H5N1 research: biosafety, biosecurity and bioethics Tuesday 3 and Wednesday 4 April 2012

Programme organised by Sir John Skehel FMedSci FRS and Professor Simon Wain-Hobson In partnership with

THE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

and

THE FOUNDATION FOR VACCINE RESEARCH

With support from

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY

THE BILL & MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION

FONDATION MERIEUX

THE GERMAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LEOPOLDINA

INSTITUT PASTEUR

THE SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

This booklet is available in large print on request.

Front cover: influenza virus. Welcome from Sir PRS, President of the Royal Society

Welcome to the Royal Society. how the practice of is changing, and how I am pleased that this meeting openness in science, in particular openness of is taking place here at the Royal scientific data, will affect scientists and society. Society, to address pressing issues at the cutting-edge of Influenza is a difficult disease to beat. It also poses science in a very timely manner. broader challenges to the scientific community and to society as a whole. These challenges cross borders, Influenza has always been of just as science and influenza does. We must consider great interest to Fellows of these challenges fairly and openly, to ensure we can the Royal Society. Our archives contain eighteenth continue making progress in beating the disease. This century letters between Joseph Banks and Charles international meeting will contribute to the debate, Blagdon discussing influenza, and influenza outbreaks and I wish you well with your discussions. were reported at Fellows’ meetings in the nineteenth century. More recently, in 2006 with the Academy Finally, I would like to thank the programme of Medical Sciences, we reported on use of science organisers Sir John Skehel FMedSci FRS and in preparedness for pandemic influenza, and held a Professor Simon Wain-Hobson, our partners the follow-up symposium in 2007. We also convened an Academy of Medical Sciences and the Foundation international meeting in 2010 to review research on for Vaccine Research, and the American Society for pandemic influenza, including the global response to Microbiology, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the new H1N1 virus. Fondation Mérieux, the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, Institut Pasteur, and the Society Science, properly applied, is fundamental to health, for General Microbiology for supporting this meeting. well-being and economic and social progress. The Society has long been involved in debates within the scientific community about how to strike a balance between openness in science, and security concerns. We work with our sister academies worldwide on biosecurity issues. Later this year, we will publish Paul Nurse “Science as an open enterprise”, a major study on President of the Royal Society

H5N1 research: biosafety, biosecurity and bioethics

Synopsis The journals Nature and Science have recently published in full. Set against this is the basic principle received papers from two teams of researchers of openness in science: scientists should operate showing that the H5N1 virus could mutate into a openly and publish their findings. This conference will form that could spread rapidly among a human discuss virus research, and the safety, security, and population. Various national and international bodies ethical aspects from the perspectives of researchers, have expressed concern that the safety and security publishers, policymakers and funders. of both the research worker and wider society needs to be considered before work of this kind is Schedule

Tuesday 3 April

Session 1: The continuing influenza threat Chair: John Skehel FMedSci FRS

9am Welcome John Skehel FMedSci FRS and Simon Wain-Hobson

9.15am Robert Webster FRS Avian and human H5N1 epidemiology and epizoonosis

9.45am Malik Peiris FRS Risk assessing animal influenza viruses for pandemic threat

10.15am Hans-Dieter Klenk Determinants of the pathogenicity of influenza viruses

10.45am Tea/coffee

11.15am Yoshihiro Kawaoka Transmission of an influenza virus possessing an H5 hemagglutinin via respiratory droplet in ferrets

11.55am Ron Fouchier Aerosol transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus in ferrets

12.35pm Lunch

Session 2: Biosafety, biosecurity and cybersecurity Chair: Simon Wain-Hobson

2pm Paul Keim NSABB policy, processes and recommendations on communicating H5N1 research

2.30pm Mike Osterholm Creating a mammalian transmissible H5N1 virus: social contracts, prudence and alternatives

3pm Thomas Inglesby Our common goal: protecting public health from avian flu

3.30pm Bruce Schneier Cybersecurity, scientific data and public trust

4pm Tea/coffee

Session 3: Public health and bioethics Chair: Simon Wain-Hobson

4.30pm John Harris FMedSci Scientific freedom: A two pipe problem with a dual remedy solution

