:

to discourse,

a

their

example,

girl” that

3)

identity

of

core

lived

of

pinnacle

feel for the

Transition

their

behaviour

to

helpfully

woman

intersexed

is

but more

who

describe

for

the

2009:

not

arrived

Jan but

authenticity

change

of

fulfill trans

on

the

suggest.

like

through

(2006: the

recurring

first-person

and

I trans

41). for

desperate,

power the

no

to

by

to

is

to

Morris’s

general

am

the

concept

as

identities

I

Kate

people

but

“neither

40

14).

this

admit

of

bottom

essence trans

differ

Bobby the

time.

their

was

summarizes: at

the

not her

their

is

persons

inside.

the

people 24

122). years the

of

I

lived

his

any

clear:

Alaina

need trend,

Bornstein,

want

a

locus

assigned

about afraid

formulations

autobiographies the to

ofjudgements

Our

who from adherence authentic experiences

pathbreaking of

man.

sometime

identities.

Noble

current

insistence

combination

surgery

Jarnison

male

of

human

in

of

in

Lesley

authenticity

to

felt

it

does

to

at

a

my

do

of

identities and

trans

sex

uncomfortable

Hardie

isolate

of

is the

female

Ever.

now

least

sex/gender nor

authenticity

not

describes

the

“Academics

sex/gender.

being-ness saying

and

not

cross-dressers 25

who

embodiment

lives

(2006:

one

behaviour. 21

Carter

persons Green

reckless,

female”

to see

suggest

The

on man

I

for

of a

gender. 19

reinforce

body” of

was intones:

they

true

particular sees which

as

of are

themselves

Conundrum

having

trans

that

is trans

are

essentialist

group

98).

or essentialist,

hormones,

writes:

himself

resistant

being states:

simply

identity

self.

herself are

were

(1994:

replete

woman

that

and (2006:

deter

and

Prior

...

denial

are

The in people.

people

I

“I’ve

as or

I

in

a

The

I

turn take

a

sex!

the

“I

“I

too to

of

people

in

authenticity,

ing

as

ogy

standard

existence.

inauthentic,

be

among

as

being

one

their are

can

Not

the

they

masculine will

an vironments

Trans

Jan

and

“gender

less

to possible

hormones

a disabuse

it.

among we

trans

assigned

condition

periences

precedes

susceptible “corporeal

a

The

unchosen determined overwhelming,

between

has

also

(2006:

often desired I

it.

only

Trans sex/gender

Morris

experienced emerge,

no

certain

trans

can will

other

other

If

of In

people

people. no

preceding

In be

true

living is

trans

inauthenticity

use

identity

there think

terms

then

stand

them

so

spaces 506).

fact,

choice

is people distinguished

sex/gender at

sex/gender

degrading

and to

possibilities.

where

of of

concurs:

internal

it

the sex/gender

transsexual

but fact,

not

birth interiority,”

also eventually

strengthen

identifving

trans

people

is

all

must

in fact, This

prior

of. on

of

of

survives

All by

language

important

this

in

to

susceptible

forms ...

but one’s

their

comments

have

there the oppressive

sometimes

they

the

For

the

appears

people

of an

be has

is

no not

to

“It and

but

as

identity second to

practices

third these

count attested

while

attempt

identities, for truth some

self-identified

transition.

been

expect

avail.

of

are

identity,

external

a foreign proven

to

I

Authenticity

is

has from

heed

also

the

with

a of

external

have possibility

denial,

trans

also

not

some

a

to first-person

always

component

statements

inauthenticity

way

ever

subjected insistence

as of

passionate,

suggest the

to

presentation

component

subject

by

In

almost for be

a

or

it. to

to

seem

to

argued

forms

(Rubin people—perhaps my

sex/gender

resistant

authenticity and

the

form

designations

identity one

define in

involuntary trans

hope ‘This

been

lifelong

hiding

trans

not

For destroy

on

different

experience which

and

abject

failed

to

themselves

of

that

study,

all sex/gender

only

of example, of

which

suggestion

to

from

that

people

disabused confirm

that

people follow

Trans I

2006). conviction

inauthentic

being

lifelong,

influence. 26

or

other

inauthenticity.

described, of

to

as

psychiatric

and

their

of

trans

to the

failure

by

in

identity

simply

a authenticity,

in

trans

any

two

possible

the

Identity

their at

describe

treatment

cissexual/cisgender

(2006: authenticity it”

the the

same

that

remarkably enduring,

retain

aspects

order

But and

Jan

private

all

the

identity

outside

intervention”

to

MTFs (McLachlan

is clearer

of

ineradicable

conceptual

of may

assigned reports

raises

being

of

because

other

can

the

Morris gender-normative trans

the

all—important as

there

individual

it”

all

271). ways for

129

what

coercion

their

identity

of

Scott—Dixon be

feminine

with

ultimate

be

logic (1997 attempts

world

Indeed, than

unable authenticity

“worked is

the

therefore, endurance,

identity than

identity,

is

“discovered”

of

resilient

of

depends.

chosen

experience

claims

Jay so

sex

also it

“homosexual”

its

worry

of

structure.

respond

any

what

that [1974]:

fixed

functions

2010:

that conviction,

(2006: could

intended

and Prosser

to

persistence

my

a

act

self, trans

to

out

anal identity

distinction

in

clear

which she

live

from

they

but

in

one (usually)

disrupt

count

that

that

analysis”

of notes,

the

Despite

very be

34).

of

to

but

15). en

most

18).

it

was

The

calls

have

ex to

not

capture

authenticity

surgical

persistent

rates

in

and

2012).28

among

Scientific person

One

living

(McLachlan

their

logical

and

Inauthenticity conformity

not people,

ridicule,

virtually spite

people, yet behaviour

I

a

trans

actualized

possibilities

an

people.

and

of

leading

authenticity

on

people

uncomfortably

previously culture

and

transition

“was

for

piece

Finally,

at fuelled

achieved

anatomical

inauthentic

its

surgery

a

The

is

of

outcomes trans

them.

worst social The

discomfort

pretense,

people

In

pretending

the post-operative

intuitive not

regret

studies

the

living

especially

of

alienation

inconceivable with

Many

fourth

I designating

one’s

in

behaviour to

high

by

is

people

to

evidence

2010:

hope

significant

is

Not

the

support, in

torturous.

which

authentic thus one

based

authenticity,

noted

typically for

mention

often a

exists, may

respect a

across

many

or

life

rate

lacking

pressing

body

life. trans

value,

falsehood”

value component

only

it

them in

44), of

of

informative

lack are to

be those

will

on

in a

of

and genitalia

their

the “ambiguity

for

Here,

living

be jurisdictions,

keep

that

matter it

North

...

people

the is frequently

materially

suicide

to

transsexuals one’s

without as

the

obstacles the existence.

of of

that stand Pre-transition

entails

genuine

be

is

the

between

inauthenticity

[are]

need general

sometimes sex/gender

inauthentic

feeling seeking

assigned

familial I this

authenticity

often identity

considerable

transition understood

authenticity

out

intolerability (1997

one have

felt America

is

of

agree

out

are

and

like

for

about

an line non-conformity,

maligning chance.

of

peers would or

that sex/gender—tends

attributed invoked

or

of

difficulty

described thought

as reconciliation

16

attempted

existence

joint:

[1974]: foreign

sex

support. 29

of

sex/gender,

is as

disguise”

that

being

socially

are

who violence

among

identity per

precede

intuitively

tragically

have

the

well

all and

trans

reassignment

that

in choose

pain and for

this

vanishingly

the cent

of

trans in

true

of

unrecognized,

18)

those

this to

other objects

found

as

of

to I

that trans

impossible. as being

inauthenticity trans

people the

suicide

and the

scenario

feeling

be

(137).

Hence,

am and

for the

that

and

and self,

attributing authentic—transitioning

dissatisfaction

case

people to or

out

within

and

least trans drawn

forms destiny. 27

is

risks

attempted trans trans

not

need

narratives.

who

accompany face

an people

attached calls

47

are but at

describe of

to

Such

among not

it

that

“inauthentic” small,

surgery

in

best conformist

per

people results

of really

the reach

come

should whether of

visited

people, are for

people

in

the her

‘The

a

understanding

miscategorized,

SRS,

dissatisfaction.

metaphors “some cent

the is

moral

uncomfortable

However,

discrimination,

medical

are non-conformist not

trans self.

existence to suicide

exorbitant

are.

and for

as the self-evident. who

in

any it.

case

with

(SRS).

be metaphysical

upon

the

if

who

“out” (Ramsay

we

a

they

The

their

many Regret

people.

parts one failing,

psycho

people clear

judgement

when

relief, have

of

body” also

trans

rates

approval

the

still

can as

non trans

were

while

of

trans

prior

It

living

trans

of that

costs

trans

lying

is

in

he but

live to

sex/gender

pathologization

not

assertion

cis sex/gender

sex being

different

person” (major)

characteristic

standardly

with flatly

react

and

conformity

als

tialism

particular,

sex/gender

narratives

people to

ences always

confronted engagement

essentialism

is

of

without binary,

ism

in

concept.

ing

conclusion

paradigmatic

admits

also

sex/gender My

some

Essentialism assert

interesting

which

essentially

One buying

if

deny

is

according one essentialism?

Although

asked

beyond (1997: of

in

in

not analysis have

as

changing assignment,

that

possibility polar

parts

the

authenticity

hold

many

our that ofjudgements

living

changing

would

they with

that of

It

identity, the

into

with

morphology

a to

of

realm

we with

mean

different),

78). should

at

identities.

many

powerful

identity

they

my and

it

imagine

of

but

are

Reconsidered

seem

primitive transsexuality ways

suggests social

stake in case

and to “essentialism”

were

open

produce

life

in

myself,

That choosing,

the

a

already

rigid.

of which

could

for not

is

something and trans to

different some

without indeed

be

in

to

about

sex

that in

goes expectations,

assigned

to

question,

be

contemporary is

him/herself

sense

crystallize

the detrimental we is,

Consider of clear what

my

Authenticity

of that

The

someone

and

one

gender

exist

abnormal,

someone

people that ways,

all

the

comfortable.

authenticity.

although

could their

unnoticed, “wrong”

sex

analysisof

lending is

of gender behaviour

being fact sex/gender women

of by

is

makes

experiences

authentically

I raises

it

at

essential

and

sex/gender

it

“Who and

sex

very

have

now

essentialism

not

ever

confirm

that

birth,

how

about

to this

other

a we

as

with

and gender

when

sex/gender

to

that

identity great

we out

red imagine whole

believe critical

“are” few

a

possible that a some

however,

the

are experience am

authenticity

my

Anthony What

Trans

different

“true” of

then,

the

could

trans might

flags about

I than a

in

elements

of

this

rarely support

am (facsimile)

average I?” trans

the

identity,

argument. a

more

new

other experiences trans

fact theory overall.

that trans Identity

certain

ourselves

to

might can

or

In people,

themselves, subjected

to

identity?

is

imagine essentialism be

ourselves.

as

person

because

many, people if

all Appiah sex/gender.

light radical so.

generally? the

say,

people

we

trans for

than

of

people ever

man to,

is and of

peonle

but

Perhaps be

authenticity?

way

But

131

learn trans

of replacement

at an rather

such of

Rather, human

it being

forced in

people

as (that

because with

or

that

its ourselves

of

to

I

least

feminist

have

cis

the always-individual

argues is

vindicate

what

Living

and

the

submit

authentic

woman a

people. countless trans from suspicion

mcrht

not

an

I What

new

people

than of

Most

cis fact is,

respect a

with

sex/gender am

to been

the

existence

are.

essentialism different

the the

a

is

without

individu

we

that this

examine

people monolithic

ethical that as

their

interested

that

it essential

being

of

would

would This

other The

does

respect essen kind

accused

are

are

the

for about

perhaps

“we

regard influ

the

to

I

the

in

am

in

their

are

this that of

concept

sense

the

or identity

is biological

identity

of

it

the

core we

tion possibilities

thing

variation

if

with

one

really cross-dressing

expression ner

to

does that is

or

an what

essential

the

is

or authenticity

although

of sex/gender bodies

Essentialism

or can

try same

ment

some

felt being

the of the

just

gender

Sex/gender

internal characterized

of

of

associated

poststructuralist

embodiment.

femininity

respect

movement

to something

manhood

on But of

mean

can

make

a were feels

identity. 3 °

our same

these This

individual

“fun.” 32

way

which

man—bring

male people to

masculinity different

within

expressed

in

we

be

about

identity

core

varying

being sex/gender

most available

repressed.

thesis

that

non-permanent way sense

sense had

to

urges,

essential identity

need

who

of

we

with

that

(such

or

may deny identity,

In

while

sex/gender

we is a

we if essential

his/her/hir

“right.”

one’s

in

without sex/gender

of womanhood. particular of can

by

To needs

itself

feels

they

all

not

does

it when very

degrees been

would

his any

be

experimentation,

identity

to

this the

as

would

or for

development

is

account these

Those still be

without

may

abandon behaviour

salvageable, us were

she Miqqi

sex

essential,

a

flexibility. not

way

femininity.

then, to

Playing

others. born existence

either

experience

the

reflection

is

consent.

in

identifying

still

be

be

is

identities some

cases, with

mean

be

who silenced

ways

self.

identity.

and our assigned

confined.

attributes;

behaviour

really

into for

nuanced,

essentialist is

Alicia

the

appropriate

authentic

respond It

essentialism

something cultural

with

feel

exemplify their

of

such

it is

that

something

is to

of

a

possibilities If

Even

and

of

a

therefore,

not admits

different the

judged

into Some

they

temporarily

if

a

a woman,

Gilbert in

Experimentation a

transition as

gender

what we

phenomena, gender ‘The

discomfiting

stable

the sex/gender

they a

to

time

however, is

to

our

men a

stark

test or landscape.

were

would

for

freely person

some

our people’s

behaviour

inner

to of the

inauthentic the

attached

depends

just flout particular

culture

but sex/gender to essential

most

or can

or

call or infinite

in

roles

focus.

denied

for

environment

classic

live

individual

women;

and

RuPaul)

dress chosen,

a

yet.

this

degree

identity

feels experience

conventions

also to who

them

biological

sex/gender

that

people,

it

up

sex/gender

and

misalignment

It

account

ambiguity.