5pm Ross Upshur Four normative stances for the management of dual use technologies

5.30pm ForMemRS Asilomar: reflections on an earlier episode in biosafety (by videoconference)

6pm End of day one Wednesday 4 April

Session 4: Going wider Chair: John Skehel FMedSci FRS

9am Gordon Duff FMedSci Response to H5N1 and H1N1, experience of the 2009 pandemic

9.30am Philip Campbell A publishing and editing perspective

10am Bruce Alberts H5N1 decisions: some important lessons learned

10.30am John Savill FMedSci H5N1 – a funder’s perspective

11am Tea/coffee

11.30am Jeffrey Almond FMedSci Vaccine options: industry perspective

12 noon Laurie Garrett H5N1, the public, public health and public trust

12.30pm David Brown Doomsday virus or no big deal; view from the newsroom

1pm Lunch

Session 5: Discussion and observations Chair: Simon Wain-Hobson

2.20pm Open floor discussion

4pm Tea/coffee

4.30pm Peter Doherty FRS Observations

5pm Arthur Caplan Observations

5.30pm John Skehel FMedSci FRS and Simon Wain-Hobson Closing remarks

6pm End of day two Biographies of organisers, speakers and chairs

Dr Bruce Alberts, Science, USA (Speaker) Dr Jeffrey Almond FMedSci, Sanofi Pasteur, Bruce Alberts, a prominent biochemist with a strong France (Speaker) commitment to the improvement of science and Jeffrey Almond is the Head of Discovery Research mathematics education, serves as Editor-in-Chief of and External R&D at Sanofi Pasteur, the largest Science and as one of President Obama’s first three manufacturer of human vaccines, and is based in Science Envoys. Alberts is also Professor Emeritus Lyon, France. In his present role, he is responsible in the Department of and Biophysics at for Sanofi Pasteur’s portfolio of exploratory projects the University of California, San Francisco, to which aimed at providing pre-clinical proof-of-concept for he returned after serving two six-year terms as the a range of human vaccine targets. He also identifies president of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). and assesses opportunities for external collaboration on vaccine targets and relevant technologies. During his tenure at the NAS, Alberts was instrumental in developing the landmark National Before joining Sanofi Pasteur in 1999, Jeffrey Almond Science Education standards that have been was Professor of Microbiology at the University implemented in school systems nationwide. The of Reading, UK, and served in various offices type of “science as inquiry” teaching we need, says including chairman of the Virology Division of the Alberts, emphasizes “logical, hands-on problem International Union of Microbiological Societies, and solving, and it insists on having evidence for claims international secretary for the Society for General that can be confirmed by others. It requires work Microbiology and member of the UK governmental in cooperative groups, where those with different Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee. types of talents can discover them – developing self He is currently a member of Council of the Medical confidence and an ability to communicate effectively Research Council, and an elected fellow of the UK with others.” Academy of Medical Sciences.