(or

For

regard: to

only

is

variation, or

is trans

be

or

equally

is

about

to

dresses

was

environment can

depending tempting

time

our

inauthentic.

presentation. 3 ’

forced

failed even

behave identity they

as

and

political, some

even

can against

holds

on it

at

the

narrative—a

be selves,

on female

the for is different

period),

sex/gender we

may

be

categories odds

performance, of

comfortable

one’s in

to if imposed

existentialist

a

actualiza

or identity

Having the

precisely including

the

masculinity

would to individual

sex/gender

authentic

actualize and

search

the

which

to

imputed

if

alter

strategic

with on

be some

basis who

felt say

fact

that

Even

that man

but

experi

the

forms most

their

They

say

that a

their

for that

acknowledges,

freedom which

sake

ment

for gender

the

als”

15). concern

her

require

a

analogous

offers

(2009:

ally

transitioning”

under

“gender

of

feminists,

enon.

and

found

my

Before

Anticipating

thorough

reclaimed

of

gender

would

liberation

more some

muted,

the

for

announces

historical

what

of analysis

and

Overall’s

As

involving

this,

is

one

The

argument

especially

protecting

an

felt

most

is

that

a

of

24). Flouting

more

in

a

that

that

inventive people,

concluding

within

determined be

mask Christine

alternative

person’s

identity

first sex/gender

feminist

another

identity

the or

to

my

response

it and

Overall

hard—pressed

trans

from from

“gender

this

animosity

may

space

other

Some

first “the

seeks

two

literature.

concern

itself

(2009:

of

application

of

the

that

show

theory,”

that

the

might

is

experience

oppressive

the terms

person

the

people,

require

separate

reaction the and

fact

I

Objections

“life-changing Overall

than

simple

not

forcefully

to

articulates

account

I

respect

is to have identity

anti-essentialism

and

of

clutches

why

14). wrong

want

sex/gender

regards

undermine

the

that

permanent

a

between Overall’s

others.

have

and Authenticity

I

matter

to

according

to

immutable,

a

probably

Elsewhere

have

either assigned

designation

my

people,

of

to

experience variety

has

the

to

find

fluid

of

norms? 33

of this

“frightening”

admits

sex

and

authenticity

account of

the

the

pre-emptively

Feminists

a

sex/gender

sex/gender

here,

idea

called

essential

a

binary

feminist

number

been

insightful

and

concern,

categories

transition,

picture

person,

some

“gender

unmistakably;

and a

aspirations”

of

and

one.

because

to

kind

of

of

she

I

The

what

hence

experiences

still the “man”

sex/gender that

put

want which

reified,

Trans

authenticity,

gender

thinking.

people’s For

characterizes to

of of

should

I

and

problem

trans

transition, “masquerade

need

which

within”

holds. to

implications to

have

options his/her/hir

has

nested

and

concerns

of

others,

are

Identity

is

to

as

address or

trans

“the

me

trans

at

the

underlying (Overall revealed

address

a

become

not or

“woman”

necessary.

stimulating

presented

work

lived

least

fairly

this

is

differently.

explicitly

in

otherwise,

“person

with

painful

‘true’

theory

the

1133

negate

do

identity

advocacy.

and

the

order

which with

several

toward

appears

experience

for

this

sense

most

simplistic

identity

the

this

hypothesis”

2009: via for

de

crux

essentialism

person

suffices;

some

of

inside

this But

or

this is

theory contrast

to

key

rigueur

others

the

describes

or

line

article

is

of

people

concerns

trans

the

As

imperil

a

for

of

come

For

to

24).

I

an

theory society

self.

theory that

aspects

may

individu

process

suspect

of

Overall

is

whom

some

a

be

familiar

phenom

for

for

as example

person”

if

(2009:

identity,

While

argu

would

hidden

among

Because

out. between

have can

or

be

the

sex!

actu

the

others,

can the

it

and

in

with

is

of

the

more

of

as

sex!

of

case

one

be

For be

tensibly

aspiration

notes

(material)

rial? we

how

implausibility

who

identity

feel woman

philosophically

we

within

an

of

mysterious

16).

material

a

expect

material

Overall

as

disparate

dualism,”

hypothesis

‘The I we

material

we herself—precisely

aspire, incoherency

herself that

unproblematic,

herself

one a extensive

protect.

individual

essentialism standing

“I

submit as

that

by

1

reads,

implications,

calling

trightening

must

come

‘The

think

theory,” imagery

am

that (2009: the

is body to

“many

anyone

to

men Moreover,

or

subject asks

such

male

be

“a

be as

a

second essentialism

female

extend

aetiology substances.

it or

that

indeed,

that

should to of

man

these

to member

of

work

of

able a

a derives

and

concerns

23).

the

sex/gender

“how

trans as

palatable

have Overall sex/gender body,

woman

implies

of

other

woman

a become what

is

is

this

being that

for person

trapped

view women to

a body....

category does

to

are

frightening transparent

virtually

be in

(nonmaterial) I

But a I

persons

explain

a the

or trans

some

is of

than

is of from

am

take fails sense

feminist materially?

the nonmaterial

likens that

a a

that

while

unique not These

how

of or

an

trans

the

a than

kind how

of musician physiological

identity

have not

There

in

wrong essentialism.

musician?

authenticity, people.

to the Overall a

people,

irrelevant

show another of persons philosophical

of

social other

our

lifelong,” a

may

man, a

is sex/gender

of the

cohere

suggesting

identity

claiming

nonmaterial concerns

critiques identity

to unique

woman’s self

process. and

philosophy

it positive

appears having

that

some

questions notion

indeed

any

is

person

or

aspects grouping

in

in

to woman immutable and

are

sex

something

a

with

Is it

question.

difference

defiance less

be

and

thus parent; as

change,

that

divided people

which is Instead

a

For Overall is the the

depend

that

body”

control

to

transition

of

harbour biological

corroborating that

sense of

only

false” critiques of

obscure

their immutable

be man

and a

giving

to entity is

if right ‘women’” stumbling

one

identity

it

man

no

this

nonmaterial, sex/gender we

be

is

consults

about

quite metaphorical. 35 of

of into a

could

that

Gender

entity over of

(2009: sex

raises on explanation sex

on merely

way

“nonmaterial”

asking.

what

identity

are to

how being

is

{could] why

to

endorsing due

of or

mind

could

which

taking we trapped

supposed

sex/gender

literally.

define her.

other come that

qualities, unable

(2009: have

could

with

metaphysical

so-called

block

their

15).