Alberts is also noted as one of the original authors He has published numerous articles in the field of The Molecular Biology of the Cell, a preeminent of microbiology especially on influenza and textbook in the field now in its fifth edition. For the picornaviruses, HIV and vaccines. period 2000 to 2009, he served as the co-chair of the InterAcademy Council, a new organization in Professor Paul Berg ForMemRS, Stanford Amsterdam governed by the presidents of 15 national University, USA (Speaker) academies of sciences and that was established to Paul Berg is currently Cahill Professor of provide scientific advice to the world. Biochemistry, Emeritus. He was born in New York City in 1926, received an undergraduate degree Committed in his international work to the promotion from Pennsylvania State University and a Ph.D. in of the “creativity, openness and tolerance that are biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University. inherent to science,” Alberts believes that “scientists He joined the faculty of the Stanford School of all around the world must now band together to help Medicine in 1959. Professor Berg was awarded create more rational, scientifically-based societies the Lasker Basic Medical Research Award and the that find dogmatism intolerable.” Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids and the Widely recognized for his work in the fields of development of the recombinant DNA technology. He biochemistry and molecular biology, Alberts has received the U.S. National Medal of Science, is has earned many honors and awards, including an elected member of the U.S. National Academy of 16 honorary degrees. He currently serves on Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. the advisory boards of more than 25 non-profit institutions, including the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Mr David Brown, Washington Post, Professor Art Caplan, University of USA (Speaker) Pennsylvania, USA (Speaker) David Brown, a journalist and physician, has been a Currently, the Sidney D. Caplan Professor of Bioethics staff writer for The Washington Post since 1991. He at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School has covered medical research, the AIDS epidemic, of Medicine in Philadelphia. As of July 1 he will clinical practice, medical ethics, epidemiology, become the Drs William F and Virginia Connolly Mitty global health, and numerous non-medical scientific Professor and head of the Division of Bioethics at subjects. He majored in American Studies at Amherst New York University Langone Medical Center in New College, graduating in 1973. He worked as a reporter York City. Prior to coming to Penn in 1994, Caplan at The Greenwood (Miss.) Commonwealth and The taught at the University of Minnesota, the University Baltimore Sun before entering the Medical College of Pittsburgh, and Columbia University. He was the of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1987. Associate Director of the Hastings Center from 1984- He completed a residency in internal medicine at the 1987. Born in Boston, Caplan did his undergraduate University of Maryland. He works four days a week work at Brandeis University, and did his graduate at the Post and a day at a general internal medicine work at Columbia University where he received a clinic in Baltimore supervising medical residents. Ph.D in the history and philosophy of science in 1979.