some recognition

I a

this

are

essentialism, further

trapped

suggest

The person’s Focusing

can

and

a

that

develop” develop

roles

to

why willing to

dangerous

gendered assertions

the

womanhood

fact develop

inside

that body

15). to individuals

with

the

For

fact be body

hang to us

is Overall

is identity

masquerade sense explain

evidence

to

should

be

“Cartesian through inside

“determined” mate

through not is

“gender She

she own example,

that

which inside

os

trans

on

or to the

(2009:

more to an

proof the

inside

the

non- the

other of asserts

fiercely

counts

such

the

political

gender

under

a

that same

that

view

for a her

hypothesis

way

heard

cal gender

insurmountable

who

thenticity. 38

experiences.

of

identity unclear

identity

that

of

it

are

“aspiration”

one

turning women

people

cluded

but

make,

into

her

(1997

to

them

definitions

are

series a

tions.

a

assertions

retort

there longstanding

the

affects

some

literal

series

identity—it

sense

the

read

that

Like

hand, to

the

transition,

the

wants

prevalent

Overall’s

alignment

about

to

is

modify

[19741:

but

confines

of seems

She

desired

don’t

that

whether

or

kind.

or men,

does

into,

celebrates felt

as

as

a

inhabit.

of person-within-a-person

everything

interpretations”

me,

it

person

rather

men

is

merely

that

to

competing

human

describes

choices)”

seem

Yet

identity

is

on

trans

She

more

not even

but

women to

‘The

theorize

113).

much

a

or

alternative

metaphor Overall

-

sex/gender

is

we “I

par

they

biological

that

with

philosophical

whereas

be

Just

Overall

as

feel

change,

even

also

an

a

to of

was

explanation

want,

people’s

gender

consistent

are

directed

beings.

change

with

a Carol

more

feminists

may a

gloss

have

adjustment

about

it

necessity”

sex/gender

itself

as or

(2009:

Authenticity

speaks

different

already

accounts.

mending lifelong

trans

is

is

the

otherwise

a

(2009:

ceteris

she

be

inevitable. 37

is

one’s

to

people

diversity

a

Riddell

than

anomaly,

over

(21).

a

is

career

in

At

self-understanding,

rather

the

core

considering

concept

at

represented

the

identity

cis-identified,

with

views

often

18)36

lifestyle.

about

is

have

problems,

a

of

the

aspiration

paribus,

ability the

person

the

sex/gender

(McLachlan

On

24).

possible” a

straw

sex/gender

Moreover, “masquerade”

to

transition

authenticity

do

without and

change

discrepancy,

explains:

than

their

same

and

other

identified

and

described

crucial

spent

the

so

that

sex/gender

of

my

not

But

Trans

in

Speaking

to

man.

that

I

authenticity

and

makes

sex/gender

as

“masquerade”

self-described to

a

agree,

sex/gender

reading

more

time,

life

which

see

live

she

I

strikes for

(2006:

decades

way

dismissing

a

Identity

be

genuine

think

inside

point

based

can

as

“we

identity.

We

feminist,

change

changes

transitioning

2010:

in

transition

people continues:

in

functions

the

at

coherently.

involving it

that

of

account

smoothing

conformity

of

I signifies

transition even

do

can

least terms

is

155).

me

of

course,

it

that

believe the

on

1135

dismantling

men

such

not,

64)

identity

respects not

human

suggests,

can

transition

trans

of

that

reject

as

what

most

change

trans

as individual”

female

trans

account One

experiences.

and of

self.

or

inaccurate. an

raises

seek

does

properly,

because,

be

“The

much

“choice

that

identity,

transition

bringing

the

Admittedly,

women

narratives,

experience

as

in people

I

the

an

that

existence

people’s

researcher

explained

with

as

Morris

have

people

trans

to

not

a the

the

it

terms

further

existence

masquerade

incongruity”

philosopher

philosophi

a

caricature

based

and

as

choice

change

is

some

change

it

imply

while

(or

transition

way

read

a

a

undergo:

(24).

reviving

persons’

in

they

does.

change

On

change

posing

the

enables

already

earnest

of

says

rather,

as

order

on

trans ques

as

these

in

they

con

and

they

it

This

au

sex,

the

that

the

self

of

the

are

an

of

is of

a

“a

of a

in

they

accounts presumptuous.

self-descriptions

of

reluctant

herself?

been

know

authenticity.

for

with

of

those

like,

out?

many

courses.

and trans

stand

the

such

represent

and

trans

cast

pressing

second,

that

for

Essentialist ing”

identity, sex

the

authority

cal

identities philosophers

tive

are which

fair The

read

female, mainstream

growing This

the

but achieving

To

that otherwise

trans

doubt as

reassignment

narratives

diagnosis

variant

assumptions

trans outside

less

narratives

and

to Arguably, are

of

But

second

broadly

to

myself

What

address

metaphysics

it

reinforces

conclude

that might

a most

instrumental

likely

conclude we the

strategically

people

“persistent” would

what

to

on

trans

experiences

and

is

I

trans attention

trans

narratives

still

enable

would

those diversity

concern

am to recognition the

at reporting

of gives

about

and trans

do

indicate to

the mythology.

is experiences

expose if

anything woman, whose no

Gender

have

not not

authenticity

that be

and experiences therefore communities,

not

surgery,

essentialist my

from a

first

trans voice

speech sex

it people.

different

of

persuasive

true.

entitled

vitiate

only

useful is

to mean

tailored evidence a experience the

reason in

defy

of

ourselves

narratives

reassignment.

authenticity,

that valid

issue,

more

her this

Identity trans

for

from

to

this stories the

other Moreover,

prevailing

dictate

emerge This

act valid.

for

are the

trans

This

in

my

my experience

instance,

that

example to

trans assumptions,

epistemologically type

are

(in

for

it group,

issues

the

to

is

my

our

explanation

is

frequently

but components

can than

is suppose

hypothesis

to

main

that

Disorder,

the less

reinforce

immune following meet suspicion Indeed, of only persons’

that flawed?

where medical

incumbent

account

I

texts persons’

current

it

be

“identification in

have

narrative offering

usual the

and likely The

face

is

form

of

the who

argument. a

difficult,

the academic being

and truthfully

hyper-skeptical

from

strong lived

access

requirements

as

described it

Although

value

stories trans

which to stereotyped community. 39

ifit an sense)

medical

is

to expectations

the claims of

experiences,

arises

is

a

is

media

a

for in

this

an

essentialist made

on

certain be

the

not

cis unearthed

colloquial experience

were, incumbent

intractable. to

essentialist

apparent

would fact

person

especially authenticity

heard important

everyone

and of

remains

to

person,

For

fact

from

type

SRS as

that that

to

establishment

easier with

their

actively are

accurate

in

I

general

non-academic

format,

others—or by

that have

fact,

be

according

or and

of

have of may

she

the

the it

interpretation ihis

of

assessments

understanding

in

accounts 4 ° another

that majority

to learning by

a

the

other

indefensibly

on worry. is

who

for

essentialist

prerequisite

tendencies How validated

those

these

the endeavoured

gold

has diverge

perspective fact

take seek

the

not a

1 or

as

means,

DSM-IV

researchers

conforms which

those

“longstand

have

case

representa publishes

forms I

Internet always

necessarily

that do

standard

out

trans

I would with

to

gender.” accounts,

that even

have

from

am

from

we that who

laid

dis

medi

first,

of may

and and,

trans

the

for

for

a to

asked

about

that

interaction

and

to

that is

be

culture?