Dr Philip Campbell, Nature, UK (Speaker) Caplan is the author or editor of thirty books and Dr Philip Campbell is Editor-in-Chief of Nature over 550 papers in refereed journals. His most and of the Nature Publishing Group. His areas of recent books are Smart Mice Not So Smart People responsibility include the editorial content and (Rowman Littlefield, 2006) and the Penn Guide to management of Nature, and assuring the long-term Bioethics (Springer, 2009). He writes a regular column quality of all Nature publications. He is based in on bioethics for MSNBC.com and is a monthly London. commentator on bioethics and health care issues for WebMD/Medscape. He has a BSc in aeronautical engineering, an MSc in astrophysics and a PhD and postdoctoral research in He has served on a number of national and upper atmospheric physics. Following his research, international committees including as the Chair, he became the Physical Sciences Editor of Nature National Institute Biobanking Ethics Working and then, in 1988, the founding editor of Physics Group; the Chair of the Advisory Committee to the World, the international magazine of the UK Institute United Nations on Human Cloning; the Chair of the of Physics. He returned to Nature to take on his Advisory Committee to the Department of Health and current role in 1995. Human Services on Blood Safety and Availability; a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on He has worked with the UK Office of Science and Gulf War Illnesses; the special advisory committee to Innovation, the European Commission and the US the International Olympic Committee on genetics and National Institutes of Health on issues relating to therapy; the ethics committee of the American science and its impacts in society. He is a trustee Society of Gene Therapy and the special advisory of Cancer Research UK. He is an elected Fellow of panel to the National Institutes of Mental Health the Royal Astronomical Society and a Fellow of the on human experimentation on vulnerable subjects. Institute of Physics, and was awarded an honorary He recently served as the Co-Director of the Joint DSc by Leicester University and Bristol University, Council of Europe/United Nations Study on Trafficking and an Honorary Professorship by the Peking Union in Organs and Body Parts. He is currently the ethics Medical College. He is an Associate of Clare Hall, advisor to DOD/DARPA on synthetic biology. Cambridge University. He is a member of the board of directors of The Franklin Institute, the Iron Disorders Foundation and a member of the National Hemophilia Foundation’s Ethics Committee. He is on the Board of Visitors of the Columbia University School of Nursing. Awards and honors include the McGovern Medal Group for Emergencies (SAGE) during the pandemic of the American Medical Writers Association, the flu outbreak. In 2010 he reviewed the UK’s Organ Franklin Award from the City of Philadelphia, the Donor Register at the request of the Secretary-of- Patricia Price Browne Prize in Biomedical Ethics for State. 2011, a person of the Year 2001 from USA Today. Dr Ron Fouchier, Erasmus MC, Netherlands Professor Peter Doherty FRS, The University (Speaker) of Melbourne, Australia (Speaker) Ron Fouchier received a PhD in Medicine from the Peter Doherty has analysed aspects of viral University of Amsterdam in 1995, for his studies on pathogenesis and immunity for more than four molecular determinants of HIV-1 phenotype variability decades, with his major focus over the past 20 at the Department of Clinical Viro-immunology, years being on the influenza A viruses. He has the Sanquin Research (with Professor Frank Miedema privilege of working with two groups of bright young and Professor Hanneke Schuitemaker). He was a people, at the University of Melbourne and St Jude post-doctoral fellow at the Howard Hughes Medical Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis. These Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of research programs are probing aspects of the innate Medicine in Philadelphia, from 1995-1998, where response and pathology, and the basics of CD8+ T he studied the function of the HIV-1 Vif protein, cell recognition, effector function and memory. He is and nuclear transport of HIV-1 pre-integration also involved in the public communication of science, complexes (with Professor Michael Malim). He and will publish two “lay” books that deal principally subsequently joined the Department of Virology with infection and pandemics later this year. at Erasmus MC to start a new group studying the molecular biology of respiratory viruses, in particular Sir Gordon Duff FMedSci, Sheffield University, influenza A virus (with Professor ). As UK (Speaker) a fellow of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences Gordon Duff graduated in Medicine from St Peter’s (KNAW), he studied influenza virus zoonoses and College, Oxford, and St Thomas’s Hospital, London, pathogenicity. Recent achievements of his team where he also gained a PhD in Neuropharmacology. include the identification and characterization of He held junior faculty positions at Yale University several “new” viruses; the human metapneumovirus and the Hughes Institute of Molecular Immunology (hMPV), a human coronavirus (hCoV-NL), the SARS at Yale before joining the Edinburgh Medical School coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and a new influenza in 1984. In 1990 he took up his present post of A virus subtype (H16). Currently, his research is Florey Professor of Molecular Medicine at Sheffield focused on the evolution and molecular biology of University where he was Research Dean of the respiratory viruses in humans and animals, with Faculty and Director of the Division of Genomic special emphasis on influenza virus zoonoses and Medicine. He currently chairs the Academic Health pandemics. Ron Fouchier is an alumni member of Sciences Centre of Trinity College Dublin, and the the “Young Academy” of the KNAW and a recipient International SAB of the MRC Centre for Drug Safety of the Heine-Medin award of the European Society Sciences at Liverpool. for Clinical Virology. He is an author of more than 200 publications that received more than 15000 Previously Chairman of the Committee on Safety citations. His current research is funded by an of Medicines and its Biological Sub-committee, he NWO VICI grant, an NIAID/NIH contract, several EU has been Chairman of the Commission on Human programs, and government. Fouchier is an editor for Medicines (CHM) since 2005. In 2006 he chaired several high-ranked journals in infectious diseases, the Secretary-of-State’s Expert Scientific Group on and member of advisory committees for Dutch Phase One Clinical Trials, following the disaster at government and (international) scientific organisations Northwick Park Hospital. From 2002 to 2009 he was and conferences. His group is part of an NIH/NIAID also Chairman of the National Biological Standards Center of Excellence for Influenza Research, and Board, overseeing the National Institute for Biological participates in several WHO working groups. Standards and Control. He is an advisor on Biological Medicines to the EU, and Chairman of the UK’s Scientific Pandemic Influenza Advisory Committee (SPI). In 2009-10, he co-chaired, with Govt Chief Scientist, the Cabinet Office’s Scientific Advisory Laurie Garrett, Global Health Council on Foreign Professor John Harris, University of Manchester, Relations, USA (Speaker) UK (Speaker) Laurie Garrett is currently the Senior Fellow for John Harris FMedSci, is Director of The Institute for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations Science, Ethics and Innovation and of the Wellcome in New York. Garrett is the only writer ever to have Strategic Programme in The Human Body, its Scope been awarded all three of the Big “Ps” of journalism: Limits and Future, University of Manchester, where The Peabody, The Polk and The Pulitzer. Garrett is is he is Lord Alliance Professor of Bioethics. Books also the best-selling author of The Coming Plague: Include: Clones and Immortality. Oxford Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance University Press, 1998. John Harris Ed. Bioethics. and Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Oxford Readings in Philosophy Series, Oxford Health. Her most recent book is I Heard the Sirens University Press. 2001. Justine C. Burley and John Scream: How Americans Responded to the 9/11 Harris Eds. A Companion To Genethics: philosophy and Anthrax Attacks. During her time as Senior and the genetic revolution. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign 2002. (Blackwell’s Companions to Philosophy series), Relations, Garrett has written several reports and On Cloning, Routledge. London, 2004. Enhancing articles including: HIV and National Security: Where Evolution was published by are the Links?, A Council Report (Council on Foreign Press in 2007. Relations Press, 2005); ‘The Next Pandemic?’ (Foreign Affairs, July/August 2005); ‘The Lessons of HIV/ Dr Thomas Inglesby, Center for Biosecurity of AIDS’ (Foreign Affairs, July/August 2005); and ‘The UPMC, USA (Speaker) Challenge of Global Health’ (Foreign Affairs, January/ Dr Inglesby is Director of the Center for Biosecurity of February 2007), The Future of Foreign Assistance the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC). Amid Global Economic and Financial Crisis, A Council The mission of the Center is to increase resilience to on Foreign Relations Action Plan (2009); ‘Castrocare natural and deliberate biological dangers and other in Crisis’ (Foreign Affairs, July/August 2010). Garrett large-scale catastrophes. Since becoming Director in is a member of the National Association of Science 2009, he has expanded and deepened the Center’s Writers, and served as the organization’s President expertise related to public health threats, establishing during the mid-1990s. She currently serves on the new initiatives in emerging infectious diseases and advisory board for the Noguchi Prize, François-Xavier natural disasters, as well as preparedness for nuclear Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights, terrorism and accidents. and the Health Worker Global Policy Advisory Group, and is a Principal Member of the Modernizing Foreign Dr Inglesby’s work is internationally recognized in Assistance Network (MFAN). Garrett also chairs the the fields of public health preparedness, pandemic Scientific Advisory Panel to the United Nations High flu planning, and biosecurity. Dr Inglesby is Chair Level Commission on HIV Prevention in collaboration of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the US with UNAIDS. She is an expert on global health Centers for Disease Control’s Office of Public Health with a particular focus on newly emerging and Preparedness and Response. He has been chair re-emerging diseases, bioterrorism, public health and or a member of a number of National Academy its effects on foreign policy and national security. of Sciences committees, and he has served in an advisory capacity to the Defense Science Board, the Departments of Health and Human Services and Homeland Security, and the National Institutes of Health. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences expert committee that reviewed the scientific approaches used during the investigation of the 2001 anthrax letters. Dr Inglesby has been invited to brief White House units have received support from NIAID, Department officials from the past 3 presidential administrations of Health and Human Services, the Bill and Melinda on national biosecurity challenges and priorities, Gates Foundation, the Japan Science and Technology and he has delivered Congressional testimony on Agency, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, public health preparedness and biosecurity. Since Sports, Science and Technology, and Theraclone 1999, Dr Inglesby has authored or co-authored Sciences, a biotechnology company developing novel more than 80 peer-reviewed articles, reports, and therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of infectious commentaries on a wide range of public health and diseases. He has also received speakers’ honoraria national security issues. In 2010, he co-authored and supplies and equipment for research projects “Necessary Progress in Biosecurity” with Senator from Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Daiichi- Tom Daschle for the Harvard Law and Policy Review. Sankyo Pharmaceutical, Toyama Chemical, Wyeth He is Coeditor-in-Chief of the journal Biosecurity and Glaxo Smith Kline. He owns shares and has other and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and business interests in the company FluGen, which he Science, which he helped to establish in 2003 as the co-founded. He holds patents and other intellectual only peer-reviewed journal in its field. In addition, Dr property in influenza vaccine and antiviral technology. Inglesby was principal editor of the 2002 JAMA book Bioterrorism: Guidelines for Medical and Public Health Dr Paul Keim, Northern Arizona University, USA Management. He is regularly consulted by major (Speaker) news outlets for his expertise and insight on issues Dr Paul S. Keim (Ph.D.) holds the E. Raymond and pertaining to biosecurity, pandemic flu planning Ruth Cowden Endowed Chair in Microbiology at biodefense, and response to other public health Northern Arizona University, where is also a Regents disasters. Professor of Biology. In addition, he directs the Pathogen Genomics Division at The Translational Dr Inglesby is an Associate Professor of Medicine and Genomics Research Institute (TGen). Both institutions Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh Schools are based in Flagstaff Arizona. His biological interests of Medicine and Public Health. He completed his span many types of organisms and microbes, but internal medicine and infectious diseases training revolve around genetic diversity and its organization at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, in populations and species. This necessarily has where he also served as Assistant Chief of Service in involved systematic and phylogenetic analyses to 1996-97. Dr Inglesby received his MD from Columbia understand how observable genetic diversity is based University College of Physicians and Surgeons and upon past evolutionary processes. He has published his BA from Georgetown University. He continues to extensively on the evolution and population genetics see patients in a weekly HIV clinic. of Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia Professor Yoshihiro Kawaoka, University of mallei, Brucella spp., and Coxiella burnetii. His Wisconsin, USA (Speaker) evolutionary genomics has formed the core of the Yoshihiro Kawaoka, DVM, PhD, leads major research discipline of microbial forensics. Recently, these programs focused on highly pathogenic viruses same principles have been applied to other public including influenza (H5N1 and 1918 influenza viruses) health and clinically important pathogens such as S. and Ebola virus at the University of Wisconsin- aureus and E. coli. He is a founding member of the Madison and the University of Tokyo. Dr Kawaoka U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity is the lead author of the manuscript on the ferret (NSABB) and has been the acting board chairman transmission studies on the H5 influenza viruses since 2010. transmissible in ferrets that was submitted to Nature for publication. He has published more than 400 peer-reviewed papers and made important contributions to the field, most notably in reverse genetics systems for influenza and Ebola virus, characterization of host-range determinants, viral assembly and pathogenesis. Dr Kawaoka received the Robert Koch award for biomedical sciences in 2006 and was awarded the Japanese Medal of Honor with purple ribbon in 2011. Dr Kawaoka’s research Professor Hans-Dieter Klenk, Institut für was appointed by Michael Leavitt, Secretary of the Virologie, Germany (Speaker) Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Hans-Dieter Klenk was born in 1938 in Cologne, to the newly established National Science Advisory Germany. He received his MD from the University Board on Biosecurity. In July 2008, he was named of Cologne in 1964 and a