signs

such

how

to something

and backdrop

But

adults. and portant

are

inborn

essentialism—the widely

dent,

male

taught

individuals’ to

“natural”

to ‘This

appears

I

trend.

other

identity,

any

of

qualitative

have

“essentially”

her

in

speak

explicable

contact

medical

I

not

accoutrements While

holding

is

It

authenticity,

the

a

“woman” distortion

will

an

what

does

a

morphology

have immutable

one’s

that person

types

culturally

It

presented.

may

about

accepted

One

lifetime.

sex/gender

When

to

speaking

at

assumption

sense

of

does,

nor

end

against

concept

acknowledge

a

not

results,

does

gives

individual.

come

with

I

identity,

it

support

be studies

relationships

of

very

firm

does

am

boyhood

purely does

responds

by

as

a

of

(or however,

texts

I guarantee

objected

or

not

woman,

“essential,”

considering

say

(among

me

Otherwise,

associated

others.

categories

not

young

which

from

views

being who

in

not

pressure

could

view

via

it

even of

identity,

used

disprove

conducted

are

the

that

in

is

reproduce

would

a

deny

certain

Authenticity

sex/gender

processes

emerge

There

and

by

vacuum.

to one

terms

if

about

at

authority

that

a

sex/gender

age

“transman”

lend

that

to

that,

actually

it

progressive

On

therefore,

to

the

there

that

definition

relation

the

stake.

is

girlhood

express

to

that

with

is

which

invite

their

or

and

a

that

coherent

that “male”

everything

must

when

the

considerable

myriad

of

within

the

even

more

conform

existence

from

everyone’s

the

“brain

by

were

can

still one’s I

proves

and

womanhood.

Theoretical

be

own

that

we contrary,

there

to

length

do

a

implies

between

be

same

trans-positive

the I

trans

if

identities

philosophical

be

a

regress:

reprises

and

the

declare

Trans

inscrutable

and scholars)

unknown,

mean

ought

influences

no

such not

exposure a

girl

a

for

anatomy.

is

sex,”

accessed

identity

is

kernel

to

extremely

trans

of

womb

broad

about

coded

“female”

people

felt

of

“transwoman”)

a

a

identity

experiences

deny

irrespective

credibility

the

a

that

male-bodied

outliers

true a

gender

with

to

skirt

how

that

general

for one

discussions,

paradigm

sex/gender

are

person’s

as

possibility

regard

of

The

pattern

sex/gender

to

identifying

in To

that

there in

he/she/sie

are

identity

without

where

to

describe

constructs

another

of

articulated,

one

such

it

identity

objection.

137

researchers 4 ’

resilient,

cultural

are

her

the

others.

assert

and

fact

whose

is

the

products

labels

construction

to

is

lives appropriate the

somehow

having of are

suspicion, sex/gender

human

could

in

maligned

something

that

the

must

even

person

at

mediation.

what

identity

person, of

themselves,

that

are

possibility

autobiographies,

that

trans

will

relayed

stories

It

stake.

identity

signs.

and

such

it

a

as that overall

I

the

of

especially

may

pre-cultural,

have

our

sex is

the

derive

the

a

be a

determines

the

brain

some to

child

and

narratives.

inaccurate

a

language condition

transcen

“woman”

as

let

Further,

it

forms

exposed are

cultural prior to

defy

cultural

identity

cultural

well

feel

of

without

identity

child

argued

proper

picture

would

“man”

is

alone

wear.

of

many

from

trans

prior

with

they

fact now

im

she

the

be

by

an

to

of is

condense term.

gender “cissexual”

5.

people

in

to

discuss to

as wise. dividuals or

or 4.Throughout gender”

of changes

feel happily

are

between characteristics

3. 2. Butler

(1976), Notes

1.

come of

ences. challenges

candidate ated

depends correct, ity.

not

a

“Cisgender”

refer

order “genderqueer.”

identify “simply”

who

transition

I For

For

whole

easily

personal

they

will

Many

The

belong)

and

access.

is

similarities the

specifically

to

(1993, a

aspires

to

to take Listening Parfit

to

the

on

who

use few

ought “sex”

to blurred. characterize

of presumptive group

cross-dressers include

as

most

on their

“men”

obtain

of the

whole

for

parallel

of

on

identity the and

they

influential

almost have

However,

this

1999).

is

(1984)

is

these

and

metaphysical

and

to

personal

to

“same authenticity

influential

sex

the

authentic.

However, a

of term or

undergo identity

Some

between paper

medical

have,

all to

see

designation

undergone “gender.”

“gender”

synonym

to

andlor people

“women,” people gender

my

those

possibilities.

everybody—with and

and

fit, trans

side”

“sexJgender”

feminist

while

trans authenticity

contributions I use

will

the

identity

will

this Ricoeur

in

I challenge

a

recent

gender.

who

approval

a

I

(the identify (let

attributes

also to

of

While

people

sex/gender

because variety

also sex/gender for

facts reply

the

people

use

other

a

more

to

not

social

“sex/gender”

sex/gender

alone

seek

want

term

and

“non-trans,”

“cis,”

be

trans

formulation

“trans”

while

(1992).

Since

as

unequivocally

to

“sex”

throughout

trans

expansive themselves

for of can

mentioned feel

a ones,

critical

the

of

trans to

is it

normally

of which

a

the

diagnosis

people.

community,

borrowed transition, seems

whole sex

include, ringing

trans

to

there

that respect

is

enrich

the identity

dogmatic

people

way

in

refer

usually

transition

at

throughout

reassignment

last

discourse.

the

they

we

meaning of

all. is

use 1

1

people—and,

to

group

in

as associated

the use

to

use

so

with

of

feminist philosophers’

true

seek

several

case

to While

of may negotiate

from the are

“transgender,”

that

of

anyone

whether

taken

much

Gender “trans”

anti-essentialism I

paper

“transsexual”

their

trans “trans”

and all

use

various to

in of

discussion of

I never

someone

chemistry).

(see

due

the

decades,

people’s trans

have

I people

diversity

to anti-essentialism,

the

now

surgery

who

instead

with

sex/gender

as people

respect

Identity surgical

refer

“wrong”

will

respect, the

note

an

combinations

if shorthand

have

people

no

see

has

understanding

the

independent

my

philosophical to

“transsexual”

to

allow

on see whose

lived to

4)

such

in

of

themselves is

Intersexed

their

undergone

which

follow. I

body

unadulter

Disorder

or

biological

analysis

occasion those

but

body

the a

Williams

choosing

include

the

that

striking

identity

other

me

experi

author

right types

also

sex! “sex!

lines they

and in

I

to

has

see

of

do is

from acter

16. consciousness. The as

we

vast

15.