degree in biochemistry to the University of Minnesota Academic Health from the University of Tübingen in 1967. From 1967 Center’s Academy of Excellence in Health Research. to 1970 he was a postdoctoral fellow with Dr P W In October 2008, he was appointed to the World Choppin at the Rockefeller University in New York. Economic Forum Working Group on Pandemics. From 1970 to 1985 he held several positions at the Institute of Virology of the University of Giessen. Previously, Dr Osterholm has served as a Special From 1985 to 2007 he was Professor of Virology Advisor to then–HHS Secretary Tommy G. Thompson and Head of the Department of Virology of the on issues related to bioterrorism and public health University of Marburg where he is now Professor preparedness, a member of the Secretary’s Advisory emeritus. His research has focused on the structure Council on Public Health Preparedness, personal and function of enveloped viruses (influenza advisor to the late King Hussein of Jordan, and as viruses, paramyxoviruses, filoviruses) with special Minnesota Department of Health state epidemiologist emphasis on the role of viral glycoproteins and RNA and chief of the Acute Disease Epidemiology Section. polymerase in the infection process, in pathogenesis and in interspezies transmission. He is author of Dr Osterholm is the Principal Investigator and Director more than 400 scientific publications. Prof. Klenk of the NIH-supported Minnesota Center of Excellence was President of the Gesellschaft für Virologie and for Influenza Research and Surveillance and chairs Chairman of the Virology Division of the International the Executive Committee of the Centers of Excellence Union of Microbiological Societies. He serves Influenza Research and Surveillance network. He is presently on the International Scientific Board of the the author of a New York Times best-selling book, Institute of Medical Microbiology of Fudan University, Living Terrors: What America Needs to Know to Shanghai, on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Survive the Coming Bioterrorist Catastrophe, more Pasteur Institute of the Chinese Academy of Science, than 315 papers and abstracts, including 21 book Shanghai, on the International Scientific Board of chapters, and serves on the editorial boards of nine the Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health journals. of the Chinese Academy of Science, and of the Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Professor Malik Peiris FRS, University of Hong Center, Atlanta. He is a member of EMBO and of the Kong (Speaker) Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher, Leopoldina. Malik Peiris is Chair in Virology, School of Public His awards include: Preis der Deutschen Gesellschaft Health at The University of Hong Kong and Director für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (1985), Feldberg of the Centre of Influenza Research. His current Lecture, London (1987), Aronson-Preis, Berlin (1989), research focuses on the virology, evolution, Shipley Lecture, Harvard Medical School (2003), pathogenesis and epidemiology of animal and human Robert-Koch-Medal in Gold, Berlin (2006), Ernst- influenza and other respiratory viral infections. He Jung-Medal in Gold, Hamburg (2008), Emil von has a particular interest in emerging viral infections Behring-Preis, Marburg (2010). and in virus infections at the animal-human interface. In 2003, he played a key role in the discovery that Professor Mike Osterholm, University of a novel coronavirus was the cause of SARS and in Minnesota, USA (Speaker) defining the virological aspects of this disease. Dr Osterholm is director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), director of the NIH-supported Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance within CIDRAP, a professor in the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and an adjunct professor in the Medical School, University of Minnesota. He is also a member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences and the Council of Foreign Relations. In June 2005 Dr Osterholm Sir John Savill FMedSci, Medical Research Bruce Schneier, BT Global Services, USA Council, UK (Speaker) (Speaker) Professor Sir John Savill BA, MBChB, PhD, FRCP, Bruce Schneier is an internationally renowned FRCPE, FASN, FMedSci, FRSE, a clinician scientist security technologist, referred to by The Economist from Edinburgh, took up the position as chief as a “security guru.” He is the author of 12 books executive and deputy chair of the Medical Research -- including his latest best-seller Liars and Outliers: Council (MRC) on 1 October 2010. The appointment Enabling the Trust Society Needs to Survive -- as well is for three years. He was a member of the MRC as hundreds of articles and essays, and many more Council from 2002 to 2008 and chaired two MRC academic papers. His influential newsletter “Crypto- Research Boards during this period. Gram,” and his blog “Schneier on Security,” are read by over 250,000 people. He has testified before Between 2008 and 2010 John worked part-time as Congress, is a frequent guest on television and radio, the chief scientist for the Scottish Government Health served on several government technical committees, Directorates. He was knighted in the 2008 New Year’s and is regularly quoted in the press. Schneier is the Honours List for services to clinical science. Chief Security Technology Officer of BT.