14.1 nouns.

scribe 13.

12. chapter.

what me

narratives pectations

11. thenticity”

selves

attempt “basic

in

10.

9. See

others legal

self-reflexive

thenticity” ity

8. 7. people.

(indeed, the principles,

a

their

Scott-Dixon

6.

distinguish

in

“We

For The homophobia

caveat “HI? lie Krista

and See majority Complicating

being-for-itself Talia

or

do

Feminism

...

Sreedhar

advocacy

Sartre’s they

individuals or

to Some,

off

core

andlor an

denial differences.

not

controversy

sometimes

shall

Bettcher

attempt

to

oneself

medical is

Mae “on

argument

as

Scott-Dixon

that

require)

tell

of

that assume

“pass”

essence

the

(2006:

I

of

willingly

something

but

psychiatrists

case,

the condition” one!

of

mean

a

and

themselves,

2Q06),

of

trans

Bettcher

action

and

possessive

is

set

or

to by

(2009). becomes

authenticity”

women’s lie

authenticity

being

who are

for

Hand

the regard

that When even

advocacy

address of

but

19). over

no

am

trans

to

to that

people

and

regarded

is

grant my

legal

identity

means

this

oneself

are

notes

interested

all rather

“punished” This

probably Authenticity

fear [they]

argues

ends

the

(2006).

I

their

activism

in

based

account

strictly

rights I

of action

I

want

effect, not

the and

tell

that

say

thank

attempting

of

Michigan

for

is that

a

all,

up the

from

of is

self-identified are

revealed

as

that comfbrtable concern

an others

that

on

regulatory

bad

my

the as

performing

merely trans

is

neither. trans

“Trans see impossible

in. “deceivers,”

state is

not” Rachel

have

appropriate in either

a

such,

lying

and

violence

account

That faith gender

rights the I fiction

Bialystok

transphobic people

about non-conformity

want

Wornyn’s

people

of (2006:

Trans

to

in

more

a

a

fact and

people

in

authentic

trans

is radical

McKinnon tortured

marker reconcile

authenticity

documents

of

of general”

a with

pronoun my

of their against

a

within

for

that Identity

at

sex/gender,

as

lie

fully

a differently

lot

204).

(2006:

use

(2011),

people

trans

some

“true”

often

“people theory

my

to Music freedom

either of violence,

identities

this of

of

relationship in

or

oneself,

them

feminism the

(Sartre It

work

trans

1139

the

identity

point

that require 204).

inauthentic.

transsexual—shapes

for the authenticity

require very

is

per

..

is

to

Festival

total

trying

male

to

suspicion

this

bodied I

not

pointing

in final

people

that

can

square

se,

am

prefer

on situation—the vouch

1984 Trans

and

Sartre’s

people

translucency

perceived

a but to

evidence

to or

not condition be

is

section

to

unique

(Whittle

is

possibly

leave

leave inseparable [1943):

and female

is

these

rather with

used

pass

In people

for glossing an

but

with

this

rooted

analysis, in

fact,

example.

gendered

their

room

room

of

feminist

labels. to [them] char not

author of

out “inau

which

in

that pro

87), even who

the

2006;

this their

de the

of

ex

not

the over

au the

to

for for

lence

conforming,

“passing”)

28.

a

not

and

tic)

[1979]),

ing

stereotypical

27.

Bradley

identity

avoid

by

dent

different

26.

25.

name 24.

alize

23.

Warnke

22.

authenticity.

when sex/gender

name

Presumably

scope

21.

single people

to

20.

was

women

(2010:

act psychologists as

MOglichkeit,

19.

Even

and

18.

The and

convergence

See

For

Forexamples

Jennifer

undergo

on

It

well.

transsexualism

their Transition

out

for Sex/gender

Heidegger

a

this

persecution,

(1995).

Guignon

and

Gilbert

likelihood the

is of

is the

through example,

event

sex/gender.

form

if

never

(2009). 49).

me.

the important

possible.

even

(as transition

felt

See,

does

trans

preferred

age trans

caricatures

than

life-changing

I

Boylan

sex/gender

these

charged

but

of

sex/gender,

complete.

1996

prior know

(2006).

at

between

e.g.,

such

not

is,

appropriate (2008).

conformity.

Gigi

people,

describes

person

of

transition

what evolves,

which

of

Of

of

which

suicide

the

show

to [1927]:

to

made.

and

sex/gender

Heyes

who

pronoun

as

and

course,

course,

by

Raven

of

note

transition,

he/she/sie

lengths

Ken

one’s

intervention The

one

asks

autnenucity

after

some come

that their

and stepwise,

see

could Raymond

authenticity

I

procedures

attempts

has

(2009: 287).

that

What

know was

Zucker

Wilbur

implication

intervention

a

for

Meyerowitz

self

the

what

upon

their

transitioning,

process,

feminists—see

been

new

to

that

identity

also

my

anyone

assigned

and

there world

identify

previously

of

along

136);

is

I

transition

transitioning.

trans

sex/gender,

contribute

described

argument

mostly Thompson

and

am”

says,

begins.

deny

external

one

conformist

to

as

often

is

being

recognized

to

John

is

conform with

(2006:

Meyerowitz

people

Dasein’s

an

(2006).

MTF “I

at

at

with

this,

that

identify

occur

birth am

The exceptionally

seem

years

a

was,

itself

norms

Garber

sex/gender

influenced in

Money

is

to

young

locating authenticity

even

70).

use

who

his/her

who

have

not

terms

controversial

in

As

suicide

to before “ownmost

regardless

there

in

to

(their

as

him/her/hir our

very

See

or

one’s

long

contingent

to I

the

changed

gone

conform

[1992]

trans

(2006: holds

age.

am,

of

virtues.

the

society

assigned

authenticity

is

also

flll becoming

attempts.

seems making,

transition.

authenticity similar

as

high

associations

to

an

even

See

or

is point

there

of possibility”

that

Chase

transition

and

in

363);

gender view not

opportunity

nothing

See

felt

risk

to

is

to

Zucker

a on

if

as

a

phrases.

sex/gender

Raymond

bid

and

is

achieved

to of

be there the

Taylor

identity,

child

authen espoused the

of

a

McLachlan

(2006).

a

instead

accept

mock

depen

non

to

different

elsewhere

moment

vio

for

with

most

but

kind

(or

(eigenste

is

actu

and

can

(1991)

some

See

no

for her

in

in or

a a

race

(2006: 50).

35.

tives

held

transition

How

skeptic

34.

compares

overlook

assumptions.

are

to

from 33.

32.

people. penis.

bivalent

women,

tiofls

31.

to

natural

fort

nostic

30.

Goldberg and

both

cluded

ies of

29.

and

74 the

Trans

them

no

male-to-females

She

so

Ironically, See,

This

follow-up

published

This

change

Spade

“Persistent

aspirations”

to

or

early

surgical

oppressive

can

1991

of

MTFs

gender

315).