John started his research career with a degree Sir John Skehel FMedSci FRS, National Institute in Physiological Sciences from Oxford University for Medical Research, UK (Organiser and chair) in 1978, followed by degrees in Medicine at the Sir John Skehel has enjoyed a distinguished career in University of Sheffield in 1981. He received a PhD the field of virology. He has worked for more than 30 from the University of London in 1989. years on the influenza virus. He led the team that first deciphered the molecular detail of how the flu virus After junior hospital appointments in Sheffield, latches on to and infects a cell, and subsequently Nottingham and London, he spent seven years in the how the virus evolves to stay one step ahead of the Department of Medicine at Hammersmith Hospital immune system. with spells as an MRC clinical training fellow and senior clinical research fellow. He has worked at the National Institute for Medical Research since 1969, and was its director from In 1993, he moved to the chair of Medicine, at the 1987 to 2006. He was director of the World Health University of Nottingham, then in 1998 became Organisation (WHO)’s Collaborating Centre for professor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Reference and Research on Influenza from 1975 to where he was the first director of the University of 1993. He has received several prizes, including the Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Wilhelm Feldberg Prize in 1986, the Robert Koch directing a group interested in the molecular cell Prize in 1987, the Louis Jeantet Prix de Medecin in biology of renal inflammation. 1988, the ICN International Prize in Virology in 1992, knighted in 1996 and the Royal Society In 2002, John was appointed as the first vice- in 2003 for “his pioneering research into virology”. principal and head of the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh. He He continues his research at the National Institute for retains an ongoing, research active involvement with Medical Research and is a member of the scientific the University of Edinburgh part-time throughout his advisory committees of several organisations and appointment as MRC chief executive. companies. Dr Ross Upshur, University of Toronto, Canada Professor Simon Wain-Hobson, Institut Pasteur, (Speaker) France (Organiser and chair) Ross Upshur received BA (Hons.) and MA degrees in Simon Wain Hobson did his thesis work in biophysics philosophy before receiving his MD from McMaster at the University of Oxford. He has been at the University in 1986. After 7 years of rural primary Institut Pasteur since 1980 and is most widely care practice he returned to complete his MSc in known for his work on the molecular biology of HIV, epidemiology and fellowship training in Community publishing first the sequence in 1985, which turned Medicine and Public Health at the University of out to be that of the first primate lentivirus. The Toronto. He is a staff physician at the Department of enormous genetic plasticity of the virus provided Family and Community Medicine, Sunnybrook Health enormous insights into how and where the virus was Sciences Centre. replicating in vivo. He is holder of licensed patents concerning HIV genomes and diagnostics. Exploiting Dr Upshur is the Canada Research Chair in Primary the theme of genetic editing, he has moved on to Care Research. At the University of Toronto he cancer research and the role of the APOBEC3 DNA is a Professor in the Department of Family and mutators in cancer and other human diseases. He Community Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public was a professor at 43 and is a member of EMBO and Health, Adjunct Scientist at the Institute of Clinical Academia Europaea and is an Officier de la l’Legion Evaluative Sciences, an affiliate of the Institute of the d’Honneur. He is a laureate of the André Lwoff and History and Philosophy of Science and Technology the Athena prizes. In 2010 he co-founded Invectys, a and a member of the Centre for Environment. He biotech company dedicated to cancer vaccination. is an Adjunct Associate Professor in the School of Geography and Earth Sciences and Associate Professor Robert Webster FRS, St Jude Member of the Institute of Environment and Health at Children’s Research Hospital, USA (Speaker) McMaster University. Robert G. Webster is a Professor in the Division of Virology; Department of Infectious Diseases at He is a member of The Royal College of Physicians St Jude Children’s Research Hospital and holds and Surgeons of Canada and the College of Family the Rose Marie Thomas Chair. A New Zealander Physicians of Canada. From 2006-2011, he was the whose interests include the emergence and Director of the University of Toronto Joint Centre for control of influenza viruses, viral immunology, the Bioethics. structure and function of influenza virus proteins and the development of new vaccines and antivirals. His research interests include the concept of Together with Graeme Laver he developed one of evidence in health care, medical epistemology, the first subunit vaccines for influenza that is still clinical reasoning, public health ethics (particularly being produced in Australia. The major focus of his communicable disease control), empirical approaches research is the importance of influenza viruses in wild in bioethics, primary care research in aging and aquatic birds as a major reservoir of influenza viruses complex chronic disease, time series applications and their role in the evolution of new pandemic in health services research, communicable disease strains for humans and lower animals. He has played and environmental epidemiology. He has over 250 a major role in the emergence of highly pathogenic publications including more than 150 peer reviewed H5N1 in Asia and its continuing evolution and control publications spanning these domains. strategies. His curriculum vita contains over 600 original articles and reviews on influenza viruses. He He has been active on Advisory Boards for the has trained many scientists who now contribute to International Joint Commission, Doctors Without our understanding of the evolution and pathogenesis Borders, and Scidev.net, several medical journals and of influenza. consulted with the World Health Organization and the Grand Challenges in Global Health. Notes Notes The Royal Society For further information The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many The Royal Society of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace areas of science, engineering, and medicine. The Society’s London SW1Y 5AG fundamental purpose, as it has been since its foundation T +44 (0)20 7451 2500 in 1660, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence F +44 (0)20 7930 2170 in science and to encourage the development and use of E [email protected] science for the benefit of humanity. W royalsociety.org

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Issued: April 2012 DES2560 Founded in 1660, the Royal Society is the independent scientific academy of the UK, dedicated to promoting excellence in science Registered Charity No 207043