A

offended

criteria

claims

might ambivalence

seems

that

gender

e.g.,

femininity

type

for

about

is

desire

writers

the

at

they

are

sex/gender

jokes

1960s.

2006:4).

not

(1000-1600

(Heyes

Analogies

birth

in

example,

hugely

Bornstein

and

not

care

of

trouble

of

trans

since

persist:

to studies

he

this

for

having to

in

for

regret

by

sex/gender

movement

have (Overall

about being

take

explained?

The

necessarily

FTMs

which

on

suggest

fcr

GID

a

the 30

2009;

people

such

1991

subversive

(MTFs)

about

different

or

the

made

and

transition it

Where individuals

among

year

most

have

might

a

a

“a

apparent Authenticity

(1994).

for

MTF

exploration”

[Gender

thin

normal,

as

that

2009:

Appiah

have

small-nosed

basis

that

8

their

period,

are

granted

also

norms:

occurs

other

reviews

make-up comprehensive

Again,

different

experienced

woman be

post-operative

is

do

sexual

cis

and

step reported

at

of

been

23).

and

sex/gender

likely

ambivalent

are

reinforcement

non-transsexual

the

the

bodily

undergoing

Identity

1997). people

<1%

genitalia.

less

they

400-550

and

trans

my of

that

philosophically

feel

(2006:

morphology

drawn

trapped

forefront

aspirations

and

in

due

outcome

woman

frequently

of

Trans

point

vehemently

a

the

analogies.

kind

as

people

never

persistent

decrease

female—to-males

high

to

Disorder]

identity

though

ineta-review

321).

between

“lifelong

about

transsexuals

Some

FTM

Identity

improved

is

inside

from

sex

trapped

of

experience

heels,

studies

of

that

take

of

people

vis-à-vis

is

trying reassignment”

the

in

Hale

embracing

other

feminists

regret

they patients).

As

reject

trans characteristic

a

aspirations

unproblematic:

1141

sex/gender

in

the

produces

very

aspirations”

fat

gender

published

in

Spade

challenging

quality

compares

grow

really

to

done

woman’s

incidence

has

deeply

persons

the

a following

few

uncertaint)

sex.

(FTMs)

liberate

large-nosed

been

The

and

identity

notes,

binary

up

various

to

women

ought

Although

of

[sic]

for

transition

felt

(Bowman

with

between

date

to

psychological

only

body

come

other

trans

authors

studied

of

sex/gender

sex/gender themselves

and

a

SRS.

which

“The

and

“Still,

that

to

fiction

regret

assigned

expecta

minimal

analyzed

discom

are

of

(2009:

narra

1-1.5%

have

body”

from?

critics

long—

many

Stud

trans diag

they

and

since

1961

am

con

she

the

and

for

of a

Yoric

Bornstein,

Phi

Bialystok,

Oxford Sex

Bettcher, ual 10.

Appiah,

ness, References

(2006). ducted

41. e.g., (Mason-Schrock

this to

servation 40.

gender (Johnson

mize

als ties

adhere 39.

38. woman”

fIhada a

is

37.

masquerade den

entirely than

36.

losophical

find man,

Ed. Violence.

busy

Reassignment

For

desiring

Overall

Dflèrence,

“What

Similarly, information Routledge.

Morris they

McLachlan

She

their and choice:

University

Krista

by

theoretical biographical 2009.

Anthony. transitions

to

he

transitioning

Talia Lauren.

hope a (2010:

Kate.

that

explicitly

choice”

trans-positive and

imposed”

narrow

matter

claims

transition

Papers

the

is

(1997

In surgery

Scott-Dixon.

Trans hypothesis

“That

Mae.

very it

Repta

trans

and

to 1994.

trans

TrandForming

has 39). (McLachlan

says, into

and

2011.

achieve

1996:

Press. 1997.

that

of

40

discussions,

sex

Interplay,

[1974]) that

influenced

2006.

acknowledges

Identities

does evidence

(Overall

people

also

conform

choice, The

2012:

individual

Gender

(2):

physically

...

Personal a

regarding

and

he

Ref story

But

176-77,

the

do

researchers,

rather

been

participant not

207-31.

through

has

Understanding

gender

Toronto:

iting

not

33). and

“learn, medical

Would

for

75-82.

Outlaw:

mean, that

of

2009:

2010: not

to and

see, by noted

Identity,

Feminisms:

produce

the

than

cares to

Bornstein

qtd.

a

one

strict

Polonius:

this

chosen

differently

leads

binaries

surgery:

e.g.,

being

that

First-Person

from

That

aspiration however,

Ed. 21).

39; system

in Sumach

of her

see,

that said,

On

about

concern.

heteronormative

Prosser

Overall

her sex/gender

emphasis inexorably

98-120.

Naomi

normative

This

others

Still a

own Men,

e.g.,

this

Transphobia:

candidates

UI

Transfeminist

man “Often

in

(1994);

Sincerity,

study

restricts

is

think,

gendered

that

Press. Be

concession as describing

McLachlan alternative.

may

authenticity”

Women,

(2006);

She

and 2009:

in

Zack.

Authority.

he

Me?

Ed.

participants,

their

added). the

transgendered well

for to I

would transition sexed

experiences

cites

individuals’

wouldn’t

Authenticity,

for

Laurie

the 24). In

New

and

transgender

for

‘true qualitative

aspiration be

Authenticity

roles

Voices

Race/Sex:

sex

the

Mason-Schrock’s

seems

and

identity

autobiographies,

have

experienced

(2010);

the

In

Yoric

(Overall

self’

reassignment

bodies

Shrage. in

Rest gendered

may want

You’ve Speak

“Even

preferred himself

ability

to

order

and

Routledge.

[sic]

to

studies ‘transsexual”

Meyerowitz

Zheir

of and

communit) involve reinforce

to

andidenti

transition

Out,

2009:

to

Changed:

and

Us.

though

Oxford:

individu

to

be

as

to

Shtick.

fashion

as

bodies” Same New

203-

to legiti

unbid

Sex

a

make

con

being

must

19).

more

see,

man

ob—

be

the

he

is a Authenticity and Trans Identity 143

Bowman, Cameron and Joshua Goldberg. 2006. Care of the Patient Under going Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS). VancouverCoastal 1-lea/tb,Transcend TransgenderSupport& Education Societyand the Canadian Rainbow Health Co alition. htp://transhea1th.vch.caJresources/1ibrary/tcpdocs/guidelines-surgery pdf (accessedJanuary 1,2012). Butler,Judith. 1993. BodiesThatMatter: On the DiscursiveLimits of uSex“New York:Routledge. 1999. Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversionof Identity. New York:Roudedge. Chase,Cheryl.2006.Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of PoliticalActivism.In TheTransgenderStudiesReader, 300-14. Ed. Susan Stryker and StephenWhittle. New York:Routledge. Fuss, Diana. 1989. Essentially Speaking:Feminism,Nature and Difference.New York:Routledge. Garber, Marjorie. 1992. VestedInterests: Cross-Dressingand Cultural Anxiety. New York:Routledge. Gilbert, Miqqi Alicia. 2006. The Feminist Cross-Dresser. In Trans/For7ning Feminisms:TransfeministVoicesSpeakOut, 105-11. Ed. KristaScott-Dixon.To ronto: SumachPress. Green, Jarnison. 2006. Look! No, Don’t!The Visibility Dilemma for Trans sexualMen. In TheTransgenderStudiesReader,499-508. Ed. Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle. New York:Routledge.

Guignon, Charles.2008.Authenticity PhilosophyCompass3 (2):277-90. Hale, C. Jacob. 2009. Tracing a Ghostly Memory in My Throat: Reflections on Ftm Feminist Voice and Agency. In You’veChanged:SexReassignmentand Persona/Identity,43-65. Ed. Laurie Shrage.Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. Hardie, Alaina.2006. It’s a Long Way to the Top: Hierarchies of Legitimacy in Trans Communities. In Trans/FormingFeminisms:TransfeministVoicesSpeak Out, 122-30.Ed. Krista Scott-Dixon.Toronto: Sumach Press. Heidegger,Martin. 1996 [1927]. Beingand Time.Trans.Joan Stambaugh.Al bany:SUNY Press. Heyes, Cressida. 2009. Changing Race, Changing Sex:The Ethics of Self- Transformation. In You’veChanged: Sex Reassignment and Personal Identity, 135-54.Ed. Laurie Shrage.Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. Johnson,Joy L. and Robin Repta.2012. Sexand Gender: Beyondthe Binaries. in Designingand ConductingGender,Sexand Health Research,17-37. Ed. John Oliffe and Lorraine Greaves.Los Angeles:Sage Publications. Mason-Schrock, Douglas. 1996.Transsexuals’Narrative Constructions of the “True Self” SocialPsychologyQuarterly59 (3): 176-92.

feminist

Sumach

nisms: and

Sreedhar,

32.

Press.

Spade,

New

Scott-Dixon,

482-98.

Sartre,

Rubin,

January

Susan mond’s

Riddell,

Ricoeur,

Boston:

Raymond,

formity

.caJ—ramsay/gender-nonconformity-gay-transgender-suicide.htm Ramsay,

Prosser,

Stryker substantiation

Parfit,

Laurie

rations.

Overall,

cialized

Morris,Jan.

mist Noble,

Routledge. Meyerowitz,

University

der

tive

McLachlan,

Ed.

Politics

Studies

York.

Experience

Transfeminist

Voices

Stryker

Dean.

Jean-Paul.

Henry.

Susan Derek.

Shrage.

Press.

The

Bobby.

Ed.

Beacon

Jay.

Voices and

1,2012).

and

In

Carol.

Paul.

Class

Richard.

Susanne

Christine.

Washington

Janice.

at Speak

Reader,

TranssexualEmpire.

You’ve

of

Susan

2006.

Stephen

2006. Transgender

1997

Krista.

Stryker

Joanne.

Christine.

the

2006.

1992.

and

Speak

1984.

KwaZulu-Natal.

Politics

2006.

of

2006.

Oxford:

Press.

Out,

Michigan

of

and

Judith

1984

2012.

Sex.

Changed:

1979.

Stephen

Stryker

[1974].

Mutilating

362-86.

Voices

The

Reasons

2009.

Oneself

the

2006.

Out,

Our

Whittle.

and

2006.

Divided

95-104.

Ivlichael

of

In

Square.

2010.

Oxford

[1943].

Logic

“Attempting

Development

Speak The

Embodiment.

Butler:

Bodies

Stephen

Issues.

11-33.

and

Conundrum.

The

Introduction. Sex/Gender

Whittle.

Ed.

as

A

Womyn’s

Sex

and

Transsexual

Another.

Queering

“Fierce

Gender.

New

Ed.

of

Transgender

Stephen

Sisterhood:

Out,

Hand.

In

Susan

Reassignment

University

Being

Persons.

Queer

Treatment.

Are

Ed.

University

Whittle.

Krista

The

York:

161-69.

New

Music Not

Suicide”

and

2006.

Stryker

Krista

Transgender

and

In Chicago:

of

London:

In

Transitions

Whittle.

Feminism,

Gender:

Oxford:

Empire:

In

Scott-Dixon.

Routledge.

York.

The

a

Ourselves:

Demanding”

Trans/Forming

Press.

Nothingness.

A

Studies

New

Transgender

Ed. ‘The

Trans/Forming

Festival.

In

of

Scott-Dixon.

Transgender

and

Critical and

as

Calgary.

The

Routledge.

University

Krista

Penguin.

Ethics

New

An

York:

Oxford

Related

The

Personal

Stephen

Studies

Reader, Transgender,

Transgender

and

Exploration

Tranny

In

Making

York.

Toronto:

Review

Scott-Dixon.

Routledge.

Drive.

of

Trans.

http://people.ucalgary

Trans/Forming

Life-Changing

University

1dentity

Feminisms:

Studies

to

Reader,

Excluion:

Identity,

257-80.

Whittle.

of

Toronto:

Feminisms:

Routledge.

Gender

Guys

Chicago

of

In

of

Hazel

Studies

Sumach

and

the

Reader,

of

The

Janice

144-58.

MSS

and

the

Ed. 11-27.

Press.

She-Male. New

Toronto:

Transfem

the

(accessed Noncon

Transgen

Sumach

Gender

Barnes.

Reader,

Press.

Trans

the

Femi

Subjec

Thesis,

Susan

Tran

315-

Aspi

Press.

Ray

York:

Ed.

Ra Ed.

Problems Zucker,

Wiffiams, sity

tuality Krista Wilbur,

Theory Whittle,

194-202.

Warnke, Oxford:

Changed: University Taylor,

Press.

Scott-Dixon.

In

Ken

Gigi

Charles.

in

Oxford

Ed.

Stephen.

Georgia.

Bernard. Two

Trans/Forming

Sex

Children

Press.

and

Raven.

Susan

Reassignment

Teams

Susan

University

1991.

2006.

1976. 2009.

Toronto:

and

Stryker

2006.

on Bradley. Authenticity

Adolescents.

The

Feminisms:

Problems

Where Transsexuality

the

Walking

Press. and

and Ethics

Sumach

Same

1995.

Stephen

Personal

Did

of

and

of

New

in

Transfeminist

the Side?

Gender

Authenticity.

Press.

Trans

We

the

Self

York:

and

Whittle.

Identity,

Shadows:

In

Go

Identity

Ident

Cambridge:

Contextual

The

Guilford

Wrong?

ity

Voices New

Transgender

28-42.

Cambridge,

Disorder

Third

145

York:

Speak

Press.

Feminism

Cambridge

Identities.

Ed.

Gender

and

Routledge.

Out,

Laurie

Studies

MA:

Psychosexual

65-71.

and

and

In

Univer

Harvard

Reader,

Shrage.

Spin

Trans

You’ve Ed.